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This study evaluated the chemical composition and anti-proliferative activity of essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation from seven medicinal plants from Cachicadán, La Libertad Región, Perú. Limonene (0.64 to 44.43%) and linalool (0.36 to 2.12%) were identified in all EOs by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry analysis. The major components (relative intensity ≥ 10%) were cis-dihydro carvone, carvone, and cis-piperitone epoxide for Minthostachys mollis leaves; β-pinene, limonene, and ledol for Lepechinia heteromorpha leaves; limonene, neral, and geranial for Aloysia citriodora, both leaves and flowers; α-pinene, and limonene for Myrcianthes myrsinoides leaves; and α-pinene, β-myrcene, and (E)-β-Ocimene for Dalea carthagenensis leaves. Constituted by (Z)-β-ocimene, dihydrotagetone, (Z)-tagetone, and car-3-en-2-one, EO of Tagetes minuta leaves induced an irreversible cytostatic effect against MCF-7 human breast tumor cells. Further in vivo studies must be carried out to establish the safe and efficient dose of T. minuta EO as adjuvant treatment in oncological therapies.

Orientador: Ranulfo Monte Alegre Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: O emprego do melaço de cana-de-açúcar como substrato para obtenção de etanol em nosso país é prática antiga e rotineira. Por tratar-se de um subproduto da fabricação do açúcar cristal e por isso dependente da qualidade da cana-de-açúcar, sua composição é variável. o cálculo de rendimento é o principal parâmetro para avaliação do desempenho de processos fermentativos utilizando-se esse tipo de matéria-prima, podendo ser obtido através da determinação da massa de etanol produzido e da determinação da massa residual de açúcares e metabólicos secundários. Esses dados são bastante importantes para a avaliação do processo fermentativo. Na prática, valores de rendimento próximos ou superiores ao máximo teórico são freqüentemente observados, demonstrando a existência de erros, já que outros produtos são formados na fermentação. Urna vez que as técnicas analíticas utilizadas em usinas são simples e por vezes inexatas e sendo o melaço de cana-de-açúcar um substrato altamente complexo e bastante utilizado nas destilarias, suas análises devem ser realizadas com rigor para garantir resultados confiáveis. A partir da fermentação de diferentes melaços em diferentes concentrações, foi possível aplicar técnicas de análise no mosto (açúcar) e no vinho (etanol e metabólitos: CO2, glicerol, massa celular, açúcar residual e acidez ), com a finalidade de verificar o comportamento destes melaços frente a parâmetros corno rendimento, potencial fermentativo e produtividade, bem como verificar as possíveis diferenças no rendimento fermentativo pela comparação de cálculos aplicando-se uma técnica analítica tradicional (Fehling), e outra mais atual de determinação de carboidratos (Cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência-Detector de pulso amperométrico). Verificou-se que as técnicas são diferentes a níveis de 95% e 93% de confiança, para valores de açúcar residual e rendimento (YP/M) respectivamente. Apesar da análise estatística indicar diferença entre as técnicas, verificou-se boa correlação entre as curvas obtidas. Verificou-se também que a produção de etanol é dependente da concentração de nitrogênio no meio fermentativo, aumentando em função do aumento da concentração deste elemento até certos limites. Verificou-se não existir correlação entre a coloração escura de melaços e o desempenho fermentativo. Alguns melaços esgotados tiveram baixo desempenho fermentativo, enquanto outros tiveram desempenho superior até mesmo aos melaços ricos. Desta forma verificou-se que melaços esgotados podem fermentar bem, porém existe uma limitação que deve ser determinada em função da análise de alguns constituintes, como nitrogênio e sulfito, dentre outros Abstract: The use of the sugar cane molasses is employed, as fermentation medium for ethanol production in our country is a common practice. As it's a by-product of the raw sugar production being dependent of the sugar cane's quality. The yield calculation is the main parameter for evaluation of the performance of this kind of material in fermentation processes, this can be obtained through the determination of the resulting ethanol mass and by the determination of residual sugar and secondary products metabolism That data is quite important for evaluation of the fermentation process, that have show in practice to occure yield values dose or higher than the theoretic top calculated, revealing discrepancies as a result of other products formed in the fermentation process. Since the analytic techniques employed in industries are simple as well as sometimes inexact, the sugar cane molasses its analyses should be accomplished with rigidity to guarantee reliable results as it complex fermentation medium quite used in the distilleries. Starting using molasses in different concentrations, analysis techniques were applied to the must (sugar) and wine (ethanol and metabolism products: CO2, glycerol, cell mass, residual sugar and acidity), with the purpose ofverifying the behavior ofthese molasses with fermentation potential and productivity, as well as verify the possible differences in the fermentation yield comparing calculus between applying a traditional analytic technique (Fehling), and other more current carbohydrates determination (High Pressure Liquid Chromatography using Pulsed Amperometric Detector). It was verified that the techniques differed between 95% and 93% in reability, for residual sugar and yield (Y P/M) values respectively. In spite of the indication of statistical analysis difference among the techniques, good correlation were verified among the resulting curves. It was also shown that the ethanol production is dependent of the nitrogen concentration in the fermentation medium, increasing as a function of this compound concentration up to certain limits. No correlation was confirmed between the dark coloration of molasses and the fermentation performance. Some poor molasses had low fermentation performance, whereas others revealed high fermentation performance even to the rich molasses. So far it was proven that poor molasses can ferment well, even though a limitation exist, that should be determined as a function of the some constituints, as nitrogen, sulfide and others Mestrado Mestre em Tecnologia de Alimentos

Orientador: Carlos Raimundo Ferreira Grosso Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia de Alimentos Resumo: A microencapsulação em spray dryer tem sido amplamente empregada na indústria alimentícia, visando a proteção do recheio. Atualmente, a goma arábica e a maltodextrina são utilizadas como material de parede e a goma do cajueiro ainda não foi estudada para esta finalidade. Com isso, o objetivo deste trabalho, foi avaliar a retenção de voláteis, após a microencapsulação de extrato de café pela técnica de spray drying, utilizando-se maltodextrina, goma arábica e goma do cajueiro como agentes microencapsulantes. As microcápsulas obtidas foram caracterizadas por Karl Fischer, proteína, atividade de água e distribuição do tamanho de partículas. Além disso, foi avaliada a estabilidade física e química por microscopia eletrônica de varredura e Cromatografia Gasosa-Espectrometria de Massas (CG-EM). A extração assistida por microondas foi empregada para a extração do recheio, devido a sua simplicidade operacional, rapidez e por permitir a extração de várias amostras ao mesmo tempo. A identidade dos compostos contidos no recheio, foi sugerida por comparação dos espectros de massas com os da biblioteca NIST. O perfil cromatográfico obtido por CG-EM para as diferentes amostras de microcápsulas demonstrou uma similaridade na avaliação qualitativa. A análise sensorial foi realizada com 39 provadores, utilizando-se as microcápsulas em estudo, comparadas a um padrão de café instantâneo em pó, obtido em spray dryer. Foi observado que não houve diferença significativa entre as microcápsulas testadas e o padrão Abstract: Microencapsulation using spray dryer has been widely used in food industry, seeking core protection. Nowadays, the gum arabic and maltodextrin have been used as wall material, but cashew gum was still not studied as a microcapsule for this purpose. This way, the objective of this work was studied the volatile retention of coffee extract during microencapsulation by a spray drying technique using maltodextrin, gum arabic and cashew gum as microencapsulating agents. The microcapsules obtained were characterizated by Karl Fischer, protein, water activity, particle size distribution. Besides, the physical and chemical stability were studied by scanning electron microscopy and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy (GC-MS). Microwave assisted extraction was used for core extrraction, who allows operacional simplicity, rapid extraction and multiple extraction at same time. The identities of the compounds in the core were suggested by comparison of their mass spectra with those of the NIST¿s library spectra. The chromatographic profile of microcapsules samples obtained by GC-MS was similar in the qualitative evaluation. A sensory analysis was carried out with 39 consumers, comparing the studied microcapsules with instantaneous coffee powder standard obtained by spray drying. It was observed that there was not a significant difference between the microcapsules and the standard Doutorado Engenharia de Alimentos Doutor em Engenharia de Alimentos

Pterodon pubescens Benth is a Brazilian native species, used in folk medicine for chronic pain relief. The anti-inflammatory, antinociceptive, and antiproliferative activities attributed to the species have a straight relationship with vouacapans (furanditerpenes) and geranylgeraniol (acyclic diterpenes), identified in P. pubescens extracts. Nevertheless, scarce reports are found on product development and stability studies containing this species. This gap prompted the stability outcome evaluation of carbomer-940 gel-based formulations containing P. pubescens microencapsulated extract compared to non-encapsulated extract reported herein. Seeds were extracted with dichloromethane providing 46.6% (w/w) crude extract yield. Phytochemical markers were monitored by High Pressure Liquid Chromatography with Diode Array Detector (HPLC-DAD) and Gas Chromatography coupled to Mass Detection (GC-MS) using the vouacapans 1:1 ratio isomers 6a-hydroxy-7ß-acetoxy-vouacapan-17ß-oate methyl ester and 6a-acetoxy-7ß-hydroxy-vouacapan-17ß-oate methyl ester for quantification and identification purposes. Spray-dried microcapsules were produced with cashew gum as wall material with structure confirmed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and size distribution by light scattering parameters. The particles presented a bimodal size distribution ranging from 0.2 to 500 µm, vouacapans content and encapsulation efficiency of 55.6% and 44.4% respectively, with an overall spray-drying yield of 82.6% (w/w). The formulation containing microencapsulated extract did not achieve an acceptable outcome under test condition, with further studies needed for optimization. Nevertheless, the gel containing 2.5% (w/v) of non-encapsulated extract stored at 25 °C protected from light presented the best results within 180 days in stability study. P. pubescens incorporation maintained rheological properties with better performance when exposed to light during storage time compared to the gel base formulation. The formulation delivered vouacapans throughout a synthetic membrane. This formulation is the first step to achieve a novel topical gel-based product containing P. pubescens beneficial activities CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ COORDENAÇÃO DE APERFEIÇOAMENTO DE PESSOAL DE NÍVEL SUPERIOR - CAPES FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP Fechado

Agradecimentos: The author(s) disclosed receipt of the following financial support for the research, authorship, and/or publication of this article: This work was financially supported by the São Paulo Research Foundation (FAPESP) (Process 2015/12398-4) and by the National Council of Research and Technological Development (CNPq) that provided a scholarship to K.B.F. Paganotti Abstract: Fish oil incorporation into food products is a challenge because long-chain fatty acids are susceptible to oxidation. Microencapsulation is an alternative for protecting and delivering fish oil besides masking undesirable flavours. This work aimed to produce spray-chilled microparticles using spray-dried microparticles loaded with fish oil as the core material and evaluate the effects of core concentration and lipid wall material composition on the apparent viscosity of the feeding material (suspension), microparticle mean diameter (D50), moisture content and eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid losses. Double-shell microparticles containing fish oil were successfully obtained. Higher core concentrations resulted in higher feeding material viscosities and microparticles with higher D50 values and higher moisture content, but suitable for food applications. Less eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid loss was achieved with lipid matrixes containing palm fat/vegetable fat ratios of up to 40/60 or a ratio of 50/50 when associated with a low concentration of core material. The remaining eicosapentaenoic acid and docosahexaenoic acid content observed in the final double-shell microparticles and its good oxidative stability can be considered sufficient for the successful application of these microparticles in foods. These findings may contribute to expanding the use of microencapsulated fish oil FUNDAÇÃO DE AMPARO À PESQUISA DO ESTADO DE SÃO PAULO - FAPESP CONSELHO NACIONAL DE DESENVOLVIMENTO CIENTÍFICO E TECNOLÓGICO - CNPQ Fechado

Arrabidaea chica (H&B) Verlot is a plant popularly known as Pariri and this species is a known source of anthocyanins, flavonoids and tannins. This report describes an approach involving enzymatic treatment prior to extraction procedures to enhance A chica crude extract anticancer activity. Anticancer activity in human cancer cell lines in vitro using a 48 h SRB cell viability assay was performed to determine growth inhibition and cytotoxic properties. The final extraction yield without enzyme treatment was higher (24.28%) compared to the enzyme-treated material (19.03%), with an enhanced aglycones anthocyanin ratio as determined by HPLC- DAD and LC-MS with direct infusion.

Docosahexaenoic acid is an essential polyunsaturated fatty acid with important metabolic activities. Its conjugated double bonds make it susceptible to decomposition. Its stability may be improved through fatty acid entrapment with a spray-drying technique; however, the many parameters involved in this technique must be considered to avoid affecting the final product quality. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the entrapment conditions and yields of fish oil enriched with docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester. Microcapsules were obtained from Acacia gum using a spray-drying technique. The experimental samples were analyzed by chromatography and delineated by Statistica software, which found the following optimum entrapment conditions: an inlet temperature of 188 °C; 30% core material; an N2 flow rate of 55 mm; and a pump flow rate of 12.5 mL/minute. These conditions provided a 66% yield of docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester in the oil, corresponding to 19.8% of entrapped docosahexaenoic acid ethyl ester (w/w). This result was considered significant since 30% corresponded to wall material. O ácido docoso-hexaenoico é um ácido graxo poli-insaturado essencial que desempenha importantes ações metabólicas. Entretanto, por possuir duplas ligações conjugadas torna-se suscetível à decomposição. Uma das formas de minimizar esta possível decomposição é o emprego da técnica de atomização para microencapsulação. Porém, esta técnica envolve uma série de parâmetros de processo, que podem vir a alterar a qualidade do produto final. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi microencapsular óleo de peixe enriquecido no éster etílico do ácido docoso-hexaenoico (DHAEE-85%), variando condições operacionais e avaliar o rendimento pela análise por cromatografia gasosa, após extração das microcápsulas. Para tanto, foi utilizado o processo de microencapsulação por atomização e o agente encapsulante foi a goma arábica. A avaliação cromatográfica de vários experimentos delineados pelo software Statistica, mostrou que os pontos ótimos para obtenção das microcápsulas de DHAEE foram: temperatura de entrada 188 °C, porcentagem de recheio 30%, vazão de nitrogênio 55 mm N2 e vazão da bomba de 12,5 mL/minuto. Estas condições de processo foram testadas experimentalmente, resultando no teor de 66% m/m de DHAEE no óleo extraído, valor correspondente a 19,8% m/m de DHAEE encapsulado, valor considerado satisfatório uma vez que 30% das microcápsulas correspondiam teoricamente ao material de parede.

Malaria is still one of the major diseases in the world, causing physical and economic problems in tropical regions. Artemisinin (Qinghaosu), a natural compound identified in Artemisia annua L. , is an effective drug mainly against cerebral malaria. The action of this drug is immediate and parasitaemia in the treatment of drug-resistant malaria is rapidily reduced, justifying the industrial production of artemisinin. This article focuses on the industrial production of this potent antimalarial drug, including strategies for enhancing yield using inexpensive and easy steps.