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[Abstract] The last decades have been marked by the progressive effect of climate change. Despite the global nature of the phenomena and its ubiquitous consequences, the intensity of the associated risks to the population are unevenly distributed. Tropical and sub-tropical regions are among the most vulnerable areas due to their hot climate and inadequate building stock, which lead to an increase in energy expenditure to keep living spaces within comfort. This research is focused on evaluating and improving the quality of Mexican dwellings, it aims to assess and provide ways to improve the typical social housing building stock across the country. During the last decades, the general social housing model marketed across the country has suffered a considerable reduction in its quality of construction and thus, its environmental performance. The method¬ology of this research is divided into 3 stages of experiments, a first stage to determine the current state and vulnerability of the existing building stock, a second stage to investigate the relationship between building performance and climate features and a third stage to assess and prioritize the better-suited bioclimatic strategies to create and maintain comfortable conditions, the results showed a wide variety of performance ranges as well as overheating and overcool¬ing problems with different intensities. A correlation between the percentage of time in comfort and climate features such as average yearly temperature and maximum average values were discovered and investigated, together with the most challenging locations. In the final stages, a series of bioclimatic strategies applied in multiple parts of the building envelope was tested and it was concluded the addition of thermal mass and insulation together with a balanced building envelope capable of allowing natural ventilation could provide safe and comfortable dwellings for all of the locations for most of the time., [Resumen] Las últimas décadas han estado marcadas por el efecto progresivo del cambio climático. A pesar de la naturaleza global de los fenómenos y sus consecuencias ubicuas, la intensidad de los ries¬gos asociados para la población se distribuye de manera desigual. Las regiones tropicales y sub¬tropicales se encuentran entre las áreas más vulnerables debido a su clima cálido y su parque de construcción inadecuado, lo que está conduciendo a un aumento en el gasto de energía para mantener los espacios habitables en confort. Esta investigación está enfocada en evaluar y mejorar la calidad de las viviendas mexicanas, tiene como objetivo determinar y proporcionar formas de mejorar la configuración típica utilizada en viviendas de interés social en todo el país. Durante las últimas décadas, el modelo general de vivienda social que ha sido comercializado en todo el país, ha sufrido una reducción considerable en su calidad de construcción y, por ende, en su desempeño ambiental. La metodología de esta investigación se divide en 3 etapas de experimentos, una primera etapa para determinar el estado actual y la vulnerabilidad del stock de edificios existentes, una segunda etapa para investigar la relación entre el desempeño de los edificios y las características climáticas y una tercera etapa para evaluar y priorizar las estrategias bioclimáticas más adecuadas para crear y mantener condiciones confortables, los resultados mostraron una amplia variedad de rangos de rendimiento, así como problemas de sobrecalentamiento y sobre enfriamiento con diferentes intensidades. Se descubrió e investigó una correlación entre el porcentaje de tiempo en comodidad y las características climáticas, así como con la temperatura anual promedio y los valores promedio máximos. En las etapas finales, se probaron una serie de estrategias bioclimáticas aplicadas en múltiples partes de la envolvente del edificio y se concluyó que la adición de masa térmica y aislamiento junto con una envolvente del edi, [Resumo] As últimas décadas estiveron marcadas polo efecto progresivo do cambio climático. A pesar do carácter global dos fenómenos e das súas omnipresentes consecuencias, a intensidade dos riscos asociados para a poboación distribúese de forma desigual. As rexións tropicais e subtropicais atópanse entre as zonas máis vulnerables debido ao seu clima cálido e ao seu parque edificable inadecuado, o que está a provocar un aumento do gasto enerxético para manter os espazos habitables cómodos. Esta investigación está enfocada a avaliar e mellorar a calidade da vivenda mexicana, ten como obxectivo determinar e proporcionar formas de mellorar a configuración típica utilizada na vivenda asequible en todo o país. Durante as últimas décadas, o modelo xeral de vivenda social que se está a comercializar en todo o país sufriu unha considerable diminución da súa calidade construtiva e, polo tanto, do seu comportamento ambiental. A metodoloxía de¬sta investigación divídese en 3 etapas de experimentos, unha primeira etapa para determinar o estado actual e vulnerabilidade do parque de edificios existentes, unha segunda etapa para investigar a relación entre o rendemento dos edificios e as características climáticas e unha terceira etapa para avaliar e priorizar as estratexias bioclimáticas máis adecuadas para crear e manter unhas condicións confortables, os resultados mostraron unha gran variedade de rangos de rendemento, así como problemas de sobrequecemento e arrefriamento con diferentes inten¬sidades. Descubriuse e investigouse unha correlación entre a porcentaxe de tempo en confort e as características climáticas, así como a temperatura media anual e os valores medios máximos. Nas fases finais probáronse unha serie de estratexias bioclimáticas aplicadas a múltiples partes da envolvente do edificio e concluíuse que a adición de masa térmica e illamento xunto cunha envolvente equilibrada do edificio capaz de permitir a ventilación natural podería proporcionar unha vivenda segura e

This article summarizes the main results from a service-learning experience in which three modules from two degrees (architecture and landscape) combined efforts to support local activist organizations in their struggle to reclaim a former marshland that was spoiled to build a pulp mill (Celulosas-Ence) in the 1960s. Regarding the service part, we worked in close collaboration with the Association for the Defense of the Ria (APDR) and Pontevedra council, which have been demanding the removal of the industrial complex for decades. Regarding the learning part, the students had the opportunity to apply and develop their technical skills (environmental analysis, GIS…) not least playing an active role in a participation, co-creation process with the local community. According to the welcoming reception of the final public presentation and the students’ satisfaction survey, the activity was deemed as highly positive in both ends, Este artículo resume los principales resultados de una experiencia de Aprendizaje-Servicio en la que tres materias de dos grados (arquitectura y paisaje) combinaron esfuerzos para apoyar a organizaciones activistas locales en su lucha por la recuperación de una marisma destrozada en los años 60 para construir una fábrica de celulosa (Ence). En relación al servicio, el trabajo se realizó en estrecha colaboración con la Asociación Pola Defensa da Ría (APDR) y el Ayuntamiento de Pontevedra, que llevan décadas reclamando el traslado del complejo industrial. En relación al aprendizaje, el alumnado tuvo la oportunidad de aplicar y desarrollar sus conocimientos técnicos (análisis ambiental, SIG…) además de desempeñar un papel activo en un proceso de participación y co-creación con la comunidad local. Dada la gran acogida que tuvo la presentación pública de resultados y según las encuestas de estudiantes, se puede afirmar que la actividad resultó positiva para todas las partes., Este trabajo no habría sido posible sin la colaboración de la Asociación Pola Defensa da Ría, especialmente de su presidente, Antón Masa. También agradecemos el inestimable apoyo del Concello de Pontevedra, particularmente del alcalde, Miguel Anxo Fernández Lores y la concejala de Promoción de la Ciudad, Anabel Gulías. Finalmente, es necesario reconocer la entrega y motivación de todo el alumnado y profesorado de las materias Paisaje y Hábitat Sostenible, Ordenación del Territorio y Proyecto del Paisaje 3., Peer Reviewed

Bloque 3. JIDA'23-Granada: Jornadas sobre Innovación Docente en Arquitectura

[Resumo] A premisa fundamental para lograr unha integración efectiva da responsabilidade ambiental no grao de arquitectura parte da idea de ofrecer unha alternativa á visión convencional en urbanismo e arquitectura, que é unha visión dende arriba cara abaixo. O territorio vese fundamentalmente desde a planta ou, no mellor dos casos, dende unha visión aérea, o que xera unha distancia conceptual e física da realidade que se produce a pé do terreo. Como alternativa, propoñemos unha perspectiva a escala humana, e baseada na experiencia e observación dos fenómenos (físicos, sociais, ambientais...) que teñen lugar na área de estudo. Para conseguilo utilízase un marco de aprendizaxe baseado nun proxecto e en tres piares fundamentais, todos eles dirixidos a fomentar a experimentación. Estes piares son: [a] os principios e conceptos teóricos, [b] as ferramentas e metodoloxías aplicables e [c] os casos prácticos nos que se aplicarán eses conceptos e ferramentas. O fío condutor do curso e observación e a experimentación, permitindo unha mellor comprensión de procesos complexos e indicadores ou formulacións abstractas mediante a experiencia directa. Os resultados observados mostran unha mellora na adquisición de competencias e manexos dos conceptos a metodoloxías da disciplina., [Abstract] The foundational hypothesis to achieve an effective integration of environmental consciousness in architectural training starts from the idea of providing an alternative to the conventional vision in urbanism and architecture, which is a top-down approach. The territory is typically observed from above, as in a floor plan or an aerial view, which creates a conceptual and physical distance from the reality that occurs at the ground level. As an alternative, we propose a perspective based on human scale, on experience and observation of ongoing processes (physical, social, environmental...) that take place in the area of study. To achieve this, a learning framework based on a project and three fundamental pillars is implemented, all of which are aimed at encouraging experimentation. These pillars are: [a] the theoretical principles and concepts, [b] the tools and methodologies applicable to the problems to be tackled [c] the practical cases to which these concepts and tools will be applied. This approach strongly encourages observation and experimentation, allowing a better understanding of complex processes and abstract indicators or formulations through direct experience. The observed results show an improvement in the acquisition of skills and the understanding of the key concepts and methodologies of the discipline.

[Abstract] Building energy codes have been implemented in Switzerland as well as across the world to reduce building energy consumption, however, due to the progressive effect of climate change phenomena and the precipitate change in occupancy patterns due to the global pandemic, their effectiveness and limitations must be constantly re-examined. This paper explores the effectiveness of natural ventilation as a passive cooling strategy, as well as the overheating patterns in dwellings across the Swiss territory. The work is based on a climate-based simulation model at a territorial scale, from which the building performance is further analysed considering the heating energy consumption and overheating risk hours above 26.5°C. The effectiveness of natural ventilation through the operable window operable area in reducing overheating risk was also estimated. The results show the effectiveness across the whole territory of the current regulation (SIA 380/1:2016), which is focused on the performance of the building envelope to reduce heat losses. An unattended alarming overheating pattern was spotted in locations with altitudes below 1500 meters as a direct consequence of the climate change phenomena, hence a series of recommendations are proposed to update and improve the current legal requirements.

Courtyards are traditional architectural elements applied in many regions of the planet. In this research, the passive cooling potential provided by two courtyards with similar shapes, located in different climates types (Tropical and Mediterranean) were investigated. We focus to identify physical and climatic factors that influence the courtyard passive cooling system under similar weather conditions (in hot-dry period) but in different geographic positions. Shading and Insolation were quantified by computational analysis and thermal indexes determined by monitoring campaigns, focusing to contrast the courtyards performance. Due to differences in the latitude and longitude (solar trajectory), orientation, form and period of analyses, the courtyard located in the tropical region had its internal envelop more shaded and with less insolation than that in the Mediterranean. In turn, as nocturnal radioactive cooling is less pronounced in the tropical region, the outdoor and courtyard diurnal thermal range (DTR) presented lower thermal amplitudes than those in the Mediterranean. As consequence, the average daily difference between outdoors and indoors temperature ('T) was lower in the tropical region (1.2qC) than in the Mediterranean (2.5qC). This research confirms the courtyard architectural utility as a passive cooling system for tropical climate, with less cooling effects than those deployed on Mediterranean climat

The simulation of urban microclimates in a way that is flexible enough to be included in the early design stages is still a problem to be solved. Furthermore, the necessity to find a balance between accuracy, provided by the use of CFD software requiring high computational power, operational speed and integration with the modelling tool, is an even more complex challenge. Accordingly, this research investigates t he u se o f t he L adybug T ools, a s et o f plugins for Grasshopper that links analysis and design, in a hybrid workflow, to simulate the thermodynamic performance of courtyards, a transitional space of buildings that is proven to be a passive design strategy to reduce energy consumption. The results show that the hybrid workflow has a similar accuracy to the integrated CFD tool analyzed, but having the advantage of using the same design interface. It also provides the transparency of an opensource software and the possibility of improving the result in further research.

[Abstract] The natural experiment provided by the opening of a section that completed the A8 motorway in Mariña de Lugo, a rural area in Galicia (Spain), offers an opportunity to identify whether spread or backwash effects in economic activity are observed. The new section directly affects only a small strip of the territory, - where the transition from the inland rural areas to the more dynamic coastal area takes place. This allows us to test a separate dual inner-coastal socio-economic performance after the opening of the new road – an analysis that has rarely been performed for rural areas in developed countries. We study the impact over population growth, employment and business financial results, using the differences-in-differences approach. The results we obtain are consistent with the spread hypothesis for the nearest municipality to the new road section, while the spread effects did not disseminate to the neighbouring municipalities. These global results hide a different performance at the sector level, positive for transport and manufacturing companies, and negative for retail firms and hospitality

[Resumen] El siglo veinte ha sido la edad de las ciudades, en la cual han experimentado la mayor expansión de su historia. La concentración de personas y actividades ha permitido un avance tecnológico sin precedentes, una larga etapa de prosperidad económica y el desarrollo de la actividad cultural. Cada día, miles de personas emigran desde sus hogares rurales en busca de las oportunidades que ofrece la metrópolis. Sin embargo, el triunfo de la ciudad ha sido a costa de la degradación de otros parajes, externos a ella, ya que absorben recursos desde distancias cada vez más lejanas. Las ciudades han crecido como sistemas voraces, basadas en el consumismo, por lo que requieren un suministro constante de materiales, agua, alimentos y energía para sostener su actividad y economía. Como tema central de investigación, las ciudades han sido estudiadas desde casi todas las perspectivas posibles. Algunas investigaciones previas han propuesto una analogía ecológica para medir los flujos del sistema urbano, lo que supone entender la ciudad como un ecosistema con un metabolismo característico. Este sería un primer paso para discernir las variables espaciales que influyen en el consumo urbano de recursos externos. Sin embargo, estos estudios todavía no han podido establecer de forma inequívoca la conexión entre la estructura física de la ciudad y su comportamiento ambiental. La abstracción de los postulados teóricos y las interferencias de múltiples factores en el análisis empírico han limitado el número de certezas en la ciencia urbana. El objetivo de esta tesis es explorar los vínculos entre forma urbana y los patrones de demanda de energía, mediante la combinación de la capacidad de exploración de modelos teóricos con el pragmatismo derivado del estudio de casos reales. Para ello, se ha elaborado un modelo de evaluación energética a escala urbana, tratando de responder a la carencia de instrumentos específicos que permitan integrar análisis y el diseño. Esta aplicación se pru, [Resumo] O século vinte foi a era das cidades, na cal experimentaron a maior expansión da súa historia. A concentración de persoas e actividades permitiu un avance tecnolóxico sen precedentes, unha longa etapa de prosperidade económica e o desenvolvemento da actividade cultural. Cada día, miles de persoas emigran dende os seus fogares rurais, en busca das oportunidades que ofrece a metrópole. Non obstante, o triunfo da cidade produciuse a custa da degradación ambiental doutros paraxes, externos a ela, xa que absorben recursos dende distancias cada vez máis afastadas. As cidades creceron como sistemas voraces, baseadas no consumismo, e requiren un fluxo constante de bens, auga, alimentos e enerxía para soster as súas actividades e a súa economía. Como tema central de investigación, as cidades foron analizadas dende case todas as perspectivas posibles. Algunhas investigacións previas propuxeron unha analoxía ecolóxica para medir os fluxos do sistema urbano, o que supuso entender a cidade coma un ecosistema cun metabolismo característico. Este sería un primeiro paso para discernir as variables espaciais que inflúen no consumo urbano de recursos. Non obstante, estes intentos de establecer unha conexión entre o comportamento das cidades e a súa estrutura física non son aínda concluíntes. A abstracción dos postulados teóricos e as interferencias de múltiples factores na análise empírica limitaron o número de certezas na ciencia urbana. O obxectivo desta tese é explorar os vínculos entre a forma urbana e os patróns de demanda de enerxía mediante a combinación da capacidade de exploración dos modelos teóricos coas aprendizaxes derivadas do estudio de casos reais. Elabórase un modelo de análise enerxético urbano para responder á carencia de instrumentos específicos de planificación que permitan integrar a análise e o deseño. Esta aplicación próbase e aplícase en diferentes escenarios de forma urbana derivados dos casos de estudos. As experiencias de rexeneración nos Dockland, [Abstract] The 20th century has been the age of cities, as they have experienced their greatest expansion over history. The concentration of people and activities has enabled unprecedented technological advance, economic prosperity and the enhancement of culture. Thousands of people move every day from their rural homes, looking for the opportunities provided in the metropolis. However, the triumph of the city has been achieved at the expense of external environments, as they draw to themselves resources from further and further distances. Cities have grown as voracious systems, highly based on consumerism thus requiring massive flows of goods, water, food and energy to sustain their activities. As a central field of research, cities have been studied from all possible perspectives. Previous investigations have proposed an ecological analogy to measure the flows of the urban system, understanding the city as an ecosystem with a characteristic metabolism. It was meant as a first step to discern the spatial variables that influence urban consumption patterns. Nevertheless, these attempts to establish a connection between the performance of cities and their physical structure have been inconclusive so far. The abstraction of theoretical postulates and the interferences of multiple factors in empirical observations have limited the number of certainties in current urban science. The aim of this thesis is to explore the links between the urban form and energy demand patterns by combining the exploratory capacity of theoretical models with the learning outcomes from real case studies. As new planning instruments are needed to integrate analysis into design, an urban energy mode and tool has been worked out. The application was then tested and applied on alternative urban form scenarios, derived from the case studies. The regeneration experiences in London Docklands and Barcelona Poblenou provide a framework to understand the logic of morphological transformations in exist

[Resumen] El siglo veinte ha sido la edad de las ciudades, en la cual han experimentado la mayor expansión de su historia. La concentración de personas y actividades ha permitido un avance tecnológico sin precedentes, una larga etapa de prosperidad económica y el desarrollo de la actividad cultural. Cada día, miles de personas emigran desde sus hogares rurales en busca de las oportunidades que ofrece la metrópolis. Sin embargo, el triunfo de la ciudad ha sido a costa de la degradación de otros parajes, externos a ella, ya que absorben recursos desde distancias cada vez más lejanas. Las ciudades han crecido como sistemas voraces, basadas en el consumismo, por lo que requieren un suministro constante de materiales, agua, alimentos y energía para sostener su actividad y economía. Como tema central de investigación, las ciudades han sido estudiadas desde casi todas las perspectivas posibles. Algunas investigaciones previas han propuesto una analogía ecológica para medir los flujos del sistema urbano, lo que supone entender la ciudad como un ecosistema con un metabolismo característico. Este sería un primer paso para discernir las variables espaciales que influyen en el consumo urbano de recursos externos. Sin embargo, estos estudios todavía no han podido establecer de forma inequívoca la conexión entre la estructura física de la ciudad y su comportamiento ambiental. La abstracción de los postulados teóricos y las interferencias de múltiples factores en el análisis empírico han limitado el número de certezas en la ciencia urbana. El objetivo de esta tesis es explorar los vínculos entre forma urbana y los patrones de demanda de energía, mediante la combinación de la capacidad de exploración de modelos teóricos con el pragmatismo derivado del estudio de casos reales. Para ello, se ha elaborado un modelo de evaluación energética a escala urbana, tratando de responder a la carencia de instrumentos específicos que permitan integrar análisis y el diseño. Esta aplicación se pru, [Resumo] O século vinte foi a era das cidades, na cal experimentaron a maior expansión da súa historia. A concentración de persoas e actividades permitiu un avance tecnolóxico sen precedentes, unha longa etapa de prosperidade económica e o desenvolvemento da actividade cultural. Cada día, miles de persoas emigran dende os seus fogares rurais, en busca das oportunidades que ofrece a metrópole. Non obstante, o triunfo da cidade produciuse a custa da degradación ambiental doutros paraxes, externos a ela, xa que absorben recursos dende distancias cada vez máis afastadas. As cidades creceron como sistemas voraces, baseadas no consumismo, e requiren un fluxo constante de bens, auga, alimentos e enerxía para soster as súas actividades e a súa economía. Como tema central de investigación, as cidades foron analizadas dende case todas as perspectivas posibles. Algunhas investigacións previas propuxeron unha analoxía ecolóxica para medir os fluxos do sistema urbano, o que supuso entender a cidade coma un ecosistema cun metabolismo característico. Este sería un primeiro paso para discernir as variables espaciais que inflúen no consumo urbano de recursos. Non obstante, estes intentos de establecer unha conexión entre o comportamento das cidades e a súa estrutura física non son aínda concluíntes. A abstracción dos postulados teóricos e as interferencias de múltiples factores na análise empírica limitaron o número de certezas na ciencia urbana. O obxectivo desta tese é explorar os vínculos entre a forma urbana e os patróns de demanda de enerxía mediante a combinación da capacidade de exploración dos modelos teóricos coas aprendizaxes derivadas do estudio de casos reais. Elabórase un modelo de análise enerxético urbano para responder á carencia de instrumentos específicos de planificación que permitan integrar a análise e o deseño. Esta aplicación próbase e aplícase en diferentes escenarios de forma urbana derivados dos casos de estudos. As experiencias de rexeneración nos Dockland, [Abstract] The 20th century has been the age of cities, as they have experienced their greatest expansion over history. The concentration of people and activities has enabled unprecedented technological advance, economic prosperity and the enhancement of culture. Thousands of people move every day from their rural homes, looking for the opportunities provided in the metropolis. However, the triumph of the city has been achieved at the expense of external environments, as they draw to themselves resources from further and further distances. Cities have grown as voracious systems, highly based on consumerism thus requiring massive flows of goods, water, food and energy to sustain their activities. As a central field of research, cities have been studied from all possible perspectives. Previous investigations have proposed an ecological analogy to measure the flows of the urban system, understanding the city as an ecosystem with a characteristic metabolism. It was meant as a first step to discern the spatial variables that influence urban consumption patterns. Nevertheless, these attempts to establish a connection between the performance of cities and their physical structure have been inconclusive so far. The abstraction of theoretical postulates and the interferences of multiple factors in empirical observations have limited the number of certainties in current urban science. The aim of this thesis is to explore the links between the urban form and energy demand patterns by combining the exploratory capacity of theoretical models with the learning outcomes from real case studies. As new planning instruments are needed to integrate analysis into design, an urban energy mode and tool has been worked out. The application was then tested and applied on alternative urban form scenarios, derived from the case studies. The regeneration experiences in London Docklands and Barcelona Poblenou provide a framework to understand the logic of morphological transformations in exist

Building performance evaluation (BPE) provides the tools to begin to understand the operational efficiency and resultant occupant satisfaction of the built environment. This is particularly important with historic and traditionally constructed buildings, where perceptions of their performance are often based on preconceptions and generalisations. It is therefore important to undertake BPE of these buildings in order to establish their actual performance and inform the often difficult decisions regarding their ongoing use. This paper presents the BPE of a 14th century timber-framed house, with 17th century decorative pargetting in Saffron Walden, Essex. In situ monitoring and digital simulation were used to assess its current performance and inform the ongoing conservative repair work. The results show that although the thermal conductivity of the pargetting is not particularly low, the increased thickness, and more importantly the sealing of the commonly poor junction between the timber-frame and infill materials, do result in an external envelope with a higher thermal performance than many historic timber-framed buildings. The simulations show that whilst applying internal wall insulation would further improve this performance, it would also increase the risk of frost damage. This highlights the challenges of sustainable building conservation and the role of BPE.

Building performance evaluation (BPE) provides the tools to begin to understand the operational efficiency and resultant occupant satisfaction of the built environment. This is particularly important with historic and traditionally constructed buildings, where perceptions of their performance are often based on preconceptions and generalisations. It is therefore important to undertake BPE of these buildings in order to establish their actual performance and inform the often difficult decisions regarding their ongoing use. This paper presents the BPE of a 14th century timber-framed house, with 17th century decorative pargetting in Saffron Walden, Essex. In situ monitoring and digital simulation were used to assess its current performance and inform the ongoing conservative repair work. The results show that although the thermal conductivity of the pargetting is not particularly low, the increased thickness, and more importantly the sealing of the commonly poor junction between the timber-frame and infill materials, do result in an external envelope with a higher thermal performance than many historic timber-framed buildings. The simulations show that whilst applying internal wall insulation would further improve this performance, it would also increase the risk of frost damage. This highlights the challenges of sustainable building conservation and the role of BPE.