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© The Author(s), 2022. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Chase, A. P., Boss, E. S., Haentjens, N., Culhane, E., Roesler, C., & Karp-Boss, L. Plankton imagery data inform satellite-based estimates of diatom carbon. Geophysical Research Letters, 49(13), (2022): e2022GL098076, https://doi.org/10.1029/2022GL098076., Estimating the biomass of phytoplankton communities via remote sensing is a key requirement for understanding global ocean ecosystems. Of particular interest is the carbon associated with diatoms given their unequivocal ecological and biogeochemical roles. Satellite-based algorithms often rely on accessory pigment proxies to define diatom biomass, despite a lack of validation against independent diatom biomass measurements. We used imaging-in-flow cytometry to quantify diatom carbon in the western North Atlantic, and compared results to those obtained from accessory pigment-based approximations. Based on this analysis, we offer a new empirical formula to estimate diatom carbon concentrations from chlorophyll a. Additionally, we developed a neural network model in which we integrated chlorophyll a and environmental information to estimate diatom carbon distributions in the western North Atlantic. The potential for improving satellite-based diatom carbon estimates by integrating environmental information into a model, compared to models that are based solely on chlorophyll a, is discussed., Funding for this work was provided by NASA grants #NNX15AE67G and #80NSSC20M0202. A. Chase is supported by a Washington Research Foundation Postdoctoral Fellowship.

EXport Processes in the Ocean from Remote Sensing (EXPORTS) is a large-scale NASA-led and NSF co-funded field campaign that will provide critical information for quantifying the export and fate of upper ocean net primary production (NPP) using satellite information and state of the art technology.

© The Author(s), 2021. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Siegel, D. A., Cetinic, I., Graff, J. R., Lee, C. M., Nelson, N., Perry, M. J., Ramos, I. S., Steinberg, D. K., Buesseler, K., Hamme, R., Fassbender, A. J., Nicholson, D., Omand, M. M., Robert, M., Thompson, A., Amaral, V., Behrenfeld, M., Benitez-Nelson, C., Bisson, K., Boss, E., Boyd, P. W., Brzezinski, M., Buck, K., Burd, A., Burns, S., Caprara, S., Carlson, C., Cassar, N., Close, H. H., D’Asaro, E., Durkin, C., Erickson, Z., Estapa, M. L., Fields, E., Fox, J., Freeman, S., Gifford, S., Gong, W., Gray, D., Guidi, L., Haëntjens, N., Halsey, K., Huot, Y., Hansell, D., Jenkins, B., Karp-Boss, L., Kramer, S., Lam, P., Lee, J-M., Maas, A., Marchal, O., Marchetti, A., McDonnell, A., McNair, H., Menden-Deuer, S., Morison, F., Niebergall, A. K., Passow, U., Popp, B., Potvin, G., Resplandy, L., Roca-Martí, M., Roesler, C., Rynearson, T., Traylor, S., Santoro, A., Seraphin, K. D., Sosik, H. M., Stamieszkin, K., Stephens, B., Tang, W., Van Mooy, B., Xiong, Y., Zhang, X. An operational overview of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) Northeast Pacific field deployment. Elementa: Science of the Anthropocene, 9(1), (2021): 1, https://doi.org/10.1525/elementa.2020.00107., The goal of the EXport Processes in the Ocean from RemoTe Sensing (EXPORTS) field campaign is to develop a predictive understanding of the export, fate, and carbon cycle impacts of global ocean net primary production. To accomplish this goal, observations of export flux pathways, plankton community composition, food web processes, and optical, physical, and biogeochemical (BGC) properties are needed over a range of ecosystem states. Here we introduce the first EXPORTS field deployment to Ocean Station Papa in the Northeast Pacific Ocean during summer of 2018, providing context for other papers in this special collection. The experiment was conducted with two ships: a Process Ship, focused on ecological rates, BGC fluxes, temporal changes in food web, and BGC and optical properties, that followed an instrumented Lagrangian float; and a Survey Ship that sampled BGC and optical properties in spatial patterns around the Process Ship. An array of autonomous underwater assets provided measurements over a range of spatial and temporal scales, and partnering programs and remote sensing observations provided additional observational context. The oceanographic setting was typical of late-summer conditions at Ocean Station Papa: a shallow mixed layer, strong vertical and weak horizontal gradients in hydrographic properties, sluggish sub-inertial currents, elevated macronutrient concentrations and low phytoplankton abundances. Although nutrient concentrations were consistent with previous observations, mixed layer chlorophyll was lower than typically observed, resulting in a deeper euphotic zone. Analyses of surface layer temperature and salinity found three distinct surface water types, allowing for diagnosis of whether observed changes were spatial or temporal. The 2018 EXPORTS field deployment is among the most comprehensive biological pump studies ever conducted. A second deployment to the North Atlantic Ocean occurred in spring 2021, which will be followed by focused work, DAS, NN, KB, EF, SK, AB, AM, UP: NASA 80NSSC17K0692. MJB, EB, JG, LG, KH, LKB, JF, NH: NASA 80NSSC17K0568. KB, CBN, LR, MRM: NASA 80NSSC17K0555. CC, DH, BS: NASA 80NSSC18K0437. HC: NSF 1830016. BP, KDS: NSF 1829425. ME, KB, CD, MO: NASA 80NSSC17K0662. AF: NSF 1756932. BJ, KB, MB, SB, SC: NSF 1756442. PH, OM, JML: NSF 1829614. CL, ED, DN, MO, MJP, AT, ZN, ST: NASA 80NSSC17K0663. AM, NC, SG, WT, AN, WG: NASA 80NSSC17K0552. SMD, TR, HM, FM: NASA 80NSSC17K0716. CR, HS: NASA 80NSSC17K0700. AS, PB: NASA 80NSSC18K1431. DS, AM, KS NASA 80NSSC17K0654. BVM: NSF 1756254. XZ, DG, LG, YH: NASA 80NSSC17K0656 and 80NSSC20K0350.

EXport Processes in the Ocean from Remote Sensing (EXPORTS) is a large-scale NASA-led and NSF co-funded field campaign that will provide critical information for quantifying the export and fate of upper ocean net primary production (NPP) using satellite information and state of the art technology.

This technical manual guides the user through the process of creating a data table for the submission of taxonomic and morphological information for plankton and other particles from images to a repository. Guidance is provided to produce documentation that should accompany the submission of plankton and other particle data to a repository, describes data collection and processing techniques, and outlines the creation of a data file. Field names include scientificName that represents the lowest level taxonomic classification (e.g., genus if not certain of species, family if not certain of genus) and scientificNameID, the unique identifier from a reference database such as the World Register of Marine Species or AlgaeBase. The data table described here includes the field names associatedMedia, scientificName/ scientificNameID for both automated and manual identification, biovolume, area_cross_section, length_representation and width_representation. Additional steps that instruct the user on how to format their data for a submission to the Ocean Biodiversity Information System (OBIS) are also included. Examples of documentation and data files are provided for the user to follow. The documentation requirements and data table format are approved by both NASA’s SeaWiFS Bio-optical Archive and Storage System (SeaBASS) and the National Science Foundation’s Biological and Chemical Oceanography Data Management Office (BCO-DMO)., This report was an outcome of a working group supported by the Ocean Carbon and Biogeochemistry (OCB) project office, which is funded by the US National Science Foundation (OCE1558412) and the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NNX17AB17G). AN, SB, and CP conceived and drafted the document. IC, IST, JF and HS contributed to the main body of the document as well as the example files. All members of the working group contributed to the content of the document, including the conceptualization of the data table and metadata format. We would also like thank the external reviewers Cecile Rousseaux (NASA GSFC), Susanne Menden-Deuer (URI) Frank Muller-Karger (USF), and Abigail Benson (USGS) for their valuable feedback.

© The Author(s), 2018. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License. The definitive version was published in Ecological Applications 28 (2018): 749-760, doi: 10.1002/eap.1682., The biodiversity and high productivity of coastal terrestrial and aquatic habitats are the foundation for important benefits to human societies around the world. These globally distributed habitats need frequent and broad systematic assessments, but field surveys only cover a small fraction of these areas. Satellite‐based sensors can repeatedly record the visible and near‐infrared reflectance spectra that contain the absorption, scattering, and fluorescence signatures of functional phytoplankton groups, colored dissolved matter, and particulate matter near the surface ocean, and of biologically structured habitats (floating and emergent vegetation, benthic habitats like coral, seagrass, and algae). These measures can be incorporated into Essential Biodiversity Variables (EBVs), including the distribution, abundance, and traits of groups of species populations, and used to evaluate habitat fragmentation. However, current and planned satellites are not designed to observe the EBVs that change rapidly with extreme tides, salinity, temperatures, storms, pollution, or physical habitat destruction over scales relevant to human activity. Making these observations requires a new generation of satellite sensors able to sample with these combined characteristics: (1) spatial resolution on the order of 30 to 100‐m pixels or smaller; (2) spectral resolution on the order of 5 nm in the visible and 10 nm in the short‐wave infrared spectrum (or at least two or more bands at 1,030, 1,240, 1,630, 2,125, and/or 2,260 nm) for atmospheric correction and aquatic and vegetation assessments; (3) radiometric quality with signal to noise ratios (SNR) above 800 (relative to signal levels typical of the open ocean), 14‐bit digitization, absolute radiometric calibration <2%, relative calibration of 0.2%, polarization sensitivity <1%, high radiometric stability and linearity, and operations designed to minimize sunglint; and (4) temporal resolution of hours to days. We refer to these combined s, National Center for Ecological Analysis and Synthesis (NCEAS); National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) Grant Numbers: NNX16AQ34G, NNX14AR62A; National Ocean Partnership Program; NOAA US Integrated Ocean Observing System/IOOS Program Office; Bureau of Ocean and Energy Management Ecosystem Studies program (BOEM) Grant Number: MC15AC00006

Author Posting. © Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography, 2012. This article is posted here by permission of Association for the Sciences of Limnology and Oceanography for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Limnology and Oceanography 57 (2012): 97-112, doi:10.4319/lo.2012.57.1.0097., We investigated the influences of organic content and mineralogical composition on light absorption by mostly mineral suspended particles in aquatic and coastal marine systems. Mass-specific absorption spectra of suspended particles and surface sediments from coastal Louisiana and the lower Mississippi and Atchafalaya rivers were measured with a centered sample-mount integrating sphere and analyzed in conjunction with organic carbon (OC), hydrochloric acid– (HCl-) extractable iron, and dithionite-extractable iron contents. Compositions and absorption properties were comparable to published values for similar particles. Dithionite-extractable iron was strongly correlated with absorption at ultraviolet (UV) and blue wavelengths, while OC and HCl-extractable iron were weakly but positively correlated. Oxidative removal of OC from sediments caused small and variable changes in absorption, while dithionite extraction of iron oxides strongly reduced absorption. Shoulders in the absorption spectra corresponded to absorption bands of iron oxide minerals, and their intensities were well correlated to dithionite-extractable iron contents of the samples. These findings support a primary role for iron oxide and hydroxide minerals in the mass-specific absorption of mostly inorganic particles from the terrestrially influenced coast of Louisiana. Riverine particles had higher dithionite-extractable iron contents and iron oxide–specific absorption features than did marine particles, consistent with current knowledge regarding differential transport of particulate iron oxides and hydroxides through estuarine salinity gradients and reductive alteration of these oxide phases on the Louisiana shelf. The quantifiable dependence of UV absorption features on iron oxide content suggests that, under certain conditions, in situ hyperspectral absorption measurements could be designed to monitor water-column iron mineral transport and transformation., We would like to acknowledge funding support from the National Science Foundation Chemical Oceanography program (L.M. and M.L.E.), a National Aeronautics and Space Administration Earth Systems Science Graduate Fellowship (M.L.E.), and the Office of Naval Research Environmental Optics program (E.B. and C.R.).

Coastal waters represent the commingling of offshore marine and terrestrial surface source waters and therefore are naturally complex and variable. Our long term goal is to establish observational and modeling approaches to predict sources and scales of variability in the source waters, particularly those related to land use activities in upstream watersheds, from observations and measurements in the coastal waters.

Coastal waters represent the commingling of offshore marine and terrestrial surface source waters and therefore are naturally complex and variable. Our long term goal is to establish observational and modeling approaches to predict sources and scales of variability in the source waters, particularly those related to land use activities in upstream watersheds, from observations and measurements in the coastal waters. Hydrologic optics provides an approach to characterizing physical and biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems over a range of time and space scales. The linkage between observations of the inherent optical properties (IOPs; absorption, scattering and fluorescence) and the geophysical properties lie in the establishment of robust optical proxies and the quantification of the temporal and spatial scales over which these proxies remain conservative in their properties. Our objectives are to identify and quantify specific optical and chemical characteristics of the colored particulate and dissolved fractions originating in the Penobscot River system that are associated with defined land use activities (land use proxies), and to determine the scales of variability over which these proxies can be detected both temporally (i.e. seasonal and episodic events) and spatially (from the source into coastal waters).

Author Posting. © Oceanography Society, 2005. This article is posted here by permission of Oceanography Society for personal use, not for redistribution. The definitive version was published in Oceanography 18, 2 (2005): 210-227., Harmful algal blooms (HABs) represent a diverse range of phenomena that universally share only two characteristics: they produce effects on ecosystems or food resources that humans perceive as harmful, and their progression is fundamentally a process of population dynamics under oceanographic control. Because of the complexity, scales, and transient nature of HABs, their monitoring and prediction requires rapid, intensive, extensive, and sustained observations at sea. These requirements cannot be met with traditional approaches that depend on ships for sampling and laboratories for chemical or biological analyses. Fortunately, new sensing technologies that operate autonomously in situ will allow, in the near future, the development of comprehensive observation strategies for timely detection of HABs. In turn, developments in modeling will support prediction of these phenomena, based directly on real-time measurements., The authors gratefully acknowledge the following agencies for their financial support of the Habwatch workshop: European Commission (EC), National Scientific Foundation (NSF), European Space Agency (ESA), Office of Naval Research (ONR), International Foreign Office of ONR, Centre National d’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC), Scientific Commission on Oceanic Research (SCOR), Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientique (CNRS), Institut Français de Recherche pour l’Exploration de la MER (Ifremer), National Oceanic and Atmospheric Commission (NOAA).

Coastal waters represent the commingling of offshore marine and terrestrial surface source waters and therefore are naturally complex and variable. Our long term goal is to establish observational and modeling approaches to predict sources and scales of variability in the source waters, particularly those related to land use activities in upstream watersheds, from observations and measurements in the coastal waters., code 1 only. The original document contains color images.

Coastal waters represent the commingling of offshore marine and terrestrial surface source waters and therefore are naturally complex and variable. Our long term goal is to establish observational and modeling approaches to predict sources and scales of variability in the source waters, particularly those related to land use activities in upstream watersheds, from observations and measurements in the coastal waters. Hydrologic optics provides an approach to characterizing physical and biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems over a range of time and space scales. The linkage between observations of the inherent optical properties (IOPs; absorption, scattering and fluorescence) and the geophysical properties lie in the establishment of robust optical proxies and the quantification of the temporal and spatial scales over which these proxies remain conservative in their properties. Our objectives are to identify and quantify specific optical and chemical characteristics of the colored particulate and dissolved fractions originating in the Penobscot River system that are associated with defined land use activities (land use proxies), and to determine the scales of variability over which these proxies can be detected both temporally (i.e. seasonal and episodic events) and spatially (from the source into coastal waters)., Performed in cooperation with WET Laboratories, Philomath, OR.

Coastal waters represent the commingling of offshore marine and terrestrial surface source waters and therefore are naturally complex and variable. Our long term goal is to establish observational and modeling approaches to predict sources and scales of variability in the source waters, particularly those related to land use activities in upstream watersheds, from observations and measurements in the coastal waters. Hydrologic optics provides an approach to characterizing physical and biogeochemical processes in aquatic systems over a range of time and space scales. The linkage between observations of the inherent optical properties (IOPs; absorption, scattering and fluorescence) and the geophysical properties lie in the establishment of robust optical proxies and the quantification of the temporal and spatial scales over which these proxies remain conservative in their properties. Our objectives are to identify and quantify specific optical and chemical characteristics of the colored particulate and dissolved fractions originating in the Penobscot River system that are associated with defined land use activities (land use proxies), and to determine the scales of variability over which these proxies can be detected both temporally (i.e. seasonal and episodic events) and spatially (from the source into coastal waters)., code 1 only.