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INTRODUCCIÓN y OBJETIVO. La normativa estatal española de las enseñanzas profesionales de música no contempla las competencias clave como elemento vertebrador, lo cual conlleva una educación alejada de las pedagogías modernas. Por ello, la presente investigación propone una intervención competencial en un conservatorio profesional. MÉTODO. Se elabora un plan de acción que emerge de una programación curricular cuya referencia a las competencias clave es nula. No obstante, tras la combinación de los contenidos con una metodología y evaluación competencial que propicia un aprendizaje autorregulado, se confecciona una intervención para el alumnado de clarinete de enseñanzas elementales y profesionales siguiendo la metodología de investigación-acción. RESULTADOS y DISCUSIÓN. Los resultados obtenidos demuestran que la confección competencial es apropiada en la clase instrumental. Por tanto, aunque muchas programaciones didácticas no tengan esta concepción, el profesorado podría implementar las competencias en el aula. CONCLUSIONES. Como conclusión, convendría que el profesorado elaborara proyectos educativos que promovieran prácticas musicales constructivas centradas en el alumnado, al igual que el resto de los currículos. Por ello, y a la espera de una necesaria actualización del marco normativo que regule las enseñanzas de música, es necesario que se entienda la importancia del potencial educativo de este corte competencial.

This article examines Andalusian teachers' ideologies towards migrant students' bilingualism and, the way teachers perceive the home language maintenance and its use in the school context. The data was collected through semi-structured interviews to two types of teachers--specialist language and regular teachers--in Andalusia (Spain). Findings revealed that were slight differences in the ideologies of these two types of teachers. In general, teachers' beliefs towards bilingualism were relatively positive. In rhetoric, language teachers demonstrated a greater appreciation for the bilingualism of the students and viewed it as a challenge. Conversely, the regular teachers had a less positive orientation towards bilingualism, associating it with problems. Furthermore, teachers advocate assimilationist language ideologies that consider--Spanish-only--as an indispensable tool for academic achievement. Our results also highlight that participants did not seem to be aware of the importance of students' home language-as-a right and its use as a democratic condition in a multilingual society such as Spain. The results show a need for professional development for all teachers to move away from monolingualism to advocating for multilingualism to better reflect the realities of the classrooms.

Early School Leaving (ESL) is a challenge that concerns countries all over the world. This is because it directly affects both the lives of the students who drop out and society in general. This study investigates Primary Education teachers, Compulsory Secondary Education teachers, and Baccalaureate teachers' perspectives of school dropout factors and the perceived inspiring practices to prevent ESL. The study is based on qualitative methods and included interviews with 15 teachers and 3 focus groups. The results indicate that the factors considered most related to the ESL are those linked to individual and family characteristics (exogenous to the educational system such as national origin, ethnicity, social class, etc.). To a lesser extent, teachers' activities and attitudes and potential school-related causes (endogenous) are considered factors associated to ESL. Regarding inspiring practices, teachers reported mostly experiences at the instructional and relational level (micro level). However, teachers seem to be less aware of the institutional/systemic level of prevention of ESL (macro level). The study further argues the need to implement practices addressed to all students to retain more children at school rather than special programmes for special students (migrants, gypsies, students with special capacities, etc.). Teacher training that considered all the variables that can contribute to ESL is discussed.

La adecuada formación y capacitación de quienes ejercen uno de los tres poderes del Estado, el poder judicial, constituye una exigencia vinculada a la separación constitucional de poderes y al derecho a la tutela judicial efectiva. En España, la fase institucional de esa formación específica corre a cargo de la Escuela Judicial del Consejo General del Poder Judicial, con sede en Barcelona. Este artículo realiza un análisis de las exigencias formativas para la capacitación de los jueces y las juezas en sentido democrático y pone de relieve la gran importancia que, en el proceso formativo de un juez, tiene la formación profesional que estos han de seguir en la Escuela Judicial.

Abstract Background The absence of an effective treatment and vaccine in HIV-1 pandemic place preventive strategies such as safety and effective microbicide development as a central therapeutic approach to control HIV-1 pandemic nowadays. Results Studies of cytotoxicity, immune population status, inflammation or tissue damage and mainly prophylactic inhibition of HIV-1 infection in vaginal human explants demonstrate the biosafety and effectivity of G2-S16 dendrimer. Human explants treated with G2-S16 dendrimer or treated and HIV-1 infected do not presented signs of irritation, inflammation, immune activation or T cell populations deregulation. Conclusions Herein we conclude that G2-S16 dendrimer has demonstrated sufficient efficacy, biosafety, effectivity and behavior in the closest to the real-life condition model represented by the human healthy donor vaginal tissue explants, to raise G2-S16 dendrimer as a promising candidate to clinical trials to develop an effective microbicide against HIV-1 infection. Graphical Abstract

The way in which diversity is conveyed through the media can reflect the attitude of the communicators themselves and contribute to shaping society’s attitudes towards diversity. The aim of the study was to identify how diversity is conveyed by the University to the Society. A content analysis of diversity-related news items in the University’s Institutional Newspaper Journal of the Pablo de Olavide University (DUPO) (626 news items out of 3,186 published between 2016 and 2019, a full rector’s term) was conducted. Heterogeneity in diversity was identified: gender, functional, cultural, sexual, religious and age, with gender and functional or disability diversity being predominant. Dissemination of diversity was linked to the fields of social sciences, humanities and sport. Communicators were government teams, with a slightly larger role for women. In conclusion, the institutional communication of diversity carried out from the most common official communication channel of the university analysed is the majority compared to the actions of professors and researchers, and a heterogeneous conception of diversity was found, linking it to issues of gender, inequalities and violence.

Diversity is increasingly a reality in higher education, linked to globalisation and the presence of unconventional students. Previous research has explored students and teachers’ perceptions about diversity in higher education. However, there is little evidence about the perception of social actors who collaborate with higher education institutions. This article explores social actors’ perceptions regarding the measures that universities implement to respond to diversity and the challenges that diversity presents to higher education institutions. Using a qualitative methodology, 18 semi-structured interviews were conducted with social actors linked to eight Spanish universities. The results indicate that their perceptions fluctuate. However, they are often linked to the groups traditionally associated with diversity: gender and disability. This shows the invisibilisation of certain groups and primarily the relationship between diversity and issues related to inequalities and equity. The conclusions discuss initiatives that could facilitate collaboration with social actors to advance the social commitment agenda in universities.

Abstract Background The appearance of resistance against new treatments and the fact that HIV-1 can infect various cell types and develop reservoirs and sanctuaries makes it necessary to develop new therapeutic approaches to overcome those failures. Results Studies of cytotoxicity, genotoxicity, complexes formation, stability, resistance, release and particle size distribution confirmed that G2-SN15-PEG, G3-SN31-PEG, G2-SN15-PEG-FITC and G3-SN31-PEG-FITC dendrimers can form complexes with miRNAs being biocompatible, stable and conferring protection to these nucleic acids. Confocal microscopy and flow cytometry showed effective delivery of these four dendrimers into the target cells, confirming their applicability as delivery systems. Dendriplexes formed with the dendrimers and miRNAs significantly inhibited HIV-1 infection in PBMCs. Conclusions These dendrimers are efficient delivery systems for miRNAs and they specifically and significantly improved the anti-R5-HIV-1 activity of these RNA molecules. Graphic Abstract

Introducción. Las raíces y tubérculos como el camote (Ipomoea batatas L.) se encuentran entre los seis primeros cultivos más importantes del mundo. Sin embargo, esta especie es sensible al estrés por déficit hídrico. El uso de genotipos resistentes a la sequía y mejores prácticas de gestión del agua pueden mejorar la calidad y el rendimiento de la raíz. Para ampliar la productividad en tales ambientes se pueden utilizar prácticas de riego complementario o identificar genotipos con potencial de rendimiento promisorios frente a estas condiciones. Objetivo. Evaluar el efecto del estrés hídrico en variables fisiológicas y agronómicas en clones de camote. Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un ensayo en el período de abril-julio 2015 en el Centro Nacional de Investigación Agropecuaria, Maracay, Venezuela, con tres repeticiones bajo un diseño en parcelas divididas, donde la parcela principal estuvo conformada por tres niveles de riego (todo el ciclo, dos y tres primeros meses con riego) y la parcela secundaria por tres clones de camote. Se midieron variables asociadas al intercambio gaseoso, crecimiento vegetativo, biomasa y rendimiento. Resultados. Las plantas de camote frente a condiciones de sequía disminuyeron su crecimiento, expansión foliar, cerraron en forma parcial los estomas para evitar pérdidas de agua por transpiración sin afectar las variables de tasa neta de asimilación de CO2, rendimiento y acumulación de biomasa. El mejor clon fue el 64, con mayor transpiración, acumulación de biomasa y rendimiento de 18,3 t ha-1. El riego en todo el cultivo generó el mayor crecimiento vegetativo con 125 hojas planta-1. Conclusiones. Bajo condiciones de estrés hídrico las plantas de camote se adaptaron fisiológicamente para no perder agua por la transpiración sin sacrificar las tasas de fotosíntesis, con las cuales los clones lograron alcanzar una acumulación de biomasa aérea, raíces y rendimiento del tubérculo similar al cultivo con riego.

Cassava (Manihot esculenta Crantz) is an important crop in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. This species grows adequately in drought conditions and is ideal to ensure food safety in marginal environments, such as soils with low fertility and low rainfall conditions. Complementary irrigation practices can be used, or genotypes with good yield potential can be identified against these conditions to enhance productivity in those environments. For this reason, this research aimed to study several physiological mechanisms and agronomical characteristics in eight cassava clones under prolonged water deficit. The experimental design was a split-plot where the principal plot was composed of three irrigation treatments (7, 15, and 21 days without irrigation, DWI) and the secondary plot by the eight clones. The results showed that cassava plants against drought conditions (21 DWI) decreased their growth, foliar expansion, and partially closed the stomata, avoiding water losses through transpiration. The variables of the net assimilation rate of CO2, yield, and biomass accumulation were not affected by the maximum drought period. The best clones under drought were Guajira, Guajira 3, Guajira 4, Concha Rosada, and MeVen 77-1. The frequency of irrigation 15 DWI increased the variables of gas exchange and vegetative growth. This behavior is due to the ability to tolerate complex conditions through morphological and physiological mechanisms, among them, long life leaf, stomatal control, and high photosynthetic potential.

Abstract Background Genetics have provided hints on potential molecular pathways involved in neurodegenerative diseases (NDD). However, the number of cases caused exclusively by genetic alterations is low, suggesting an important contribution of environmental factors to NDDs. Among these factors, viruses like herpes simplex viruses (HSV-2), capable of establishing lifelong infections within the nervous system (NS), are being proposed to have a role in NDDs. Despite promising data, there is a significant lack of knowledge on this and an urgent need for more research. Methods We have set up a mouse model to study HSV latency and its associated neuroinflammation in the spinal cord. The goal of this model was to observe neuroinflammatory changes caused by HSV latent infections, and if those changes were similar to alterations observed in the spinal cord of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) patients. Results In infected spinal cords, we have observed a strong leukocyte infiltration and a severe alteration of microglia close to motor neurons. We have also analyzed ALS-related proteins: we have not found changes in TDP-43 and Fus in neurons, but interestingly, we have found decreased protein levels of C9orf72, of which coding gene is severely altered in some familial forms of ALS and is critical for microglia homeostasis. Conclusions Latent infection of HSV in the spinal cord showed altered microglia and leukocyte infiltration. These inflammatory features resembled to those observed in the spinal cord of ALS patients. No changes mimicking ALS neuropathology, such as TDP-43 cytoplasmic inclusions, were found in infected spinal cords, but a decrease in protein levels of C9orf72 was observed. Then, further studies should be required to determine whether HSV-2 has a role in ALS.

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