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A decade ago, the Chilean Public Defense started a program of prison litigation. This article investigates institutional factors that may have an impact on the mobilization of the rights of persons deprived of their liberty. We wonder if the attention provided by the public service mirrors faithfully the demand for defense expressed by convicted persons, or if it responds to institutional policy decisions taken by the Public Defense office that outline or shape such demand? We are looking for institutional factors that determine the selectivity and activation of rights inside prisons. Our analysis starts describing the general public defense services provided to convicted prisoners, paying special attention to violations of constitutional and human rights caused by prison conditions and intra-prison violence. For our analysis, we used quantitative (statistics of the Prisoner Defense) and qualitative information (interviews with key actors). We found that factors associated with the organizational structure, as well as the professional practice of prison defenders, contribute to the fact that the matters handled by the Public Defense end up mirroring the indicators and standards predetermined by the Public Service, giving less importance to situations such as mistreatment, torture, intra-prison violence and inhumane living conditions. We conclude that this selectivity in mobilizing the rights of convicted prisoners violates their constitutional guarantees and, therefore, the institutional objectives of the Prison Defense Service itself., Al cumplirse una década del inicio de la Defensa Penitenciaria chilena, el artículo indaga sobre factores institucionales que pueden incidir en la activación de los derechos de los condenados privados de libertad. Nos preguntamos ¿si la atención que brinda la Defensa Penitenciaria es un fiel reflejo de la demanda de defensa expresada por las personas condenadas, o si responde a decisiones de política institucional de la Defensa Penal Pública que perfilan o dan forma a dicha demanda? En esta oportunidad, queremos identificar factores institucionales que inciden en la selectividad y en la activación de derechos. Partimos nuestro análisis indagando ¿qué atención existe en general, y específicamente en materia de violaciones a los derechos constitucionales y humanos causados por las condiciones de reclusión y la violencia intracarcelaria? Para el estudio recurrimos a información cuantitativa (análisis de estadísticas de la Defensa Penitenciaria) y cualitativa (entrevistas a actores claves). Constatamos que factores asociados a la estructura y a directrices organizacionales, como también a la práctica profesional de los defensores penitenciarios, coadyuvan para que las materias que atiende la Defensa Penitenciaria, terminen siendo un fiel reflejo de los indicadores y estándares predeterminados por la Defensoría Penal Pública, prestando menos importancia a situaciones como maltrato, tortura, violencia intracarcelaria y condiciones de vida inhumanas. Esta selectividad en la activación de derechos de los condenados atenta contra sus garantías constitucionales y, por ende, contra los objetivos institucionales de la propia Defensa Penitenciaria.

A decade ago, the Chilean Public Defense started a program of prison litigation. This article investigates institutional factors that may have an impact on the mobilization of the rights of persons deprived of their liberty. We wonder if the attention provided by the public service mirrors faithfully the demand for defense expressed by convicted persons, or if it responds to institutional policy decisions taken by the Public Defense office that outline or shape such demand? We are looking for institutional factors that determine the selectivity and activation of rights inside prisons. Our analysis starts describing the general public defense services provided to convicted prisoners, paying special attention to violations of constitutional and human rights caused by prison conditions and intra-prison violence. For our analysis, we used quantitative (statistics of the Prisoner Defense) and qualitative information (interviews with key actors). We found that factors associated with the organizational structure, as well as the professional practice of prison defenders, contribute to the fact that the matters handled by the Public Defense end up mirroring the indicators and standards predetermined by the Public Service, giving less importance to situations such as mistreatment, torture, intra-prison violence and inhumane living conditions. We conclude that this selectivity in mobilizing the rights of convicted prisoners violates their constitutional guarantees and, therefore, the institutional objectives of the Prison Defense Service itself.

Hydropeaking affects downstream ecosystems and water uses. We assessed the effect of small re-regulation reservoirs (RRR) located downstream of hydropower plants to mitigate the impact of hydropeaking operations, in terms of the tradeoffs between flashiness of flows and power system cost. The study is performed on a hypothetical power system composed by one reservoir hydropower plant, one coal-fired plant, one diesel-fired plant, and one wind power plant. Hourly operations within a weekly horizon by each plant are prescribed by a system-wide cost-minimization model. Operations are constrained by minimum flows (MIF) and maximum ramping rates (MRR). The model was run for selected weeks, representative of the four seasons and three water year types. Results show that MIF and MRR constraints can achieve improvements in the flashiness of flows, from Richard-Baker index above 0.8 down to less than 0.1. However, without a RRR, these constraints can cause a power system cost increase of up to 70% with respect to the unconstrained case. The strongest effect on power system costs is observed under the dry hydrologic scenario. The cost increase is also significant in the summer weeks of the two normal scenarios. A half-hour capacity RRR keeps the cost increase below 8% and further reduces the flashiness to values below 0.1, on average for the dry scenarios. RRR storage capacities of one and 2 h can further reduce the cost increase below 5%, with flashiness as low as 0.01. No significant improvement is observed beyond this RRR size. In synthesis, this study shows that small re-regulation reservoirs, with capacities up to 2-h detention time, are a promising alternative for hydropeaking control at low power system cost.

In the context of 15 years [1] of effectiveness of the criminal justice reform, an analysis of the assessment that the criminal justice system has made regarding the recognition of diversity is formulated. In other words, we seek to answer whether the indigenous rights considered by international instruments, particularly those that have to do with justice, are respected or not. The analysis focuses on two axes where there has been debate about indigenous rights. First, the prosecution of Mapuche people who have been accused for offenses related to protest for their territorial rights. Second, the recognition of indigenous rights and traditional mechanisms for conflict resolution. Assessment is cautiously optimistic, because although there is still a long way to go in recognizing indigenous rights to justice, there are significant advances in both axes.

Iron-containing silicon nanoparticles were synthesized in an attempt to understand the effect of iron on the silicon nanoparticle (SiNP) photoluminescence and singlet-oxygen generation capacity. A wet chemical oxidation procedure of the sodium silicide precursor, obtained from the thermal treatment of a mixture of sodium, silicon, and an iron(III) organic salt under anaerobic conditions, was employed. Surface-oxidized and propylamine-terminated SiNPs were characterized using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, time-resolved and steady-state photoluminescence, and time-correlated fluorescence anisotropy. On the basis of differences in the morphology, crystal structure, density, and photoluminescence spectrum, two distinct types of SiNPs were identified in a given synthesis batch: iron-free and iron-containing SiNPs. The results show that iron is inhomogeneously incorporated in the SiNPs leading to an efficient photoluminescence quenching. Emission arrives mainly from 2 nm size iron-free SiNPs. The nanoparticles were shown to generate singlet oxygen (1O2) upon 355 nm irradiation, though they were able to quench 1O2. Analysis of cytotoxicity using MTT assay on rat glioma C6 cells showed a strong dependence on the nature of the surface groups, as 100 μg/mL of propylamine-terminated iron-containing SiNPs leads to 85% decrease in cell viability while equal amounts of surface oxidized particles induced a 35% of cell death., Instituto de Investigaciones Fisicoquímicas Teóricas y Aplicadas

The generation of magnetic field on the Sun is caused by a dynamo mechanism, and is related with the differential rotation of the solar interior. Helioseismologic observations show that strong velocity gradients concentrate in a thin layer located at the base of the convective region, known as the tachocline. This remarkable observational finding lends support to a theoretical model for the solar dynamo, based on a magnetohydrodynamic extension of the so called shallow water approximation. We developed a numerical code to integrate the dynamic equations. Our analysis shows an initial stage during which the magnetic energy grows exponentially fast. In a subsequent stage we find that magnetic energy keeps growing until it reaches equipartition with the mechanical energy of the flow. Fil: Lillo, Rolando Cristian Rodrigo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentina Fil: Mininni, Pablo Daniel. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires. Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Física de Buenos Aires; Argentina Fil: Gomez, Daniel Osvaldo. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciónes Científicas y Técnicas. Oficina de Coordinación Administrativa Ciudad Universitaria. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio. - Universidad de Buenos Aires. Facultad de Ciencias Exactas y Naturales. Instituto de Astronomía y Física del Espacio; Argentina

El objeto de esta comunicación es presentar los elementos jurídicos que intervienen en la situación presentada como pueblo mapuche y expansión forestal. Elementos que se presentan como las manifestaciones de la relación conflictiva existente entre dos sistemas sociales opuestosldistintos, particularmente en lo referido a sus sistemas normativos. De esta forma, es posible abordar este dilema desde una perspectiva seria, y que nos habilite a plantear propuestas realistas. Nos situaremos desde la perspectiva del Estado, y la protección que brinda a las Tierras de los mapuches; luego, nos referiremos al caso de las empresas forestales, y su actuación respecto de las tierras indígenas; para, en definitiva, exponer acerca del conflicto específico del proceso por Ley de Seguridad del Estado que afecta a doce comuneros mapuches de las comunidades de Pichiloncoyan y Pilílmapu, que constituye un ejemplo paradigmático del tema que nos ocupa; y acerca de que rol ha jugado aquí -nuevamente- el Estado.

En el contexto que se presenta se intenta justificar la hipotesis de que la importante crisis que se percibe en la relacion del Estado chileno y los Pueblos Indigenas que habitan en su territorio se produce por razon de la perspectiva que utilizamos para regular y explicar fenomenos de una realidad social y cultural distinta, que es absolutamente ajena a ella; y que por lo mismo, resulta ilogico pensar que pueda resultar efectiva. En este sentido, la legislacion indigena actual, adolece del defecto de que han adolecido todas las anteriores: se han dictado una serie de normas que, bajo la excusa de resolver la "fantasmagorica cuestion indigena" han pretendido en cambio resolver un problema nuestro, como lo es la esclasez de bienes de produccion: mas no, el tema de como nos relacionamos con quienes son distintos. Asi, pese a las buenas intenciones que dieron luz y sentido a la Ley N° 19.253 (Ley Indigena), esta no viene a ser sino una reiteracion de nuestro sistema legal sobre la distribucion de los recursos escasos, mediante la aplicacion del concepto de los derechos reales sobre una cosa comerciable, segun es definida la tierra entre nosotros.