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The beneficial relationship between physical fitness and cognitive performance is affected and modulated by a wide diversity of factors that seem to be more sensitive during the development stage, particularly during early adolescence. This study aimed to examine the role of physical fitness considering the multivariate association between age, health-related quality of life (HRQOL), school vulnerability index (SVI), body mass index z-score (BMIz), physical activity, and sleep problems with the cognitive performance in boys and girls. Method: Participants were 1,196 adolescents aged 10–14 years (50.7% of boys) from Chile. Three physical fitness components and eight cognitive tasks were measured. BMIz was determined using growth references by age and sex, whereas questionaries were used to assess sleep problems, physical activity, and HRQOL. SVI was established according to the score given by the Chilean Government to educational establishments. We performed a structural equation model (SEM) to test multivariate associations among study’ variables by sex. Results: Fitness was positively associated with boys’ and girls’ cognitive performance (β = 0.23 and β = 0.17; p = 0.001, respectively). Moreover, fitness presented a significant mediator role in the relationships between BMIz, SVI, and physical activity with cognitive performance (indirect effect). Additionally, SVI showed a negative association both direct and indirect effect in all three fitness components and all cognitive tasks, being this relationship stronger in girls than in boys. Conclusion: Our findings suggest that physical fitness and all its components play a crucial mediator role in the associations between several factors associated with adolescents’ cognitive performance. Thereby, educational and health strategies should prioritise improving physical fitness through physical activity. They also should address other factors such as school vulnerability, obesity, and the early gender gap in a comprehensive approach boosting cognitive performance among early adolescents. Trial registration: Research Registry (ID: researchregistry5791)

SPIRIT Checklist. (DOC 123 kb)

Liver disease encompasses pathologies as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcohol liver disease, hepatocellular carcinoma, viral hepatitis, and autoimmune hepatitis. Nowadays, underlying mechanisms associating gut permeability and liver disease development are not well understood, although evidence points to the involvement of intestinal microbiota and their metabolites. Animal studies have shown alterations in Toll-like receptor signaling related to the leaky gut syndrome by the action of bacterial lipopolysaccharide. In humans, modifications of the intestinal microbiota in intestinal permeability have also been related to liver disease. Some of these changes were observed in bacterial species belonging Roseburia, Streptococcus, and Rothia. Currently, numerous strategies to treat liver disease are being assessed. This review summarizes and discusses studies addressed to determine mechanisms associated with the microbiota able to alter the intestinal barrier complementing the progress and advancement of liver disease, as well as the main strategies under development to manage these pathologies. We highlight those approaches that have shown improvement in intestinal microbiota and barrier function, namely lifestyle changes (diet and physical activity) and probiotics intervention. Nevertheless, knowledge about how such modifications are beneficial is still limited and specific mechanisms involved are not clear. Thus, further in-vitro, animal, and human studies are needed. Yes

Background: This systematic review determines the levels of physical activity (PA) during school hours in children and adolescents. Methods: Studies carried out from January 1987 to December 2019 were retrieved from four databases (Web of Science, Pubmed, Scopus and SportDiscus). Results: Twenty-nine studies were included in this systematic review. Most of them used accelerometers and showed that male and female children accumulated a mean of between 14 and 68 min of moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) during school hours (3–22% of this daily segment), and male and female adolescents of accumulated a mean of between 13 and 28 min of MVPA during this daily segment (3–8% of the school hours). Less than a quarter of children and adolescents reached the recommended 30 min of MVPA during school hours, with notable differences between sexes. Conclusions: These results suggest that the levels of PA during school hours are not enough, and consequently, schools should develop strategies for helping children and adolescents reach the school PA recommendation. Yes

Resumen Introducción: dadas las características del fútbol, la tendencia en la selección de estos deportistas y su asignación en determinadas posiciones de juego se han visto condicionadas por las características morfológicas que estos presenten, por lo que el conocimiento de las particularidades antropométricas por posición de juego es un antecedente relevante para los cuerpos técnicos del fútbol de élite. El objetivo de la presente investigación es identificar y comparar las características antropométricas por posición de juego de jugadores de fútbol profesional chileno. Métodos: un total de 390 futbolistas profesionales varones, pertenecientes a 15 clubes profesionales chilenos, fueron evaluados morfológicamente mediante la medición de 25 variables antropométricas, con las que se estimaron la composición corporal, el somatótipo y los Z-score de Phantom. Para la comparación de las variables entre los grupos se utilizó una prueba Chi-cuadrado con nivel de significancia de p < 0,05, utilizando el software SPSS versión 21. Resultados: se observan diferencias entre las posiciones de juego, especialmente entre los porteros y el resto de los jugadores (p < 0,001), quienes presentan más de 2 kg de masa muscular y más de 1,8 kg de masa adiposa, frente a las otras posiciones de juego. Respecto de una muestra se sujetos activos, los futbolistas presentan una composición corporal significativamente distinta; de igual manera ocurre al comparar con Phantom, donde la estatura, el peso y la masa muscular son mayores y la masa adiposa es menor. Conclusión: los futbolistas profesionales presentan diferencias por posición de juego y en comparación a otros sujetos no deportistas y a Phantom. Abstract Introduction: given the characteristics of soccer, the tendency in the selection of these athletes and their allocation in certain game positions has been conditioned by the morphological characteristics that they present, so that the knowledge of anthropometric particularities by playing position is a relevant antecedent for the technical bodies of professional football. The objective of the present investigation is to identify and compare the anthropometric characteristics by playing position of Chilean professional soccer players. Methods: a total of 390 professional male soccer players, from 15 Chilean professional clubs, were evaluated morphologically by means of the measurement of 25 anthropometric variables, with which the body composition, the somatotype and the Z-score of Phantom were estimated. A Chi-square test with significance level of p < 0.05 was used to compare the variables between groups using SPSS software others players (greater adipose and muscular mass). As for a sample of active subjects, soccer players have a significantly different body composition, similarly occurs when compared to Phantom, where height, weight and muscle mass are greater and fat mass is lower. Conclusion: professional footballers differ by game position compared to other non-sports players and Phantom.

El desplazamiento activo al colegio es una oportunidad para incrementar los niveles de actividad física en niños y adolescentes. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de este comportamiento, ha descendido en la última década en la mayoría de países. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la fiabilidad y viabilidad de un cuestionario sobre el modo de desplazamiento al/desde el centro educativo en niños y adolescentes. Se estudió la fiabilidad a través del Coeficiente de Kappa, Kappa Ponderado y Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (CCI) y su respectivo intervalo de confianza (IC). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 220 escolares de 9 a 18 años (72 niños/as y 148 adolescentes), pertenecientes a la región de Valparaíso en Chile. Se utilizaron 6 preguntas para determinar el desplazamiento al/desde el centro educativo. Se analizó el modo de desplazamiento habitual de ida y de vuelta, los viajes de ida y de vuelta semanales, la distancia y el tiempo de desplazamiento al centro educativo. Los resultados demuestran una alta fiabilidad de las preguntas relacionadas con el modo de desplazamiento habitual tanto para la ida (Kappa=0,91), como para la vuelta (Kappa=0,85), así como para la distancia (Kappa=0,79) y el tiempo del desplazamiento (Kappa=0,74). Los viajes de ida y vuelta semanales presentan un CCI muy bueno (de 0,79 a 0,98). Este cuestionario, es un instrumento viable y presenta una fiabilidad de buena a muy buena para evaluar tal comportamiento en niños y adolescentes., Active commuting to school is an opportunity to increase physical activity levels in children and adolescents. However, the prevalence of this behavior continues to decline in the last decade in most countries. This research aims to study the reliability and feasibility of a questionnaire of commuting to/from school in children and adolescents. The study of reliability through the Kappa Coefficient, Weighted Kappa and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and its respective confidence interval (CI). The sample consisted of 220 students aged 9-18 years (72 children and 148 adolescents), from the Valparaíso region of Chile. Six questions were used to determine the behavior of commuting to/from school); the habitual mode of commuting to school; the habitual mode of commuting from school, weekly round trips, distance and time of commuting to school. The results showed a high reliability of the questions related to the habitual mode of commuting to/from school [(Kappa = 0, 91 and (0, 85, respectively)], as well as for distance (Kappa = 0,79) and time of commuting (Kappa = 0,74). The weekly round trips have a very good Intraclass Correlate Coefficient (ranging from 0,79 to 0,98). This version of the commuting to/from school questionnaire is a feasibility instrument and shows a high reliability to assess such behavior in children and adolescents.

En la presente memoria se realiza un análisis de las estaciones de inspección técnica de vehículos. Desde el enfoque teórico, se establece una aproximación financiera como metodología principal y el análisis sectorial del tema de estudio. El objetivo principal del trabajo es estudiar la evolución de las estaciones de inspección técnica de vehículos en España en general y en Tenerife en particular. El principal motivo es comprender la incidencia que ha tenido la liberalización sectorial. La metodología del trabajo se basa en un análisis económico-financiero a partir de los datos proporcionados del “SABI” y en realizar una encuesta de satisfacción de los usuarios. El trabajo finaliza con un breve epígrafe sobre las conclusiones alcanzadas en la memoria, considerando los resultados cuantitativos y cualitativos obtenidos. Palabras claves: análisis económico-financiero, autorizaciones administrativas, rentabilidad económica y rentabilidad financiera. In this paper an analysis of the vehicle technical inspection stations is carried out. From the theoretical approach, a financial perspective is established as the main methodology and the sectoral analysis of the study topic. The main objective of the work is to study the evolution of vehicle technical inspection stations in Spain in general and in Tenerife particularly. The main reason is to understand the impact that sectoral liberalization has had. The work methodology is based on an economicfinancial analysis from the data provided from the “SABI” and we will carries out a satisfaction survey on users. The work ends with a brief section on the conclusions reached in the report, considering the quantitative and qualitative results obtained. Keywords: economic-financial analysis, administrative authorizations, economic profitability and financial profitability.

Additional file 1: Table S1. Logistic regression models for transport-related physical activity (PA) by country. Table S2. Linear regression models for transport-related physical activity (PA) by country. Table S3. Logistic regression models for leisure-time physical activity (PA) by country. Table S4. Linear regression models for leisure-time physical activity (PA) by country

El desplazamiento activo al colegio es una oportunidad para incrementar los niveles de actividad física en niños y adolescentes. Sin embargo, la prevalencia de este comportamiento, ha descendido en la última década en la mayoría de países. Esta investigación tiene como objetivo estudiar la fiabilidad y viabilidad de un cuestionario sobre el modo de desplazamiento al/desde el centro educativo en niños y adolescentes. Se estudió la fiabilidad a través del Coeficiente de Kappa, Kappa Ponderado y Coeficiente de Correlación Intraclase (CCI) y su respectivo intervalo de confianza (IC). La muestra estuvo compuesta por 220 escolares de 9 a 18 años (72 niños/as y 148 adolescentes), pertenecientes a la región de Valparaíso en Chile. Se utilizaron 6 preguntas para determinar el desplazamiento al/desde el centro educativo. Se analizó el modo de desplazamiento habitual de ida y de vuelta, los viajes de ida y de vuelta semanales, la distancia y el tiempo de desplazamiento al centro educativo. Los resultados demuestran una alta fiabilidad de las preguntas relacionadas con el modo de desplazamiento habitual tanto para la ida (Kappa=0,91), como para la vuelta (Kappa=0,85), así como para la distancia (Kappa=0,79) y el tiempo del desplazamiento (Kappa=0,74). Los viajes de ida y vuelta semanales presentan un CCI muy bueno (de 0,79 a 0,98). Este cuestionario, es un instrumento viable y presenta una fiabilidad de buena a muy buena para evaluar tal comportamiento en niños y adolescentes. Active commuting to school is an opportunity to increase physical activity levels in children and adolescents. However, the prevalence of this behavior continues to decline in the last decade in most countries. This research aims to study the reliability and feasibility of a questionnaire of commuting to/from school in children and adolescents. The study of reliability through the Kappa Coefficient, Weighted Kappa and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and its respective confidence interval (CI). The sample consisted of 220 students aged 9-18 years (72 children and 148 adolescents), from the Valparaíso region of Chile. Six questions were used to determine the behavior of commuting to/from school); the habitual mode of commuting to school; the habitual mode of commuting from school, weekly round trips, distance and time of commuting to school. The results showed a high reliability of the questions related to the habitual mode of commuting to/from school [(Kappa = 0, 91 and (0, 85, respectively)], as well as for distance (Kappa = 0,79) and time of commuting (Kappa = 0,74). The weekly round trips have a very good Intraclass Correlate Coefficient (ranging from 0,79 to 0,98). This version of the commuting to/from school questionnaire is a feasibility instrument and shows a high reliability to assess such behavior in children and adolescents.

Introducción: El desplazamiento activo es una oportunidad para incorporar actividad física en las rutinas diarias de los universitarios, alcanzar las recomendaciones de actividad física y ayudar en la prevención de enfermedades en la vida adulta. Objetivo: comprobar la fiabilidad de un cuestionario sobre el desplazamiento activo en universitarios. Métodos: un total de 110 (33 mujeres y 77 hombres) universitarios con edades entre los 19 y 26 años, participaron en este estudio. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario sobre el modo de desplazamiento a la universidad y sus variantes en dos instancias (test y retest). Para evaluar la fiabilidad de este cuestionario se calculó el coeficiente Kappa y Coeficiente de Correlación de Intraclase (ICC), lo que fue analizado mediante el software estadístico SPSS. Resultados: Los valores de 5Ø³ß sobre el modo de desplazamiento en ida y vuelta a la universidad se encuentran en un acuerdo casi perfecto con valores de 0.882; 0.822 respectivamente. Los valores de ICC en distancia ida y vuelta a la universidad fueron 0,945; 0,962 respectivamente y para tiempo ida y vuelta a la universidad fueron 0,976; 0,976 respectivamente, siendo valores de acuerdo casi perfecto según el intervalo. Conclusión: El cuestionario muestra ser un instrumento confiable para la población universitaria, teniendo buena fiabilidad en todos sus ítems, obteniendo valores de Kappa e ICC altos. El no presentar valores de p significativos, refuerza la alta fiabilidad del cuestionario. Introduction: Active commuting is an opportunity to incorporate physical activity in the daily routines of university students, so to achieve physical activity recommendations and help preventing diseases in adult life. Objective: to verify the reliability of a questionnaire about active commuting in university students. Methods: a total of 110 university students (33 women and 77 men) aged between 19 and 26 years old participated in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire on how they commute to the university and commuting variants in two separated measurement sessions (test and retest). In order to evaluate the reliability of this questionnaire, Kappa coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were calculated using SPSS statistical software. Results: ê scores for commuting to and from university were found in almost perfect agreement, with values of 0.882 and 0.822 respectively. ICC scores on distance to and from university were 0.945 and 0.962 respectively; and for time to and from university they were 0.976 and 0.976 respectively, the values being in almost perfect agreement based on the interval. Conclusion: The questionnaire shows to be a reliable instrument for the university population, showing good reliability in all its items, with high ê and ICC values. The lack of significant p values reinforces the high reliability of the questionnaire.

Introducción: El desplazamiento activo es una oportunidad para incorporar actividad física en las rutinas diarias de los universitarios, alcanzar las recomendaciones de actividad física y ayudar en la prevención de enfermedades en la vida adulta. Objetivo: comprobar la fiabilidad de un cuestionario sobre el desplazamiento activo en universitarios. Métodos: un total de 110 (33 mujeres y 77 hombres) universitarios con edades entre los 19 y 26 años, participaron en este estudio. Los participantes completaron un cuestionario sobre el modo de desplazamiento a la universidad y sus variantes en dos instancias (test y retest). Para evaluar la fiabilidad de este cuestionario se calculó el coeficiente Kappa y Coeficiente de Correlación de Intraclase (ICC), lo que fue analizado mediante el software estadístico SPSS. Resultados: Los valores de 5Ø³ß sobre el modo de desplazamiento en ida y vuelta a la universidad se encuentran en un acuerdo casi perfecto con valores de 0.882; 0.822 respectivamente. Los valores de ICC en distancia ida y vuelta a la universidad fueron 0,945; 0,962 respectivamente y para tiempo ida y vuelta a la universidad fueron 0,976; 0,976 respectivamente, siendo valores de acuerdo casi perfecto según el intervalo. Conclusión: El cuestionario muestra ser un instrumento confiable para la población universitaria, teniendo buena fiabilidad en todos sus ítems, obteniendo valores de Kappa e ICC altos. El no presentar valores de p significativos, refuerza la alta fiabilidad del cuestionario., Introduction: Active commuting is an opportunity to incorporate physical activity in the daily routines of university students, so to achieve physical activity recommendations and help preventing diseases in adult life. Objective: to verify the reliability of a questionnaire about active commuting in university students. Methods: a total of 110 university students (33 women and 77 men) aged between 19 and 26 years old participated in this study. Participants completed a questionnaire on how they commute to the university and commuting variants in two separated measurement sessions (test and retest). In order to evaluate the reliability of this questionnaire, Kappa coefficient and Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) were calculated using SPSS statistical software. Results: ê scores for commuting to and from university were found in almost perfect agreement, with values of 0.882 and 0.822 respectively. ICC scores on distance to and from university were 0.945 and 0.962 respectively; and for time to and from university they were 0.976 and 0.976 respectively, the values being in almost perfect agreement based on the interval. Conclusion: The questionnaire shows to be a reliable instrument for the university population, showing good reliability in all its items, with high ê and ICC values. The lack of significant p values reinforces the high reliability of the questionnaire.

Background: It is unknown if nutritional status could influence the accuracy of self-reported physical activity (PA) levels. Aim: To compare PA measured using the international physical activity questionnaire (IPAQ) and by accelerometry (ActiGraph) according to nutritional status in Chilean adults. Material and Methods: This is an observational cross-sectional study that used information from the GENADIO project carried out in Chile between 2009-2011. The sample consisted of 322 people. PA levels and sitting time were determined through the IPAQ self-report questionnaire and ActiGraph accelerometers (GTM1). The nutritional status was determined according to body mass index (BMI). Results: Compared with the measurement made with accelerometry, the IPAQ self-report questionnaire underestimated the levels of light PA, total PA and sedentary time in −171.5, −54.8 and −40.6 min / day, respectively. However, IPAQ overestimated the levels of moderate PA and vigorous PA in 91.0 and 47.3 min/day respectively, compared with accelerometry. Compared with normal weight, obese subjects reported higher levels of moderate PA (105.5 and 48.9 min/day, respectively) and vigorous PA (54.1 and 38.3 min/day respectively). Total PA had a greater delta of underestimation between IPAQ and accelerometer measurements in normal weight than in obese subjects (-122.1 vs −16.5 min/day, respectively). Conclusions: The measurement of PA by means of a self-report questionnaire was discrepant with its objective measurement with an accelerometer. The discrepancy is even higher in obese people.

Physical activity (PA) and sedentary behaviours (SB) are two independent risk factors for non-communicable diseases. However, there is a lack of objectively measured information on PA and SB in low- and middle-income countries. The aim of this study was to use objective data to characterise socio-demographic patterns of PA and SB in eight Latin American countries. 2,732 participants (aged 15-65 years) from the Latin American Study of Nutrition and Health (ELANS) were included. PA and SB data were collected using accelerometers. Overall and country-specific average levels of time spent in PA and SB were compared by sex, age, socioeconomic and education level. Overall, the mean time spent in SB was 571.6 min/day, ranging from 553.8 min/day in Chile to 596.7 min/day in Peru. Average levels of light, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and total PA were 311.1 min/day (95% CI: 307.7; 314.5), 34.9 min/day (95% CI: 34.0; 35.9) and 7531.2 MET-min/week (95% CI: 7450.4; 7611.9), respectively. MVPA and total PA were higher in men than women. The prevalence of physical inactivity was 40.6%, ranging from 26.9% (Chile) to 47% (Costa Rica and Venezuela). Women were more physically inactive than men (47.7% versus 33.0%). SB levels were highest among those with higher education; PA graded positively with socioeconomic level. Our findings can inform the planning of health policies and programmes designed to reduce levels of physical inactivity, as well as inform the local and cultural adaptation of these policies and programmes for implementation in Latin America.