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Abstract Malignant mesothelioma is a rare tumour caused by asbestos exposure that originates mainly from the pleural lining or the peritoneum. Treatment options are limited, and the prognosis is dismal. Although immune checkpoint blockade (ICB) can improve survival outcomes, the determinants of responsiveness remain elusive. Here, we report the outcomes of a multi-centre phase II clinical trial (MiST4, NCT03654833) evaluating atezolizumab and bevacizumab (AtzBev) in patients with relapsed mesothelioma. We also use tumour tissue and gut microbiome sequencing, as well as tumour spatial immunophenotyping to identify factors associated with treatment response. MIST4 met its primary endpoint with 50% 12-week disease control, and the treatment was tolerable. Aneuploidy, notably uniparental disomy (UPD), homologous recombination deficiency (HRD), epithelial-mesenchymal transition and inflammation with CD68+ monocytes were identified as tumour-intrinsic resistance factors. The log-ratio of gut-resident microbial genera positively correlated with radiological response to AtzBev and CD8+ T cell infiltration, but was inversely correlated with UPD, HRD and tumour infiltration by CD68+ monocytes. In summary, a model is proposed in which both intrinsic and extrinsic determinants in mesothelioma cooperate to modify the tumour microenvironment and confer clinical sensitivity to AtzBev. Gut microbiota represent a potentially modifiable factor with potential to improve immunotherapy outcomes for individuals with this cancer of unmet need.

Abstract Background Population stratification based on interindividual variability in gut microbiota composition has revealed the existence of several ecotypes named enterotypes in humans and various animal species. Enterotypes are often associated with environmental factors including diet, but knowledge of the role of host genetics remains scarce. Moreover, enterotypes harbor functionalities likely associated with varying abilities and susceptibilities of their host. Previously, we showed that under controlled conditions, 60-day-old pig populations consistently split into two enterotypes with either Prevotella and Mitsuokella (PM enterotype) or Ruminococcus and Treponema (RT enterotype) as keystone taxa. Here, our aim was to rely on pig as a model to study the influence of host genetics to assemble enterotypes, and to provide clues on enterotype functional differences and their links with growth traits. Results We established two pig lines contrasted for abundances of the genera pairs specifying each enterotype at 60 days of age and assessed them for fecal microbiota composition and growth throughout three consecutive generations. Response to selection across three generations revealed, per line, an increase in the prevalence of the selected enterotype and in the average relative abundances of directly and indirectly selected bacterial genera. The PM enterotype was found less diverse than the RT enterotype but more efficient for piglet growth during the post-weaning period. Shotgun metagenomics revealed differentially abundant bacterial species between the two enterotypes. By using the KEGG Orthology database, we show that functions related to starch degradation and polysaccharide metabolism are enriched in the PM enterotype, whereas functions related to general nucleoside transport and peptide/nickel transport are enriched in the RT enterotype. Our results also suggest that the PM and RT enterotypes might differ in the metabolism of valine, leucin, and isoleucine, favoring their biosynthesis and degradation, respectively. Conclusion We experimentally demonstrated that enterotypes are functional ecosystems that can be selected as a whole by exerting pressure on the host genetics. We also highlight that holobionts should be considered as units of selection in breeding programs. These results pave the way for a holistic use of host genetics, microbiota diversity, and enterotype functionalities to understand holobiont shaping and adaptation. Video Abstract

Orozco, V. (2022). Cómo recorrer una ciudad sin despertarla. México: Coordinación de Difusión Cultural, UNAM. 93 pp. ISBN. 978-607-30-7039-3

Abstract Bioactive compounds in food and beverages, including fruit juices, are susceptible to degradation or oxidation during processing and storage. This vulnerability can lead to a reduction in nutritional value and overall quality of the products. The objective of this research is to explore the potential of encapsulation techniques in preserving and enhancing the nutritional value of fruit juices. The encapsulation of natural compounds, enzymes, and probiotics is seen as a promising approach to fortifying fruit juices, improving their preservation and processing of these encapsulated natural compounds as additives in food packaging. The study involves a comprehensive review of various encapsulation techniques and materials used for encapsulating bioactive compounds. It also investigates the current applications of encapsulated natural products in the preservation of food and beverages. The encapsulation of bioactive compounds has shown the potential in improving the nutritional value and functional properties of fruit juice products and foods. It has also been found to enhance the preservation and processing of these products, contributing to their overall quality and safety. Encapsulation techniques offer a promising avenue for revolutionizing the fruit juice industry by enhancing the nutritional value and shelf life of products. They also present an opportunity for the development of more functional food products. Despite the promising results, more research is needed to fully understand the mechanisms of encapsulation, determine the optimal conditions for encapsulating different ingredients, and assess the effects of encapsulation on the quality and safety of fruit juices. Future studies should focus on these areas to further advance the application of encapsulation techniques in the food and beverage industry. Graphical Abstract

The growing access to the Internet, devices, and social media has revolutionized communication processes and democratized access to information and content creation. However, several researchers have shown that although access to the Internet is readily available, the virtual world is a mirror of the society in which we live where digital inequity exists. Several studies present evidence that social status does not affect the presence of social network users, but it does affect the way it is used and content creation, although it concerns studies that were mostly carried out in European and North American contexts. This research explores the socioeconomic profile of young people concerning the consumption and creation of content, and the virtual world of adolescents related to social inequalities found in the real world. This study followed an exploratory quantitative design by means of a survey that was applied to 2,115 high-school students from high-performing educational institutions in Ecuador. The results highlight three units of analysis: (1) reasons for using the platform (2) time of consumption (3) type of content that young people create. In line with previous studies, it points out how the socioeconomic environment has an effect on how young people use social networks. Similarly, it shows an increase in the democratization of content creation processes.

Positive LGBT+ content in educational materials promotes a diverse and inclusive school environment for all students, particularly LGBT+. However, worldwide evidence shows that textbooks underrepresent LGBT+ issue. A possible explanation for this pattern is that most study topics do not lend themselves for issues related to sexuality and gender. We interrogate this argument by examining the representation of all sexual orientation, gender identity, and expression (SOGIE) in 36 state-approved history textbooks for high school in Israel. Utilizing an original standardized coding protocol, we compare representation of queer and hetero-cisgender content. Our findings reveal that textbooks include multiple references to SOGIE across various thematic contexts, yet these are almost exclusively limited to heterosexuality and cisgender persons, while queer sexualities and expressions are marginalized or excluded. We discuss the implications of these problematic patterns for school climate and offer recommendations for incorporating diverse SOGIE content in different study topics in history classes.

Digital Learning Resources (DLRs) have the function of facilitating learning; however, the evaluation regarding their functionality is limited since there are few tools for this purpose. Of these, the instrument that stands out is "Perception of the use of Digital Learning Resources in Statistics" (IPDLR-S), which allows for evaluating the perception of undergraduate university students about the functionality of the LDRs. With the objective of providing a tool with scientific quality, the IPDLR-S instrument underwent to an analysis of construct validity and reliability. The instrument was applied to 1,148 university students, the construct validity analysis was performed using an exploratory (EFA) and confirmatory (CFA) factor analysis, and the reliability was determined by ordinal Cronbach's alpha. According to the EFA, it was found that all the items are represented in the factorial model; however, differences were found for the theoretical model since a fourth dimension emerges (Cooperative Learning). On the other hand, using the CFA, the resulting factorial model showed a good fit (GFI = 0.999, RMSEA = 0.064, CFI = 0.999, and TLI = 0.999). Overall reliability, as well as by factor showed an optimal value (ordinal Cronbach's alpha > 0.98). The IPDLR-S instrument has adequate psychometric properties.

TikTok se consolida como un sitio de redes sociales utilizado para compartir videos breves. La cantidad de productores de contenido latinoamericanos que usan la plataforma para enfocarse en la educación y el aprendizaje se está expandiendo; se les conoce como ‘edutokers’. Emplean TikTok para entregar materiales educativos y consejos sobre una variedad de temas, volviendo accesible el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje para los usuarios, con una perspectiva lúdica y creativa. Con estos antecedentes, la presente investigación establece la interacción generada por los principales edutokers en América Latina a través de los contenidos expuestos a la audiencia; así mismo, delimita cuáles son los perfiles y publicaciones con mayor repercusión dentro de Latinoamérica. Se utiliza una metodología cuantitativa, con la herramienta de monitoreo Fanpage Karma, por medio de una selección de variables que abarca: número se seguidores, tamaño del video, interacción de las publicaciones, número de comentarios, publicaciones por día, compromiso, uso de hashtags y palabras, publicaciones que produjeron mayor feedback. Se obtiene como resultado que los edutokers latinoamericanos reportan un índice de interacción representativa a través de comentarios y reacciones, conjuntamente con posteos que evidencian un lenguaje informal marcado por el uso de palabras clave y hashtags como mediadoras del proceso de enseñanza-aprendizaje.

Throughout history, humans have relied on plants as a source of medication, flavoring, and food. Plants synthesize large chemical libraries and release many of these compounds into the rhizosphere and atmosphere where they affect animal and microbe behavior. To survive, nematodes must have evolved the sensory capacity to distinguish plant-made small molecules (SMs) that are harmful and must be avoided from those that are beneficial and should be sought. This ability to classify chemical cues as a function of their value is fundamental to olfaction and represents a capacity shared by many animals, including humans. Here, we present an efficient platform based on multiwell plates, liquid handling instrumentation, inexpensive optical scanners, and bespoke software that can efficiently determine the valence (attraction or repulsion) of single SMs in the model nematode, Caenorhabditis elegans. Using this integrated hardware-wetware-software platform, we screened 90 plant SMs and identified 37 that attracted or repelled wild-type animals but had no effect on mutants defective in chemosensory transduction. Genetic dissection indicates that for at least 10 of these SMs, response valence emerges from the integration of opposing signals, arguing that olfactory valence is often determined by integrating chemosensory signals over multiple lines of information. This study establishes that C. elegans is an effective discovery engine for determining chemotaxis valence and for identifying natural products detected by the chemosensory nervous system.

Dado el protagonismo que han alcanzado las marcas en la sociedad, convertidas en vehículos de comunicación de las compañías con los ciudadanos a través de un diálogo emocional y positivo, la publicidad está sufriendo una profunda restructuración hacia planteamientos interdisciplinares desde la transmedialidad al advertainment. En este escenario, el branded content se posiciona como una herramienta esencial para transmitir los valores de las empresas a través de un discurso aspiracional utilizado para fidelizar a la audiencia. La investigación utiliza un método de trabajo basado en el análisis de contenido comparativo a partir de siete estudios de caso con el fin de reconocer los elementos que determinan los valores de branded content. Las piezas son descritas a partir de un cuadro de valores que establecerán después una serie de elementos comunes a través de los cuales hacer la comparación entre ellas para elaborar un mapa de elementos que conforme la importancia del storytelling. Se demuestra la configuración de una publicidad asentada en la comunicación aspiracional, donde las marcas dialogan con diferentes formatos audiovisuales hibridando sus contenidos, mensajes y canales y explorando las particularidades del branded content como concepto fundamental de una necesaria renovación de la mirada publicitaria convencional.

La inteligencia artificial (IA) es una tecnología cada vez más relevante en el ámbito académico, especialmente por sus implicaciones en el proceso de enseñanza aprendizaje. Esta investigación analiza los hallazgos de un estudio realizado en tres países latinoamericanos: Ecuador, Perú y México en donde se aplicó un instrumento cuantitativo ad hoc a 423 estudiantes de pregrado de tres universidades. El objetivo fue conocer la percepción de los estudiantes sobre el uso de la Inteligencia Artificial en la educación superior. Los resultados reflejan un reconocimiento significativo del potencial de la IA para mejorar la calidad educativa y personalizar el proceso de aprendizaje. Además, enfatizan la importancia de un enfoque inclusivo y equitativo en la implementación de la IA en la educación superior, promoviendo un ambiente educativo accesible para todos y garantizando que la tecnología se integre de manera ética y efectiva para potenciar la calidad y la personalización del proceso educativo.

La intervención profesional en paisajes de origen indígena tiene una complejidad cultural que comúnmente no es considerada por los diseñadores y planificadores del espacio. En el presente, ante las diversas crisis ambientales, como la del agua, es necesario aprovechar el conocimiento sustentable del paisaje cuando éste forma parte de la cosmovisión de sus pobladores. En este artículo comparamos dos pueblos del actual municipio de Texcoco, México. Si en el siglo XVI ambos tenían comportamientos similares respecto de su medio ambiente, hoy en día se han distanciado tanto, que la comparación puede servirnos de ejemplo para muchos otros casos de países con comunidades originarias. Mientras San Luis Huexotla parece haber perdido su vínculo de sacralidad con el volcán Tlaloc que destaca en el horizonte y con los edificios prehispánicos del pueblo, San Miguel Coatlinchan sigue realizando prácticas rituales en parajes de importancia arqueológica, lo que le mantienen al cuidado de su patrimonio natural y cultural. Siguiendo un modelo histórico-geográfico que explica la relación entre los habitantes y su entorno, este artículo muestra que es posible comprender las diferencias que separan culturalmente a estos dos pueblos y, más aún, diseñar un proyecto de intervención arquitectónica en Huexotla para evidenciar ante la comunidad esta ruptura con su paisaje y tratar de subsanarla.

Fernández Christlieb, F. (2023). Hacer Geografía. Un razonamiento histórico para el mundo que viene. México: Instituto de Geografía, UNAM. 186 pp. ISBN 978-607-30-8097-2

Introduction Delirium is common in hospital settings, with approximately 3% to 45% of older patients in hospitals developing delirium during their stay. Among the elderly and those with severe or advanced medical conditions, the reported percentage of patients with delirium is over 56%. The three motor subtypes of delirium are hyperactive, hypoactive, and mixed. Another way to characterize delirium is based on whether it is reversible, irreversible, or terminal. Objectives Identifying appropriate pharmacological treatment options among antipsychotics and their correlation with various precipitating and predisposing factors in the in-hospital context Methods This was a retrospective, cross-sectional, observational study that utilized a database created by the psychiatry department at the National Medical Center 20 de Noviembre, with data collected from April 2021 to April 2022. The database contains anonymized administrative and clinical data of patients who were seen in the psychiatry department for the diagnosis of any type of delirium, using the CAM scale for classification. The database includes records and data of hospitalized patients, encompassing all specialties at this medical center Results A total of 139 patients were included in the study, of which 39% were female and 61% were male, with a mean age of 67 and a median age of 68 years. It was observed that the average duration of delirium symptoms, from receiving the consultation to remission, was approximately 6 days (p

El formaldehído es un compuesto químico utilizado como precursor en diversos procesos industriales y en productos de alisado capilar. Se encuentra clasificado como carcinogénico en humanos. Teniendo en cuenta la importancia del tema, esta revisión apunta a identificar y caracterizar los riesgos que implica para la salud la exposición crónica al formaldehído. Se describe la evidencia existente sobre sus principales efectos tóxicos, así como también los factores de riesgo durante la aplicación de este compuesto en el proceso de alisado capilar. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica utilizando la base de datos de PubMed, cuya búsqueda se limitó al periodo 2010-2020. Se encontraron 126 publicaciones, a las cuales se realizó un análisis de pertinencia, luego se seleccionaron aquellas que estudiaron los efectos tras la inhalación crónica de formaldehído en seres humanos; finalmente quedaron 75 publicaciones. Entre los efectos nocivos del formaldehído analizados en cada publicación, se seleccionaron aquellos presentes en tres o más publicaciones. En base a los resultados obtenidos en esta revisión, no pueden descartarse los efectos nocivos producto de la exposición crónica al formaldehído. Existe evidencia bibliográfica que corrobora el aumento de procesos genotóxicos en humanos, específicamente en células epiteliales nasales y leucocitos de sangre periférica. Por otra parte, no existe evidencia epidemiológica robusta que relacione la exposición crónica a este compuesto con leucemia o cáncer nasofaríngeo. Respecto de la toxicidad reproductiva, existen reportes de abortos espontáneos y bajo peso al nacer, incluso cuando el sujeto expuesto es el futuro padre. Otras patologías mencionadas con exposición crónica al formaldehído son daño renal, metahemoglobinemia, asma, dermatitis, tumores, irritación y quemaduras de piel, fatiga y dolor ocular, lagrimeo, cambios de humor, fatiga, irritación de la garganta, rinorrea y dolor de cabeza. Por otra parte, el promedio de concentraciones de formaldehído a las que podría exponerse una persona durante un tratamiento de alisado capilar señala valores alarmantes, ya que supera muchas veces los límites de exposición menos restrictivos y puede alcanzar niveles muy superiores a los experimentados por los sujetos expuestos incluidos en los estudios epidemiológicos revisados. Es importante una buena ventilación y utilizar productos con concentraciones de formaldehído dentro del límite permitido.

Objectives To illuminate the poorly understood aetiology of SLE by comparing the gene expression profile of SLE neutrophils with that of neutrophils from patients infected by SARS-CoV-2, a disease (COVID-19) with well-defined antigens and a similar type I interferon response.Methods RNA sequencing of neutrophils from patients with SLE (n=15) and healthy controls (n=12) was analysed for differential gene expression and modulated pathways. The same analyses were performed on a similar neutrophil dataset from patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection (n=30) and healthy controls (n=8). Next, we carried out comparative analyses to identify common and unique transcriptional changes between the two disease contexts, emphasising genes regulated in opposite directions.Results We identified 372 differentially expressed genes in SLE neutrophils compared with healthy donor neutrophils (≥2 fold, p

Abstract Tidal marshes store large amounts of organic carbon in their soils. Field data quantifying soil organic carbon (SOC) stocks provide an important resource for researchers, natural resource managers, and policy-makers working towards the protection, restoration, and valuation of these ecosystems. We collated a global dataset of tidal marsh soil organic carbon (MarSOC) from 99 studies that includes location, soil depth, site name, dry bulk density, SOC, and/or soil organic matter (SOM). The MarSOC dataset includes 17,454 data points from 2,329 unique locations, and 29 countries. We generated a general transfer function for the conversion of SOM to SOC. Using this data we estimated a median (± median absolute deviation) value of 79.2 ± 38.1 Mg SOC ha−1 in the top 30 cm and 231 ± 134 Mg SOC ha−1 in the top 1 m of tidal marsh soils globally. This data can serve as a basis for future work, and may contribute to incorporation of tidal marsh ecosystems into climate change mitigation and adaptation strategies and policies.