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Summary: We propose the construction of conditional growth densities under stressed factor scenarios to assess the level of exposure of an economy to small probability but potentially catastrophic economic and/or financial scenarios, which can be either domestic or international. The choice of severe yet plausible stress scenarios is based on the joint probability distribution of the underlying factors driving growth, which are extracted with a multilevel dynamic factor model (DFM) from a wide set of domestic/worldwide and/or macroeconomic/financial variables. All together, we provide a risk management tool that allows for a complete visualization of the dynamics of the growth densities under average scenarios and extreme scenarios. We calculate growth‐in‐stress (GiS) measures, defined as the 5% quantile of the stressed growth densities, and show that GiS is a useful and complementary tool to growth‐at‐risk (GaR) when policymakers wish to carry out a multidimensional scenario analysis. The unprecedented economic shock brought by the COVID‐19 pandemic provides a natural environment to assess the vulnerability of US growth with the proposed methodology.

Se socializan los resultados de una investigación desarrollada en la Unidad Educativa del Milenio “Profesora Consuelo Benavides” con estudiantes de octavo año, a partir de la constatación de insuficiencias en el aprendizaje de la solución de ecuaciones lineales con una incógnita, entre otras causas por la utilización de métodos de enseñanza tradicionales debido a limitaciones en la preparación de los docentes para implementar estrategias didácticas novedosas, incluidas las lúdicas. Se identificó como problema científico: ¿Cómo perfeccionar el aprendizaje de la solución de ecuaciones lineales con una incógnita por los estudiantes de 8vo año de la EGB? y como objetivo elaborar un sistema de actividades para el aprendizaje de la solución de ecuaciones lineales con una incógnita sustentado en el uso del juego. Se utilizaron diferentes métodos y técnicas teóricas, empíricas y matemáticas, para estudiar la problemática, elaborar la propuesta de solución y comprobar su factibilidad y eficacia, lo que se corroboró a través del estudio de caso en el que participaron 22 estudiantes y un docente, constatándose las ventajas y viabilidad del uso del juego con fines didácticos, lo que coincide con los hallazgos de otros estudios que constituyen antecedentes y devienen el marco teórico de la investigación.

El desarrollo del pensamiento lógico matemático es de gran importancia para el aprendizaje en sentido general, la vida laboral y cotidiana; la experiencia de los autores y la revisión de resultados de otras investigaciones permitió constatar la existencia de insuficiencias en este sentido que motivaron la realización de la presente investigación en la escuela Dr. Francisco Ochoa Ortiz, con el objetivo de instrumentar una estrategia didáctica lúdica para el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico matemático en estudiantes del séptimo año de EGB para dar respuesta al problema científico identificado ¿Cómo desarrollar el pensamiento lógico matemático en estudiantes del séptimo año de EGB utilizando las potencialidades didácticas del juego?. Para su desarrollo se seleccionó por el método aleatorio simple una muestra constituida por 34 estudiantes de séptimo año de EGB, un docente de Matemática y un directivo; y se utilizaron métodos teóricos (análisis-síntesis, inducción-deducción), empíricos (prueba pedagógica y entrevista) y matemáticos (estadística descriptiva). La eficacia de la estrategia resultado de la investigación se corroboró a través de la investigación acción, proceso que permitió verificar su factibilidad y las potencialidades del juego para la enseñanza de la Matemática y el desarrollo del pensamiento lógico matemático, coincidiendo con los resultados de otras investigaciones.

Antecedentes: Las conductas suicidas en adolescentes son un problema de salud pública que va en aumento. Conocer sus factores de riesgo es clave para reducirlas. Objetivo: Identificar la relación entre dos conductas suicidas (ideación e intento) y ocho problemas de salud mental (PSM) en adolescentes mexicanos. Material y métodos: Mediante una encuesta en línea a adolescentes escolarizados de 20 estados, se tamizó la siguiente información: sintomatología de seis PSM (problemas afectivos/ depresión, problemas conductuales, problemas somáticos, problemas de inatención e hiperactividad, problemas oposicionistas desafianes y problemas de ansiedad) y conducta suicida (ideación e intentos de suicidio). Se analizaron frecuencias y porcentajes y se indagó asociación mediante regresión logística binaria. Resultados: Completaron la encuesta 6766 adolescentes entre 11 y 19 años (16.38 ± 1.33), 61.02 % del sexo femenino. El 10 % reportó conducta suicida y entre 3 y 5 %, PSM. Los factores predictivos (χ2 (8) =387.13, p < 0.001) de la conducta suicida fueron problemas afectivos/depresión, problemas conductuales, problemas somáticos, problemas oposicionistas desafiantes y problemas de ansiedad. Conclusión: Cinco problemas de salud mental incrementaron el riesgo de reportar conductas suicidas.

Abstract Cyanide is a highly toxic compound that is found in wastewaters generated from different industrial activities, such as mining or jewellery. These residues usually contain high concentrations of other toxic pollutants like arsenic and heavy metals that may form different complexes with cyanide. To develop bioremediation strategies, it is necessary to know the metabolic processes involved in the tolerance and detoxification of these pollutants, but most of the current studies are focused on the characterization of the microbial responses to each one of these environmental hazards individually, and the effect of co‐contaminated wastes on microbial metabolism has been hardly addressed. This work summarizes the main strategies developed by bacteria to alleviate the effects of cyanide, arsenic and heavy metals, analysing interactions among these toxic chemicals. Additionally, it is discussed the role of systems biology and synthetic biology as tools for the development of bioremediation strategies of complex industrial wastes and co‐contaminated sites, emphasizing the importance and progress derived from meta‐omic studies.

Drylands are ecohydrologically-coupled ecosystems whose functioning depends on the interplay between hydrological connectivity between runoff source areas and the capacity of vegetation to retain water fluxes and associated resources. In this study we present a new easily applicable methodology for the ecohydrological characterization of dryland ecosystem functioning grounded in the balance between these two strongly interrelated processes using easily obtainable remote sensing data (e.g. UAV and SENTINEL-2 images), the BalanCR method (Balance between Connectivity and potential Water Retention Capacity). This methodology was first tested on synthetic hillslopes representing different configurations of the patchy and heterogenic distribution of vegetation in drylands. The analysis of these synthetic vegetation spatial patterns involving different vegetation patch densities, sizes, and fractional coverage values showed that BalanCR properly characterizes the expected ecohydrological interactions between potential conditions of runoff connectivity and water retention by plants operating in drylands. In a second step, we applied the BalanCR method on four semiarid hillslopes along an altitudinal aridity gradient covered by Mediterranean alpha steppes at very detailed spatial resolution (0.2 m) and at medium resolution (10 m). The obtained results were validated based on soil moisture data and vegetation greening and clearly recognized the four study sites as functional ecosystems, with very low water resource losses, and a pattern of increasing water redistribution processes as vegetation coverage declines. However, the sensitivity of methodology depends on the resolution of the input data (vegetation map and Digital Elevation Model; DEM), and the expected positive effect of small vegetation structures (vegetation patches smaller than the pixel size) on water redistribution is underestimated. Even in this case, the functionality and connectivity of the analyzed sites is correctly characterized as ecosystems showed similar values of both components for the methodology BalanC (hydrological connectivity component) and BalanR (potential water retention capacity component) than those obtained at very detailed scale, with a similar pattern of water allocation values in response to increased aridity. Thus, the proposed metric represents a promising tool for the proper evaluation of dryland conditions and to incorporate hillslope processes in climate change models, which is one of the main gaps to better understand the drylands response upon ongoing climate change.

Abstract Sea level rise has accelerated during recent decades, exceeding rates recorded during the previous two millennia, and as a result many coastal habitats and species around the globe are being impacted. This situation is expected to worsen due to anthropogenically induced climate change. However, the magnitude and relevance of expected increase in sea level rise (SLR) is uncertain for marine and terrestrial species that are reliant on coastal habitat for foraging, resting or breeding. To address this, we showcase the use of a low-cost approach to assess the impacts of SLR on sea turtles under various Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) SLR scenarios on different sea turtle nesting rookeries worldwide. The study considers seven sea turtle rookeries with five nesting species, categorized from vulnerable to critically endangered including leatherback turtles (Dermochelys coriacea), loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta), hawksbill turtles (Eretmochelys imbricata), olive ridley turtles (Lepidochelys olivacea) and green turtles (Chelonia mydas). Our approach combines freely available digital elevation models for continental and remote island beaches across different ocean basins with projections of field data and SLR. Our case study focuses on five of the seven living sea turtle species. Under moderate climate change scenarios, by 2050 it is predicted that at some sea turtle nesting habitats 100% will be flooded, and under an extreme scenario many sea turtle rookeries could vanish. Overall, nesting beaches with low slope and those species nesting at open beaches such as leatherback and loggerheads sea turtles might be the most vulnerable by future SLR scenarios.

ABSTRACT The cyanide-degrading bacterium Pseudomonas pseudoalcaligenes CECT 5344 uses cyanide and different metal-cyanide complexes as the sole nitrogen source. Under cyanotrophic conditions, this strain was able to grow with up to 100 μM mercury, which was accumulated intracellularly. A quantitative proteomic analysis by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) has been applied to unravel the molecular basis of the detoxification of both cyanide and mercury by the strain CECT 5344, highlighting the relevance of the cyanide-insensitive alternative oxidase CioAB and the nitrilase NitC in the tolerance and assimilation of cyanide, independently of the presence or absence of mercury. Proteins overrepresented in the presence of cyanide and mercury included mercury transporters, mercuric reductase MerA, transcriptional regulator MerD, arsenate reductase and arsenical resistance proteins, thioredoxin reductase, glutathione S-transferase, proteins related to aliphatic sulfonates metabolism and sulfate transport, hemin import transporter, and phosphate starvation induced protein PhoH, among others. A transcriptional study revealed that from the six putative merR genes present in the genome of the strain CECT 5344 that could be involved in the regulation of mercury resistance/detoxification, only the merR2 gene was significantly induced by mercury under cyanotrophic conditions. A bioinformatic analysis allowed the identification of putative MerR2 binding sites in the promoter regions of the regulatory genes merR5, merR6, arsR, and phoR, and also upstream from the structural genes encoding glutathione S-transferase (fosA and yghU), dithiol oxidoreductase (dsbA), metal resistance chaperone (cpxP), and amino acid/peptide extruder involved in quorum sensing (virD), among others. IMPORTANCE Cyanide, mercury, and arsenic are considered very toxic chemicals that are present in nature as cocontaminants in the liquid residues generated by different industrial activities like mining. Considering the huge amounts of toxic cyanide- and mercury-containing wastes generated at a large scale and the high biotechnological potential of P. pseudoalcaligenes CECT 5344 in the detoxification of cyanide present in these industrial wastes, in this work, proteomic, transcriptional, and bioinformatic approaches were used to characterize the molecular response of this bacterium to cyanide and mercury, highlighting the mechanisms involved in the simultaneous detoxification of both compounds. The results generated could be applied for developing bioremediation strategies to detoxify wastes cocontaminated with cyanide, mercury, and arsenic, such as those generated at a large scale in the mining industry.

La coexistencia en España de una diversidad social ha conllevado una situación de desigualdad socio-económica, la cual ha provocado que desde el sistema educativo español tuvieran origen los primeros Centros Educativos de Compensatoria en los años 60, cuya finalidad es apoyar la inserción socioeducativa del alumnado. La principal inquietud de esta investigación, está relacionada con la posible asociación entre las diferencias socio-económicas y un mayor índice de fracaso escolar, atendiendo a las dificultades sobrevenidas de la situación del Covid-19 al haberse instaurado las TIC como principal vía de comunicación. El objetivo de este estudio es conocer el uso que hacen las familias de los Centros Educativos de Compensatoria andaluces de los recursos TIC en el ámbito educativo como vía de comunicación, y contrastarlos con el uso de familias normativas; estando la muestra compuesta por discentes y familias de dichos centros del 2º ciclo de Educación Infantil. Para ello, se analiza el acceso a los dispositivos digitales, frecuencia con las que emplean las plataformas educativas iPasen/iSéneca, Classroom, u otras vías alternativas, y las finalidades de las mismas. La información se obtiene a través de unos cuestionarios elaborados de manera específica ad hoc para la investigación, apuntando los principales resultados diferencias puntuales entre ambas poblaciones respecto al acceso y empleo de los diversos recursos digitales. Finalmente, se concluye que el nivel socio-económico se puede considerar un condicionante en la comunicación familia-escuela. /// The coexistence of social diversity in Spain has led to a situation of socio-economic inequality. This situation prompted the first Compensatory Educational Centers to originate from the Spanish educational system in the 1960s, whose purpose is to support the socio-educational insclusion of students. The main aim of this research is related to the possible association between socio-economic differences and a higher rate of school failure, taking into account the difficulties arising from the Covid-19 situation as ICTs have been established as the main means of communication. The objective of this study is to bring to light the use of ICT resources as a means of communication in the educational field made by the families of the Andalusian Compensatory Educational Centers, and to contrast them with the use by normative families. The sample comprises students and families from the already mentioned schools of the 2nd cycle of Early Childhood Education. To do this, the access to digital devices, the frequency with which they use the educational platforms iPasen / iSéneca, Classroom, or other alternative routes, and their purposes are analyzed. The information is compiled through questionnaires elaborated ad hoc for the research, where the main results point out specific differences between both populations regarding the access and use of the several digital resources. Finally, it can be concluded that the socio-economic level can be considered a determining factor in the communication between the family and the school.

Nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) deficiencies are two of the most agronomic problems that cause significant decrease in crop yield and quality. N and P chemical fertilizers are widely used in current agriculture, causing environmental problems and increasing production costs. Therefore, the development of alternative strategies to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers while maintaining N and P inputs are being investigated. Although dinitrogen is an abundant gas in the atmosphere, it requires biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) to be transformed into ammonium, a nitrogen source assimilable by living organisms. This process is bioenergetically expensive and, therefore, highly regulated. Factors like availability of other essential elements, as phosphorus, strongly influence BNF. However, the molecular mechanisms of these interactions are unclear. In this work, a physiological characterization of BNF and phosphorus mobilization (PM) from an insoluble form (Ca3(PO4)2) in Azotobacter chroococcum NCIMB 8003 was carried out. These processes were analyzed by quantitative proteomics in order to detect their molecular requirements and interactions. BNF led to a metabolic change beyond the proteins strictly necessary to carry out the process, including the metabolism related to other elements, like phosphorus. Also, changes in cell mobility, heme group synthesis and oxidative stress responses were observed. This study also revealed two phosphatases that seem to have the main role in PM, an exopolyphosphatase and a non-specific alkaline phosphatase PhoX. When both BNF and PM processes take place simultaneously, the synthesis of nitrogenous bases and L-methionine were also affected. Thus, although the interdependence is still unknown, possible biotechnological applications of these processes should take into account the indicated factors.

Introducción: Experimentar o exponerse a la violencia se denomina victimización; vivirla puede repercutir en la salud, calidad y esperanza de vida. Objetivos: Describir la victimización e identificar los factores relacionados con la polivictimización (≥ 4 incidentes) en adolescentes. Métodos: Se aplicaron los cuestionarios validados de autorreporte ICAST-C y Youth Self Report en nueve escuelas secundarias públicas, previo consentimiento y asentimiento informados, con los que se investigaron datos demográficos, seis formas de victimización y sintomatología relacionada con ocho problemas de salud mental. Se obtuvieron frecuencias de las formas de victimización y polivictimización y se realizó regresión ordinal para identificar variables relacionadas con la polivictimización. Resultados: Se incluyeron las respuestas de 638 participantes, 49.37 % indicó victimización a lo largo de la vida, 53.37 % antes del año anterior y 68.86 % durante el año anterior; 47.65 % reportó polivictimización, 21.75 % antes del año anterior y 17.53 % durante el año anterior. Los factores relacionados con la polivictimización fueron depresión-introversión, déficit de atención, conductas para romper las reglas, bullying realizado y separación/divorcio de los padres. Conclusiones: La victimización y polivictimización fueron frecuentes en los adolescentes estudiados; la sintomatología de problemas de salud mental, bullying realizado y divorcio/separación de los padres se relacionaron con polivictimización.