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Cereal crops such as maize, wheat, rice, and others are cultivated in every part of the world. However, cereals crop cultivation globally has been affected by salinity stress. Salinity stress causes a reduction in the growth, yield and productivity of cereal crops. Hence, to overcome the problem related to salinity stress, several plans are made to develop a salinity tolerance cereal variety. Therefore, various strategies, from phenotypic and molecular screening, have been introduced to develop salinity tolerance cereal varieties. Salinity tolerance is a crucial trait that must be inserted into cereal crops to maximize the yield productivity of cereals crops. The objective of this review is to undergo screening for salinity tolerance in the third filial (F3) segregating population of cereals to identify the large amounts of lines correlated with salt tolerance which were further used in the breeding process. Besides, the selection process of F3 and other populations of the cereals is conducted on yield and yield components and the correlation between traits linked with salt tolerance. Thus, this review study will focus on the screening and selection process of the F3 and other generations on salinity-tolerant and high-yielding cereals developments.

Lower doses (1-10 Krad) of gamma-rays (We compared the morphological differences between vanilla plants irradiated at different lower doses of gamma radiation (10, 30, 40, and 50 Gy). We quantified protein and compared variation from the extracted protein of vanilla shoots regenerated between treatments.After 44 weeks, the results showed that the growth of M1V1 (mutation 1 in vegetative cycle 1) plants at 0 Gy (control) is highest compared with other doses of gamma radiation in terms of plant height and the number of shoots. However, the highest measurement for root length is at 10 Gy. The slowest growth rate was obtained from 40 to 50 Gy. Based on the unique band of protein that appears on the SDS-PAGE gel, 10 Gy has three unique bands at loci 0.105 RF, two bands lie at loci between 0.164 RF and 0.234 RF. While 30 Gy is absent two unique bands at loci 0.234 RF compared to 0 Gy. Thus, the dose of gamma rays at 10 Gy gave the highest number of protein fragments, which detected polymorphisms between the control (0 Gy) and the plants treated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the protein variation in M1V1 of irradiated vanilla plants.

Micronutrient malnutrition is a major problem in developing countries affecting women, children and infants. Biofortification, improved soil health and waste management efficiencies have been used ...

Lower doses (1–10 Krad) of gamma-rays (γ) are frequently used in obtaining useful mutants in diverse plant species, whereas no report on gamma (γ) irradiation being used to develop new varieties of vanilla from vanilla cuttings. This study assessed the potential of lower doses of gamma-rays for vanilla mutation breeding. We compared the morphological differences between vanilla plants irradiated at different lower doses of gamma radiation (10, 30, 40, and 50 Gy). We quantified protein and compared variation from the extracted protein of vanilla shoots regenerated between treatments. After 44 weeks, the results showed that the growth of M1V1 (mutation 1 in vegetative cycle 1) plants at 0 Gy (control) is highest compared with other doses of gamma radiation in terms of plant height and the number of shoots. However, the highest measurement for root length is at 10 Gy. The slowest growth rate was obtained from 40 to 50 Gy. Based on the unique band of protein that appears on the SDS-PAGE gel, 10 Gy has three unique bands at loci 0.105 RF, two bands lie at loci between 0.164 RF and 0.234 RF. While 30 Gy is absent two unique bands at loci 0.234 RF compared to 0 Gy. Thus, the dose of gamma rays at 10 Gy gave the highest number of protein fragments, which detected polymorphisms between the control (0 Gy) and the plants treated. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the protein variation in M1V1 of irradiated vanilla plants.

Emmer wheat (Triticum dicoccon Schrank) is a potential source of new genetic diversity for the improvement of hexaploid bread wheat. Emmer wheat was crossed and backcrossed to bread wheat and 480 doubled haploids (DHs) were produced from BC1F1 plants with hexaploid appearance derived from 19 crossses. These DHs were screened under well-watered conditions (E1) in 2013 to identify high-yielding materials with similar phenology. One-hundred and eighty seven DH lines selected on this basis, 4 commercial bread wheat cultivars and 9 bread wheat parents were then evaluated in extensive field experiments under two contrasting moisture regimes in north-western NSW in 2014 and 2015. A significant range in the water-use-efficiency of grain production (WUEGrain) was observed among the emmer derivatives. Of these, 8 hexaploid lines developed from 8 different emmer wheat parents had significantly improved intrinsic water-use-efficiency (WUEintr) and instantaneous water-use-efficiency (WUEi) compared to their bread wheat recurrent parents. Accurate and large scale field-based phenotyping was effective in identifying emmer wheat derived lines with superior performance to their hexaploid bread wheat recurrent parents under moisture stress.

Attempts to obtain new variants of roselle through conventional breeding were unsuccessful for 358 trials of (UKMR-3 × UKMR-2) and 63 trials of (UKMR-3 × accession 3). Roselle is an autotetraploid plant (2n = 4x = 72). Therefore the objectives of this study were to obtain new variants in roselle through the establishment of a plant regeneration system via microspore culture followed by detection of the ploidy level of regenerants based on their distinctive PCR patterns. The effects of different media and hormonal combinations were evaluated on microspore culture of roselle. This method was effective for callus induction, early-stage embryo development and subsequently efficient plant regeneration. Pretreatment of microspores at 4 °C and 35 °C for 3 days in the dark and without pretreatment, showed significant results on percentage of callus induction. Thirty regenerants were evaluated for their ploidy level using flow cytometry combined with propidium iodide and only 1 was detected as haploid, 4 mixploids and 25 diploids. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) analysis using M13 universal primer (5′-TTATGAAACGACGGCCAGT-3′) showed the regenerated haploid plant having four unique bands at loci M13-01, M13-03, M13-04, and M13-06, which were absent in the microspore donor plant UKMR-1. To our knowledge, this is the first report of the development of haploid plants in roselle via microspore culture.