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It is widely accepted that the cerebellar and basal ganglia control circuits contribute to the programming of movement. Converging evidence from neuroimaging, limb control, and neuropsychological studies suggests that (1) people with cerebellar disease have reduced ability to program movement sequences in advance of movement onset and (2) people with Parkinson's disease are unable to maintain a programmed response or to rapidly switch between responses. Despite a substantial supporting literature, no studies have addressed these potential areas of speech programming disruption for speakers with ataxic and hypokinetic dysarthria. Control participants and adults with dysarthria completed speech reaction time protocols designed to capture these aspects of utterance preparation. Results provided initial support for processing deficits in speakers with ataxic and hypokinetic dysarthria that are separable from motor execution impairments.

Research was conducted to examine the potential importance of muscle glycogen in the inhibited glucose transport response to hypoxia. Glucose transport and glycogen responses to hypoxia were studied in rat skeletal muscle after muscle glycogen level was manipulated by food restriction and exercise training. Results indicate the existence of a strong inverse relationship between hypoxia-stimulated glucose transport activity and glycogen.

Skeletal muscle satellite cell proportions and morphology were assessed in healthy, sedentary young and older men and women in response to heavy resistance strength training (HRST). Fourteen young (20-30 years) men (n = 7) and women (n = 7) and 15 older (65-75 years) men (n = 8) and women (n = 7) completed 9 weeks of unilateral knee extension exercise training 3 days per week. Muscle biopsies were obtained from each vastus lateralis before and after training, with the nondominant leg serving as an untrained control. All four groups demonstrated a significant increase in satellite cell proportion in response to HRST (2.3 [+ or -] 0.4% vs 3.1 [+ or -] 0.4% for all subjects combined, before and after training, respectively; p [is less than] .05), with older women demonstrating the greatest increase (p [is less than] .05). Morphology data indicated a significant increase in the proportion of active satellite cells in after-training muscle samples compared with before-training samples and with control leg samples (31% vs 6% and 7%, respectively; p [is less than] .05). The present results indicate that the proportion of satellite cells is increased after HRST in young and older men and women, with an exaggerated response in older women. Furthermore, the proportion of satellite cells that appear morphologically active is increased as a result of HRST.

The effect of surfactant type and concentration on a bland soap formulation's ability to remove bacteria from hands remains largely unstudied. Several combinations of surfactants and water were combined to test bacterial removal efficacy using a hand-washing device (two pieces of pig skin and a mechanical motor) to simulate a hand wash. A nalidixic acid-resistant, nonpathogenic strain of Escherichia coli (ATCC 11229) was used. Two anionic surfactants, sodium lauryl sulphate and sodium stearoyl lactylate, and two nonionic surfactants, poloxamer 407 and sorbitan monostearate, each in concentrations of 2, 5 and 10% were studied. A slight positive ( r2 = 0·17) but significant ( P = 0·03) correlation was observed between hydrophile-lipophile balance value and mean log reduction. No correlation was observed between pH of the treatment solution and the mean log reduction ( r2 = 0·05, P = 0·25). A 10% sodium lauryl sulphate mixture showed the highest log reduction ( [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Assesses ultrastructural muscle damage in young and old men after chronic heavy-resistance strength training. Disruption of muscle fibers; Presence of smaller areas of Z-disk; Performance of unilateral leg-extension program.