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International audience; AbstractA transplant can be defined as a seedling or sprouted vegetative propagation material grown in a substrate or in the field, for transfer to the final cropping site. Nurseries use a range of growing media in the production of transplants, and the quality of a substrate may be defined in terms of its feasibility for the intended use and also according to the climatic condition of the production site. Peat is the worldwide standard substrate, but because of its origin and the increasing environmental and ecological concerns, new alternatives have been proposed for organic production. Here, we reviewed these new alternatives, assuming that the proposed growing media will need to respond in a proper way to specific plant requirements while also taking them into consideration to be environmental friendly, at the same time. Appropriate composting management combined with suitable feedstock material can produce substrates with adequate properties to develop transplants. Potential added-value benefits of particularized compost have been highlighted, and these include suppressiveness or capacity for plant pathogen control, biofertilization, and biostimulation. This added value is an important point in relation to the framework of organic agriculture because the use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides is limited. Different permitted fertilizers are proposed by incorporating them by dress fertilization before planting or by foliar fertilization or fertigation during the seedling production phase. In this context, specific beneficial microorganism inoculation demonstrates better and quicker nutrient solubilization. Its inclusion during seedling production not only facilitates plant growth during the germination and seedling stages but also could bring efficient microorganisms or beneficial microorganisms to the field with the transplants. This review will help to bridge the gap between the producers of compost and the seedling plant producers by providing updated literature.

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade do laser confocal polarizado (LCP) em detectar alterações na camada de fibras nervosas (CFN) de hipertensos oculares antes do aparecimento de alteração campimétrica. Desenho- Retrospectivo, caso-controle. MÉTODOS: Pacientes hipertensos oculares divididos em dois grupos: a) estáveis e b) conversores (que progrediram com dano perimétrico glaucomatoso). Parâmetros de retardo obtidos por meio do programa NFA/GDx. RESULTADOS: Um total de 108 pacientes estáveis e 13 conversores foram estudados por período médio de seguimento acima de 35 meses nos dois grupos. Diversos parâmetros do LCP mostraram diferenças significativas na espessura da CFN entre os dois grupos no inicio do seguimento (média de 27,4 meses antes do aparecimento de lesão perimétrica). Os parâmetros The Number, Maximum Modulation e Superior Average permaneceram diferentes entre os grupos no início e no final do seguimento. O odds ratio para desenvolvimento de conversão perimétrica, dado um resultado de The Number alterado (>32), foi estimado em 7,9 para esta série. CONCLUSÕES: O LCP foi capaz de detectar alterações significativas na CFN no grupo de hipertensos oculares que desenvolveram posteriormente lesão perimétrica glaucomatosa. Neste estudo, o resultado inicial anormal de The Number foi o principal fator de risco para desenvolvimento de alteração perimétrica futura em pacientes hipertensos oculares.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the ability of the Confocal Scanning Laser Polarimeter (SLP) to detect glaucoma alterations before the appearance of perimetric defects. Design- retrospective, case-control. METHODS: Ocular hipertensive patients divided in to two groups: a) stable and b) conversors (that have conversed to perimetric defined glaucoma). Nerve Fiber Analyser/GDx parameters of retardation. RESULTS: A total of 108 stable and 13 conversors were evaluated for a mean period over 35 months in each group. At the initial examination, several SLP parameters detected significant differences retinal nerve fibre layer thickness in stable and converter groups (a mean of 27.4 months before the appearance of perimetric lesion). The Number, Maximum Modulation and Superior Average remained different between the groups at the initial and final examination. The odds ratio for perimetric conversion, giving a altered The Number result (>32), was estimated at 7.9 in this series. CONCLUSION: The SLP was capable of detecting significant RNFL alterations in the group of ocular hipertensive patients who developed a characteristic glaucomatous perimetric lesion. In this study an initial abnormal The Number result was a significant risk factor for the development future glaucomatous perimetric defect in ocular hipertensive patients.

To evaluate different mechanisms of primary angle closure and to quantify anterior chamber parameters in these mechanisms using anterior segment optical coherence tomography in an Asian population.Hospital-based cross-sectional observational study.Forty-eight consecutive patients with primary angle closure glaucoma.Patients underwent complete ophthalmic examination and imaging of nasal-temporal angles with anterior segment optical coherence tomography. Images were categorized into four primary angle closure mechanisms: pupil block, plateau iris configuration, Thick peripheral iris roll and exaggerated lens vault. Parameters computed: anterior chamber depth central, anterior chamber depth at 1000 µm and 2000 µm anterior to scleral spur, lens vault, anterior chamber area, angle opening distance, trabecular iris space area and iris thickness.Anterior chamber parameters and primary angle closure mechanisms. Mean values of anterior chamber depths: central (P0.001), at 2000 µm (P0.001), 1000 µm (P0.001), lens vault (P0.001), anterior chamber area (P0.001), were significantly different among the four groups. Multivariate analysis showed anterior chamber depths: central, and anterior chamber depth at 2000 µm and anterior chamber area were higher in plateau iris and Thick peripheral iris roll and lower in exaggerated lens vault (P0.001) as compared to pupil block mechanism, lens vault was greater in exaggerated lens vault (P0.001) and lesser in plateau iris and Thick peripheral iris roll as compared to pupil block mechanism.Anterior segment optical coherence tomography may be used for evaluation of underlying primary angle closure mechanism(s) in a patient and tailor the treatment accordingly.

Organic agriculture regulations, in particular European regulation EC 889/2008, prescribe the use of organically produced seed. For many cultivated plants, however, organic seed is often not available. This is mainly because investment in organic plant breeding and seed production has been low in the past. To bridge the gap between organic seed supply and demand, national and European regulations define certain circumstances under which organic producers are permitted to use non-organically produced seed. While the organic sector currently depends on these concessions, they also threaten to impede a further increase in the demand for organic seed, thereby potentially restraining present and future investment in organic seed production and plant breeding. We review the current status of the organic seed regulations framework by analysing key issues such as the role of the national derogation regimes, the role of Expert Groups, databases and seed prices. Key points are that (a) the situation of the organic seed sector has improved over the last few years; however, (b) reporting on organic seed to the EU by different countries needs to be harmonised; (c) the success of the organic seed sector depends critically on the implementation and improvement of national Expert Groups; and (d) to protect genetic diversity, the use of local varieties and landraces should not be impeded by organic seed regulations.