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Introdução: O sarcoma de Kaposi (SK) é uma neoplasia vascular causado pelo herpes-vírus do tipo 8 (HHV-8) ou Kaposi Sarcoma Herpesvirus (KSHV), sendo mais frequente e agressivo em pacientes com infecção pelo HIV/Aids e imunossuprimidos, do que na população geral. Com a introdução da terapia antirretroviral combinada (TARV), os casos de sarcoma de Kaposi diminuíram drasticamente, mas continuam a acometer os pacientes com Aids. O diagnóstico ocorre através de exame clínico na busca por lesões em pele (máculas pigmentadas assintomáticas, rosas, marrons ou vermelhas), em alguns casos com edema associado e nódulos. Embora menos comum, o acometimento visceral envolve a cavidade oral, o trato gastrointestinal (TGI) e os pulmões. Na suspeita de SK uma biópsia da área acometida é realizada para o diagnóstico histopatológico e analisada através da coloração de hematoxilina-eosina e/ou do método imuno-histoquímico (IHQ). A contribuição da pesquisa IHQ auxilia no entendimento da composição celular das lesões de SK. Objetivo: Apresentar os casos de pacientes cujas amostras com suspeita clínica para sarcoma de Kaposi foram encaminhadas ao Núcleo de Anatomia Patológica do Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz (NAP/CPA/IAL) para avaliações histopatológica e imuno-histoquímica e relacionar a topografia das lesões à severidade da doença. Método: Estudo retrospectivo dos casos suspeitos de sarcoma de Kaposi de pacientes em acompanhamento em um centro de referência no tratamento de DST/HIV/AIDS, enviados ao NAP/CPA/IAL no ano de 2023. Resultados de avaliações histopatológicas e exame imuno-histoquímico obtidos através do sistema Gerenciador de Ambiente Laboratorial (GAL) foram compilados e analisados através de planilha Microsoft Excel®. Resultados: Foram analisados 36 casos no ano de 2023 suspeitos de SK. Desses 52,7% (19/36) foram confirmados através de achados histológicos e pelo método IHQ através da pesquisa com o anticorpo anti-HHV-8. Os casos confirmados foram 84,21% (16/19) correlacionados à SK cutâneo (biópsias de membros superiores e inferiores) e 15,79% (3/19) correlacionadas à SK gástrico (TGI). Conclusão: O exame IHQ demonstrou ser uma ferramenta diagnóstica muito útil para a avaliação de casos precoces e desafiadores de SK associado à infecção pelo HIV/Aids. De acordo com relatos da literatura, observamos que os casos analisados representam quadros menos agressivos de SK, resultado de uma imunossupressão menos severa, justificados pelo uso da TARV e do monitoramento contínuo desses pacientes.

Introdução: As dermatopatias designam as doenças que acometem diretamente a pele, podendo ser causadas por diversos fatores como as ectoparasitoses, infecções fúngicas, bacterianas, alergias, neoplasias, entre outras. Dentre as dermatopatias podem se caracterizar as do mnemônico PLECT (paraccocidioidomicose, leishmaniose, esporotricose, cromomicose e tuberculose). O exame histopatológico é um grande aliado no diagnóstico dessas dermatopatias, sendo, em alguns casos, o único capaz de esclarecer as alterações histopatológicas, bem como diferenciar os patógenos que podem causar lesões semelhantes na pele. Objetivo: Averiguar o número de casos de biópsias de pele com suspeita de PLECT no ano de 2023 e apresentar a conclusão diagnóstica. Método: Estudo retrospectivo descritivo dos casos suspeitos de PLECT enviados ao núcleo de Anatomia Patológica do Centro de Patologia do Instituto Adolfo Lutz no ano de 2023. Realizou-se um levantamento de dados através do sistema gerenciador de ambiente laboratorial (GAL), os dados foram compilados e analisados através de planilha Microsoft Excel®. Foram levantados os resultados histopatológicos após a execução da coloração de H & E, colorações específicas e exame imuno-histoquímico. Resultados: Foram analisados 234 casos no ano de 2023 suspeitos de PLECT, sendo 24,76% (58/234) confirmados para PLECT através de estratégias laboratoriais de coloração específica e exame imuno-histoquímico. A distribuição dos patógenos encontrados foram: 50% (29/58) positivos para Leishmania spp., 44,83% (26/58) positivos para Sporothrix spp., 3,44% (2/58) positivos para Paracoccidioides spp., 1,72% (1/58) para Cromoblastomicose. Dentre os métodos utilizados para confirmação 3,4% (2/58) foram confirmados por coloração específica de GROCOTT/ PAS/ Fontana Masson e 96,6% (56/58) foram confirmados pelo exame de imuno-histoquímico. Conclusão: Dentre os achados é possível verificar o maior número de infecções por Leishmania spp. e Sporothrix spp. que possuem em comum lesões vegetantes verrucosas. O ensaio imuno-histoquímico mostrou-se ferramenta eficaz para elucidação das dermatopatias infecciosas.

Opossums are considered resistant to rabies. Nonhematophagous bats are reservoirs of rabies in urban areas of South America. We analyzed bats and opossums tested for rabies during 2021 in a highly urbanized city in Brazil to understand spillover in an urban setting. Wildlife surveillance is necessary to prevent rabies in humans and domestic animals.

Abstract Background The study of neoplasia in wildlife species contributes to the understanding of cancer biology, management practices, and comparative pathology. Higher frequencies of neoplasms among captive non-domestic felids have been reported most commonly in aging individuals. However, testicular tumours have rarely been reported. This report describes a metastatic testicular sex cord–stromal tumour leading to fatal haemorrhage and thrombosis in a captive African lion (Panthera leo). Case presentation During necropsy of a 16-year-old male African lion, the left testicle and spermatic cord were found to be intra-abdominal (cryptorchid), semi-hard and grossly enlarged with multiple pale-yellow masses. Encapsulated haemorrhage was present in the retroperitoneum around the kidneys. Neoplastic thrombosis was found at the renal veins opening into the caudal vena cava. Metastases were observed in the lungs and mediastinal lymph nodes. Histology revealed a poorly differentiated pleomorphic neoplasm comprised of round to polygonal cells and scattered spindle cells with eosinophilic cytoplasm. An immunohistochemistry panel of inhibin-α, Ki-67, human placental alkaline phosphatase, cytokeratin AE1/AE3, cKit, vimentin and S100 was conducted. Positive cytoplasmic immunolabeling was obtained for vimentin and S100. Conclusions The gross, microscopic and immunohistochemical findings of the neoplasm were compatible with a poorly differentiated pleomorphic sex cord–stromal tumour. Cause of death was hypovolemic shock from extensive retroperitoneal haemorrhage and neoplastic thrombosis may have contributed to the fatal outcome. To our knowledge, this is the first report of sex cord–stromal tumour in non-domestic felids.

Abstract Objective To evaluate the performance of the hybrid capture 2 (HC2) high-risk papillomavirus (hrHPV) assay and cytological test in women with previous abnormalities, to detect cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 2 or worse (≥ CIN 2). Methods A cytological test and HC2 (Qiagen, Gaithersburg, Maryland, EUA) for hrHPV were conducted in 359 liquid-based (Sure Path, Becton Dickinson, TriPath Imaging, Burlington, NC, USA) samples collected from women from the Vale do Ribeira Region, during July 2013 and September 2015 with previous cytology classified as atypical squamous cells of undetermined significance (ASC-US), low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL), atypical squamous cells, cannot exclude high-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (ASC-H), and atypical glandular cells (AGC). The histopathological examination was conducted in 179 women. The performance evaluations were calculated using the “exact” Clopper-Pearson 95% confidence interval (CI) test by MEDCALC (Medcalc Software Ltd, Ostend, Belgium). Results The ≥ CIN 2 frequency was 11.7% (21/179). The HC2 for hrHPV and repeat cytology to detect ≥ CIN 2 obtained, respectively, a sensitivity of 90.5% (95% CI = 69.6-98.8) and 90.5%, (95%CI = 69.6-98.8), a specificity of 65.8% (95% CI = 57.9-73.2) and 43.7% (95%CI = 35.8-51.8), a positive predictive value of 26.0% (95% CI = 21.4-31.3) and 17.6%, (95%CI = 14.9-20.6), and a negative predictive value of 98.1% (95%CI = 93.3-99.5) and 97.2% (95% CI = 90.1-99.2). Conclusion Hybrid capture 2 for hrHPV improves the performance of the detection of ≥ CIN 2, without compromising sensitivity, and provides a greater safety margin to return to the triennial screening of women undergoing follow-up due to previous abnormalities, without underlying ≥ CIN 2.

In January 2017, a yellow fever outbreak occurred in Espirito Santo, Brazil, where human immunization coverage is low. Histologic, immunohistologic, and PCR examinations were performed for 22 deceased nonhuman New World primates; typical yellow fever features were found in 21. Diagnosis in nonhuman primates prompted early public health response.

Non-Hodgkin lymphomas are among the most common types of tumors in dogs, and they are currently accepted as comparative models of the disease in humans. Aberrant patterns of DNA methylation seem to play a key role in the development of hematopoietic neoplasms in humans, constitute a special mechanism of transcriptional control, and may be influenced by genetic and environmental factors. Blood leukocyte DNA global methylation has been poorly investigated in dogs. The aim of this study is to examine whether peripheral blood global DNA methylation is associated with canine multicentric lymphomas. Peripheral venous blood samples from ten healthy dogs and nine dogs bearing multicentric lymphomas were collected, and the buffy coat was separated. Global DNA methylation was analyzed by High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) and immunocytochemistry (ICC). In both analyses, leukocytes from dogs with lymphoma presented lower global DNA methylation than in healthy dogs (HPLC: p = 0.027/ 5MeCyt immunoreactivity scores: p = 0.015). Moderate correlation was observed between the results obtained by HPLC and ICC (correlation coefficient = 0.50). For the identification of differently methylated genes between both groups, the Infinium Human Methylation (HM) EPIC BeadChip (850K) was used. Of the 853,307 CpGs investigated in the microarray, there were 34,574 probes hybridized in the canine samples. From this total, significant difference was observed in the methylation level of 8433 regions, and through the homologous and orthologous similarities 525 differently methylated genes were identified between the two groups. This study is pioneer in suggesting that dogs bearing non-Hodgkin lymphoma presented DNA global hypomethylation of circulating leukocytes compared with healthy dogs. Although canine samples were used in an assay developed specifically for human DNA, it was possible to identify differently methylated genes and our results reiterate the importance of the use of peripheral blood leukocytes in cancer research and possible new biomarkers targets.

Abstract A juvenile subantarctic fur seal (Arctocephalus tropicalis) found dead in Santa Catarina state, southern Brazil, presented with disseminated verminous pneumonia due to Parafilaroides sp. A concomitant infection with two different gammaherpesviruses was identified by PCR in different tissues; one of them possibly a novel species (tentatively named Otariid herpesvirus 7). Sarcocystis sp. DNA was identified molecularly in skeletal muscle samples with intrasarcoplasmic bradyzoites and no apparent tissue response. All analyzed samples (mandibular, laryngeal, tracheal, and mesenteric lymph nodes, and lung) were PCR-negative for Brucella spp. The most likely cause of death was severe pulmonary parafilaroidiasis. The pathogenic role of the gammaherpesviruses in several of the tissues was not evident. This study describes the pathogenicity of Parafilaroides sp. in a subantarctic fur seal, widens the host range of herpesvirus in pinnipeds, and reports the first molecular identification of Sarcocystis sp. in this species.