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La minería de procesos es una especialidad que permite a las organizaciones descubrir, analizar y mejorar sus procesos reales de negocio mediante la extracción de conocimiento de los registros de eventos que se encuentran en los sistemas de información actuales. La presente investigación tuvo como objetivo proponer una metodología de minería de procesos para el desarrollo de proyectos de tipo empresarial y científico-académico que consta de nueve fases: planeación y alcance, preprocesamiento de datos, procesamiento de datos, análisis de control de flujo, análisis de rendimiento, análisis de roles, presentación de resultados, publicación de resultados, y transferencia y seguimiento. La metodología propuesta es el resultado de la experiencia adquirida a través de la revisión de la literatura, del análisis de las metodologías publicadas y de los conocimientos y experiencias de los investigadores. Es conveniente resaltar que, en investigaciones futuras, se aplicará la metodología propuesta de minería de procesos a diversos casos de estudio, tanto del área empresarial como del ámbito científico-académico. Por ello, el objetivo de este trabajo de investigación está enfocado en analizar la eficiencia de la metodología, la facilidad y pertinencia de su aplicación, así como la congruencia entre las fases que la integran.

Este artigo apresenta resultados aplicados da pesquisa de pós-doutorado realizada na área de performance musical, especificamente no campo da interpretação operística, no contexto de uma produção da ópera La traviata de Giuseppe Verdi realizada em agosto de 2023 na cidade de São Paulo. Este estudo abordará elementos relativos à regência de ópera e suas especificidades técnicas, bem como questões interpretativas de direção artística, incluindo a concepção geral do espetáculo e o trabalho conjunto com a equipe de criação, que inclui o diretor cênico, cenografia, figurinos e iluminação, discutindo de forma detalhada as decisões e opções interpretativas – musicais e cênicas – que envolvem a produção de uma ópera escrita no século XIX nos dias atuais.

Abstract Arguably, the greatest threat to bacteria is phages. It is often assumed that those bacteria that escape phage infection have mutated or utilized phage‐defence systems; however, another possibility is that a subpopulation forms the dormant persister state in a manner similar to that demonstrated for bacterial cells undergoing nutritive, oxidative, and antibiotic stress. Persister cells do not undergo mutation and survive lethal conditions by ceasing growth transiently. Slower growth and dormancy play a key physiological role as they allow host phage defence systems more time to clear the phage infection. Here, we investigated how bacteria survive lytic phage infection by isolating surviving cells from the plaques of T2, T4, and lambda (cI mutant) virulent phages and sequencing their genomes. We found that bacteria in plaques can escape phage attack both by mutation (i.e. become resistant) and without mutation (i.e. become persistent). Specifically, whereas T4‐resistant and lambda‐resistant bacteria with over a 100,000‐fold less sensitivity were isolated from plaques with obvious genetic mutations (e.g. causing mucoidy), cells were also found after T2 infection that undergo no significant mutation, retain wild‐type phage sensitivity, and survive lethal doses of antibiotics. Corroborating this, adding T2 phage to persister cells resulted in 137,000‐fold more survival compared to that of addition to exponentially growing cells. Furthermore, our results seem general in that phage treatments with Klebsiella pneumonia and Pseudomonas aeruginosa also generated persister cells. Hence, along with resistant strains, bacteria also form persister cells during phage infection.

Timed Up and Go (TUG) test is one of the most popular clinical tools aimed at the assessment of functional mobility and fall risk in older adults. The automation of the analysis of TUG movements is of great medical interest not only to speed up the test but also to maximize the information inferred from the subjects under study. In this context, this article describes a dataset collected from a cohort of 69 experimental subjects (including 30 adults over 60 years), during the execution of several repetitions of the TUG test. In particular, the dataset includes the measurements gathered with four wearables devices embedding four sensors (accelerometer, gyroscope magnetometer and barometer) located on four body locations (waist, wrist, ankle and chest). As a particularity, the dataset also includes the same measurements recorded when the young subjects repeat the test while wearing a commercial geriatric simulator, consisting of a set of weighted vests and other elements intended to replicate the limitations caused by aging. Thus, the generated dataset also enables the investigation into the potential of such tools to emulate the actual dynamics of older individuals.

Pyrophosphatases (PPases) are enzymes that catalyze the hydrolysis of pyrophosphate (PPi), a byproduct of the synthesis and degradation of diverse biomolecules. The accumulation of PPi in the cell can result in cell death. Although the substrate is the same, there are variations in the catalysis and features of these enzymes. Two enzyme forms have been identified in bacteria: cytoplasmic or soluble pyrophosphatases and membrane-bound pyrophosphatases, which play major roles in cell bioenergetics. In eukaryotic cells, cytoplasmic enzymes are the predominant form of PPases (c-PPases), while membrane enzymes (m-PPases) are found only in protists and plants. The study of bacterial cytoplasmic and membrane-bound pyrophosphatases has slowed in recent years. These enzymes are central to cell metabolism and physiology since phospholipid and nucleic acid synthesis release important amounts of PPi that must be removed to allow biosynthesis to continue. In this review, two aims were pursued: first, to provide insight into the structural features of PPases known to date and that are well characterized, and to provide examples of enzymes with novel features. Second, the scientific community should continue studying these enzymes because they have many biotechnological applications. Additionally, in this review, we provide evidence that there are m-PPases present in fungi; to date, no examples have been characterized. Therefore, the diversity of PPase enzymes is still a fruitful field of research. Additionally, we focused on the roles of H+/Na+ pumps and m-PPases in cell bioenergetics. Finally, we provide some examples of the applications of these enzymes in molecular biology and biotechnology, especially in plants. This review is valuable for professionals in the biochemistry field of protein structure–function relationships and experts in other fields, such as chemistry, nanotechnology, and plant sciences.

Ante el aniversario de tres siglos del nacimiento de Adam Smith, se han multiplicado los trabajos y comentarios sobre el impacto y pertinencia de las propuestas centrales de su libro Investigación sobre la naturaleza y causas de la riqueza de las naciones de Adam Smith (1776), obra que plantea la importancia de los mercados, la división del trabajo, la especialización de los países y la intervención estatal en la generación de riqueza y el bienestar de la población. A partir de dichos planteamientos y frente a la realidad económica actual de México sostenemos que las remesas recibidas en el país de los migrantes mexicanos en Estados Unidos tienen un significado contradictorio en la percepción de la riqueza nacional. Las remesas representan un flujo creciente de dinero del exterior que ayuda a estabilizar macroeconómicamente a la economía nacional, apoya el crecimiento económico en las regiones con mayor recepción y aumenta el bienestar en 1.8 millones de hogares receptores. La pandemia del COVID-19 impulso el crecimiento del mercado digital conocido como Fintech en el envío de remesas, aprovechando la difusión de las tecnologías de la información y la reducción de sus costos, las empresas en el mercado de transferencia de remesas han aprovechado en su beneficio la coyuntura de expansión en ese mercado. Por otro lado, el monto de la migración y las remesas es proporcional a las diversas crisis económicas durante 40 años y la incapacidad crónica de generar desarrollo económico con empleo y bienestar para toda la población. En conclusión, se corrobora la mayor vulnerabilidad de los perceptores de remesas para enfrentar situaciones catastróficas ante la incertidumbre de su crecimiento en los años siguientes, situación que se agravaría aún más sin las remesas.

IntroductionMyroides is a bacterial genus of opportunistic bacteria responsible for diverse infections including in the skin and soft tissues, urinary tract, cardiovascular system, and bacteremia, although the incidence of its reported infections is low, it is increasing, likely due the use of better bacterial identification methods, but also perhaps due an increase in its prevalence. In addition, their pathogenic role is limited in terms of reporting their microbial physiology, so the present work provides information in this regard in addition to the information that is available in the international literature.ObjectiveTo describe the microbiological and genetic characteristics of seven different Myroides spp. clinical strains and comment on their phylum, pathogenic and resistance characteristics.MethodsSeven Myroides spp., strains associated with infections were included from 1/January/2012 to 1/January/20 and identified by miniaturized biochemistry and MALDI-ToF. Susceptibility tests were performed according to CLSI recommendations by broth microdilution. Whole genome sequencing was performed for each strain and bioinformatics analysis were performed.ResultsStrains were identified at genus level by two methodologies. Our results revealed that likely four strains belong to the species Myroides odoratimimus, while the other two may be undescribed ones. Remarkably, all isolates harbored several genes encoding antibiotic resistance determinants for ß-lactams, aminoglycosides and glycopeptides and in concordance, presented high levels of resistance, against these antibiotics (AK and GN both 100%, ATM, CAZ and FEP 100%, e.g.); moreover, the presences of carbapenemases were evidenced by meropenem (mCIM) and imipenem (CARBA NP) degrading activity in six isolates and two strains possessed plasmids harboring mainly ribosomal RNA genes, tRNAs and genes encoding proteins with unknown functions.ConclusionsOur study increases the knowledge about the biology of this understudied genus and highlights the potential of Myroides to emerge as a broader cause of recalcitrant opportunistic infections.

BackgroundInfections caused by Stenotrophomonas maltophilia and related species are increasing worldwide. Unfortunately, treatment options are limited, whereas the antimicrobial resistance is increasing.MethodsWe included clinical isolates identified as S. maltophilia by VITEK 2 Compact. Ceftazidime/avibactam, meropenem/vaborbactam, imipenem/relebactam, cefiderocol, quinolones, and tetracycline family members were evaluated by broth microdilution method and compared with first-line treatment drugs. Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) were reported for all antibiotics. We sequenced the Whole Genome of cefiderocol resistant strains (CRSs) and annotated their genes associated with cefiderocol resistance (GACR). Presumptive phylogenetic identification employing the 16S marker was performed.ResultsOne hundred and one clinical strains were evaluated, sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, levofloxacin and minocycline showed susceptibilities of 99.01%, 95.04% and 100% respectively. Ceftazidime was the antibiotic with the highest percentage of resistance in all samples (77.22%). Five strains were resistant to cefiderocol exhibiting MIC values ≥ 2 μg/mL (4.95%). The β-lactamase inhibitors meropenem/vaborbactam and imipenem/relebactam, failed to inhibit S. maltophilia, preserving both MIC50 and MIC90 ≥64 μg/mL. Ceftazidime/avibactam restored the activity of ceftazidime decreasing the MIC range. Tigecycline had the lowest MIC range, MIC50 and MIC90. Phylogeny based on 16S rRNA allowed to identify to cefiderocol resistant strains as putative species clustered into Stenotrophomonas maltophilia complex (Smc). In these strains, we detected GARCs such as Mutiple Drug Resistance (MDR) efflux pumps, L1-type β-lactamases, iron transporters and type-1 fimbriae.ConclusionAntimicrobial resistance to first-line treatment is low. The in vitro activity of new β-lactamase inhibitors against S. maltophilia is poor, but avibactam may be a potential option. Cefiderocol could be considered as a potential new option for multidrug resistant infections. Tetracyclines had the best in vitro activity of all antibiotics evaluated.

BackgroundBacteriophage therapy is becoming part of mainstream Western medicine since antibiotics of clinical use tend to fail. It involves applying lytic bacteriophages that self-replicate and induce cell lysis, thus killing their hosts. Nevertheless, bacterial killing promotes the selection of resistant clones which sometimes may exhibit a decrease in bacterial virulence or antibiotic resistance.MethodsIn this work, we studied the Pseudomonas aeruginosa lytic phage φDCL-PA6 and its variant φDCL-PA6α. Additionally, we characterized and evaluated the production of virulence factors and the virulence in a Galleria mellonella model of resistant mutants against each phage for PA14 and two clinical strains.ResultsPhage φDCL-PA6α differs from the original by only two amino acids: one in the baseplate wedge subunit and another in the tail fiber protein. According to genomic data and cross-resistance experiments, these changes may promote the change of the phage receptor from the O-antigen to the core lipopolysaccharide. Interestingly, the host range of the two phages differs as determined against the Pseudomonas aeruginosa reference strains PA14 and PAO1 and against nine multidrug-resistant isolates from ventilator associated pneumonia.ConclusionsWe show as well that phage resistance impacts virulence factor production. Specifically, phage resistance led to decreased biofilm formation, swarming, and type III secretion; therefore, the virulence towards Galleria mellonella was dramatically attenuated. Furthermore, antibiotic resistance decreased for one clinical strain. Our study highlights important potential advantages of phage therapy’s evolutionary impact that may be exploited to generate robust therapy schemes.

The Escherichia coli Keio mutant collection has been a tool for assessing the role of specific genes and determining their role in E. coli physiology and uncovering novel functions. In this work, specific mutants in the DNA repair pathways and oxidative stress response were evaluated to identify the primary targets of silver nanoparticles (NPs) and their mechanism of action. The results presented in this work suggest that NPs mainly target DNA via double-strand breaks and base modifications since the recA, uvrC, mutL, and nfo mutants rendered the most susceptible phenotype, rather than involving the oxidative stress response. Concomitantly, during the establishment of the control conditions for each mutant, the katG and sodA mutants showed a hypersensitive phenotype to mitomycin C, an alkylating agent. Thus, we propose that KatG catalase plays a key role as a cellular chaperone, as reported previously for the filamentous fungus Neurospora crassa, a large subunit catalase. The Keio collection mutants may also be a key tool for assessing the resistance mechanism to metallic NPs by using their potential to identify novel pathways involved in the resistance to NPs.

Este trabajo presenta los resultados obtenidos luego de implementar un algoritmo de visión artificial desarrollado en Python para estimar la posición de un objeto por medio de información visual de una cámara estéreo. La estimación de la posición del objeto es utilizada por el controlador de un brazo robótico, para posicionarlo y sujetar el objeto; sin embargo, el brazo robótico no siempre llega de forma precisa al punto esperado, en consecuencia, se complementó este proceso con un algoritmo de corrección de la posición basado en el algoritmo de optimización Gradient Descent y el proceso de coordinación mano-ojo que hacen los seres humanos. Los valores de posición son enviados, mediante wifi, a través del protocolo TCP/IP y por medio de sockets, al controlador del brazo robótico. Los resultados experimentales obtenidos muestran que, a mayor resolución de la imagen de la cámara, mejor es la estimación de la posición del objeto y, en general, con el algoritmo de corrección implementado, la distancia entre la posición final del robot y la posición del objeto no supera los 10 mm.

The complex metabolism of Escherichia coli has been extensively studied, including its response to oxygen availability. The ArcA/B two-component system (TCS) is the key regulator for the transition between these two environmental conditions and has been thoroughly characterized using genetic and biochemical approaches. Still, to date, limited structural data is available. The breakthrough provided by AlphaFold2 in 2021 has brought a reliable tool to the scientific community for assessing the structural features of complex proteins. In this report, we analyzed the structural aspects of the ArcA/B TCS using AlphaFold2 models. The models are consistent with the experimentally determined structures of ArcB kinase. The predicted structure of the dimeric form of ArcB is consistent with the extensive genetic and biochemical data available regarding mechanistic signal perception and regulation. The predicted interaction of the dimeric form of ArcB with its cognate response regulator (ArcA) is also consistent with both the forward and reverse phosphotransfer mechanisms. The ArcB model was used to detect putative binding cavities to anaerobic metabolites, encouraging testing of these predictions experimentally. Finally, the highly accurate models of other ArcB homologs suggest that different experimental approaches are needed to determine signal perception in kinases lacking the PAS domain. Overall, ArcB is a kinase with features that need further testing, especially in determining its crystal structure under different conditions.

Bacteriophages are the most abundant biological entity on the planet, having pivotal roles in bacterial ecology, animal and plant health, and in the biogeochemical cycles. Although, in principle, phages are simple entities that replicate at the expense of their bacterial hosts, due the importance of bacteria in all aspects of nature, they have the potential to influence and modify diverse processes, either in subtle or profound ways. Traditionally, the main application of bacteriophages is phage therapy, which is their utilization to combat and help to clear bacterial infections, from enteric diseases, to skin infections, chronic infections, sepsis, etc. Nevertheless, phages can also be potentially used for several other tasks, including food preservation, disinfection of surfaces, treatment of several dysbioses, and modulation of microbiomes. Phages may also be used as tools for the treatment of non-bacterial infections and pest control in agriculture; moreover, they can be used to decrease bacterial virulence and antibiotic resistance and even to combat global warming. In this review manuscript we discuss these possible applications and promote their implementation.

Abstract The Internet of Things (IoT) plays an important role in the development of applications for the Electrical Industry. The data has become essential for the technological advances in this industry, changing abruptly due to the distributed energy resources and the smart grid concept. The data integration also represents a relevant matter to address when performing IoT projects for electrical industry applications. The electrical industry requires incorporating different IoT protocols to comply with the distinct scenarios and the interoperability. This work proposes integrating the HTTP REST, MQTT, LoRaWAN, and OPC UA open communications protocols into an IoT platform and interoperable architecture for smart grid applications. This approach intends to contribute to smart grid solutions and automation systems in the electrical industry, promotes further integration of communication protocols for this field, and enables additional data-based applications for their automation systems. A Multi-Agent System architecture based on the IoT integration is proposed as an application to show how implementable is this approach in current and technological electrical systems.

Abstract The presence of pollutants in soil and water has given rise to diverse analytical and biological approaches to detect and measure contaminants in the environment. Using bacterial cells as reporter strains represents an advantage for detecting pollutants present in soil or water samples. Here, an Escherichia coli reporter strain expressing a chromoprotein capable of interacting with soil or water samples and responding to DNA damaging compounds is validated. The reporter strain generates a qualitative signal and is based on the expression of the coral chromoprotein AmilCP under the control of the recA promoter. This strain can be used simply by applying soil or water samples directly and rendering activation upon DNA damage. This reporter strain responds to agents that damage DNA (with an apparent detection limit of 1 µg of mitomycin C) without observable response to membrane integrity damage, protein folding or oxidative stress generating agents, in the latter case, DNA damage was observed. The developed reporter strain reported here is effective for the detection of DNA damaging agents present in soils samples. In a proof-of-concept analysis using soil containing chromium, showing activation at 15.56 mg/L of Cr(VI) present in soil and leached samples and is consistent with Cr(III) toxicity at high concentrations (130 µg). Our findings suggest that chromogenic reporter strains can be applied for simple screening, thus reducing the number of samples requiring analytical techniques.

El objetivo del trabajo fue desarrollar un sistema basado en reglas que apoye la determinación de la salud estructural de edificios de varios niveles. Se utilizan técnicas de descripción de hardware mediante lógica programable empleando integración de entidades y diseño jerárquico con programación VHDL. El sistema se embebe en una FPGA que, mediante un algoritmo, integra una primera etapa donde un grupo de sensores de ultrasonido recolectan una medida que se interpreta para obtener el desplazamiento relativo de entrepiso. En la segunda etapa un motor de inferencia realiza la evaluación. Presentamos resultados utilizando un modelo experimental donde se verificó que el sistema fue capaz de determinar la estabilidad de la estructura en base al parámetro desplazamiento relativo de entrepiso.

A challenge in the study of gastrointestinal microbiota (GITm) is the validation of the genomic data with metabolic studies of the microbial communities to understand how the microbial networks work during health and sickness. To gain insights into the metabolism of the GITm, feces from healthy and sick rats with cancer were inoculated in a defined synthetic medium directed for anaerobic prokaryote growth (INC-07 medium). Significant differences between cultures of healthy and sick individuals were found: 1) the consumption of the carbon source and the enzyme activity involved in their catabolism (e.g., sucrase, lactase, lipases, aminotransferases, and dehydrogenases); 2) higher excretion of acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric, valeric, and isovaleric acids; 3) methane production; 4) ability to form biofilms; and 5) up to 500 amplicon sequencing variants (ASVs) identified showed different diversity and abundance. Moreover, the bowel inflammation induced by cancer triggered oxidative stress, which correlated with deficient antioxidant machinery (e.g., NADPH-producing enzymes) determined in the GITm cultures from sick individuals in comparison with those from control individuals. Altogether, the data suggested that to preserve the microbial network between bacteria and methanogenic archaea, a complete oxidation of the carbon source may be essential for healthy microbiota. The correlation of 16S rRNA gene metabarcoding between cultures and feces, as well as metabolomic data found in cultures, suggest that INC-07 medium may be a useful tool to understand the metabolism of microbiota under gut conditions.

El objeto de este artículo es presentar los avances de una investigación sobre la gestión del desempeño en la empresa familiar como una línea de trabajo dentro de un proyecto enfocado en el estudio de los factores que afectan la continuidad de la empresa familiar. La gestión del desempeño es una actividad crítica de los sistemas de administración de recursos humanos que buscan alcanzar una ventaja competitiva a través de la gente. Así mismo, las empresas familiares son de vital importancia para los países, por lo que resulta necesario comprender los factores que afectan su continuidad. No obstante, el campo de la gestión del desempeño en la empresa familiar no ha sido investigado. El artículo ofrece los resultados de la etapa exploratoria que concluyó en la elaboración de hipótesis y de un modelo a partir de las perspectivas ofrecidas por las teorías de la agencia, de los recursos internos, de la teoría general de las relaciones y de la empresa familiar.

Resumen La emigración de mexicanos ha sido predominantemente en edades laborales y reproductivas, a ese contingente se han sumado a lo largo del tiempo los llamados “llegados en la infancia” que se caracterizan por haber ingresado a Estados Unidos cuando eran menores de edad. Algunos se han establecido de manera permanente a través de un medio legal; otros, en cambio, permanecen con estatus irregular de residencia, situación que supone oportunidades diferenciadas en su desarrollo personal y profesional, y de integración a la sociedad estadounidense. Observamos que aun entre los no naturalizados la edad de llegada temprana favorece cambios en el capital humano de los inmigrantes mexicanos y diversifica su participación ocupacional, maximizando las posibilidades de integración y su aporte a la sociedad de residencia. La ciudadanía estadounidense obtenida por naturalización es un mejor predictor de integración pues les permite acceder a derechos políticos y sociales y reduce la desigualdad salarial.

The signal transduction paradigm in bacteria involves two-component systems (TCSs). Asgardarchaeota are archaea that may have originated the current eukaryotic lifeforms. Most research on these archaea has focused on eukaryotic-like features, such as genes involved in phagocytosis, cytoskeleton structure, and vesicle trafficking. However, little attention has been given to specific prokaryotic features. Here, the sequence and predicted structural features of TCS sensor kinases analyzed from two metagenome assemblies and a genomic assembly from cultured Asgardian archaea are presented. The homology of the sensor kinases suggests the grouping of Lokiarchaeum closer to bacterial homologs. In contrast, one group from a Lokiarchaeum and a meta-genome assembly from Candidatus Heimdallarchaeum suggest the presence of a set of kinases separated from the typical bacterial TCS sensor kinases. AtoS and ArcB homologs were found in meta-genome assemblies along with defined domains for other well-characterized sensor kinases, suggesting the close link between these organisms and bacteria that may have resulted in the metabolic link to the establishment of symbiosis. Several kinases are predicted to be cytoplasmic; some contain several PAS domains. The data shown here suggest that TCS kinases in Asgardian bacteria are witnesses to the transition from bacteria to eukaryotic organisms.

Se caracteriza la colaboración mediada por el conocimiento entre los académicos de la Universidad Autónoma de Baja California (UABC) y los actores que conforman el tercer sector. El estudio tuvo un alcance descriptivo, de diseño no experimental, que consistió en la aplicación de un cuestionario en línea a 75 profesores-investigadores de la UABC. Los resultados demuestran que la colaboración con el tercer sector es incipiente comparada con la sostenida con empresas o entidades gubernamentales y se ve obstaculizada por factores relacionados con la burocracia, la ausencia de personal de vinculación altamente especializado y la sobrecarga laboral de los académicos universitarios.

La energía eléctrica o electricidad es uno de los componentes esenciales que impulsan la economía, es decir, a que mayor crecimiento económico mayor consumo energético y viceversa. En consecuencia, el mercado eléctrico debe estar en la capacidad de cubrir el incremento en la demanda de energía, y de la misma forma, establecer estrategias para el uso eficiente de la energía. En el Reino Unido se ha potencializado la inclusión de nuevas tecnologías en el sistema eléctrico, a través de un programa de cambio automático de comercializador de energía conocido como AutoSwitch, en el cual, los usuarios ya no están sujetos a un vínculo exclusivo con su comercializador local y tienen la libertad de cambiar de comercializador de energía. En Colombia se abre la posibilidad de liberalizar el mercado de energía a través de un programa piloto de AutoSwitch, buscando inducir mayor competencia entre los comercializadores de energía por medio de la desregulación de las tarifas y facilitar a los clientes la selección del comercializador que le ofrezca un menor costo, mayor calidad en el servicio, la fuente de energía deseada, entre otros. En este artículo, se presenta una caracterización de los atributos y funcionalidades de las principales herramientas de AutoSwitch del Reino Unido. Además, la adecuación de esta caracterización a una herramienta de AutoSwitch para el mercado eléctrico colombiano, teniendo en cuenta información suministrada por la empresa Enel Codensa, relacionada con el registro de potenciales usuarios, vinculación con el comercializador de energía, visualización de ofertas, notificaciones a los usuarios, entre otros. Para llegar a la liberación del mercado eléctrico colombiano, se hace necesario promover este tipo de herramientas, con las cuales, usuarios y comercializadores puedan llegar a tener mayores beneficios.

En las últimas cuatro décadas, la migración internacional de mexicanos a Estados Unidos se convirtió en una válvula de escape a los problemas económicos, sin que el Gobierno mexicano manifestase preocupación por el diseño de políticas públicas de desarrollo económico, migración y derechos humanos que incidan en las causas estructurales de los flujos migratorios. Las políticas sobre migración fueron parciales, reactivas y tardías, y forman parte de las políticas de seguridad del Estado mexicano. Estas no consideraron la causa estructural de las mismas, ni los derechos humanos de todos los migrantes que salían, llegaban, pasaban y retornaban a México. Ante este panorama, el nuevo Gobierno mexicano enfrenta el doble reto de construir y aplicar una nueva estrategia de desarrollo nacional, soberana, con empleo, equidad y seguridad humana para todos y, al mismo tiempo, la necesidad de incluir una política de Estado que involucre el desarrollo integral, la migración y los derechos humanos, la cual contemple las siete dimensiones migratorias del país como espacio de origen, tránsito, destino, retorno, desplazamientos, asilo y refugio. Asimismo, que integre la migración proveniente de Centroamérica como parte importante de la misma, en razón de la trascendencia creciente que tiene ya en varias de esas dimensiones en los diferentes flujos poblacionales del país.

A pesar de la importancia que tiene la población de México en el ámbito rural y la actividad económica que realiza, ésta se ha caracterizado por su histórica condición de pobreza y limitadas oportunidades de desarrollo. En el ámbito rural y entre los no pobres las transferencias monetarias representan el 21.7% del ingreso monetario del hogar y el 28.9% entre la población en pobreza. Entre ellas, las transferencia monetarias vía remesas internas e internacionales y los ingresos monetarios de programas gubernamentales son los más importantes, sin esos recursos el número de pobres sería de poco más de 19 millones, 12.7% más que los estimados considerando ambos rubros y la pobreza extrema rural alcanzaría a 6.3 millones de personas, 26.2% más de los estimados; mientras que la pobreza moderada sería de 12.7 millones de personas en lugar de los estimados en 11.9 millones, 7% más, favoreciendo que los grupos que las reciben sean altamente vulnerable sin esos recursos.

Antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) are versatile molecules with broad antimicrobial activity produced by representatives of the three domains of life. Also, there are derivatives of AMPs and artificial short peptides that can inhibit microbial growth. Beyond killing microbes, AMPs at grow sub-inhibitory concentrations also exhibit anti-virulence activity against critical pathogenic bacteria, including ESKAPE pathogens. Anti-virulence therapies are an alternative to antibiotics since they do not directly affect viability and growth, and they are considered less likely to generate resistance. Bacterial biofilms significantly increase antibiotic resistance and are linked to establishing chronic infections. Various AMPs can kill biofilm cells and eradicate infections in animal models. However, some can inhibit biofilm formation and promote dispersal at sub-growth inhibitory concentrations. These examples are discussed here, along with those of peptides that inhibit the expression of traits controlled by quorum sensing, such as the production of exoproteases, phenazines, surfactants, toxins, among others. In addition, specific targets that are determinants of virulence include secretion systems (type II, III, and VI) responsible for releasing effector proteins toxic to eukaryotic cells. This review summarizes the current knowledge on the anti-virulence properties of AMPs and the future directions of their research.

The process by which blood cells are generated has been widely studied in homeostasis and during pathogen-triggered inflammatory response. Recently, murine lungs have been shown to be a significant source of hematopoietic progenitors in a process known as extramedullary hematopoiesis. Using multiparametric flow cytometry, we have identified mesenchymal, endothelial, and hematopoietic progenitor cells that express the secreted small protein Isthmin 1 (ISM1). Further characterization of hematopoietic progenitor cells indicated that ISM1+ Lineage- Sca-1+ c-kit+ (ISM1+ LSK) cells are enriched in short-term hematopoietic stem cells (ST-HSCs). Moreover, most Sca-1+ ISM1+ cells express the residence marker CD49a, and this correlated with their localization in the extravascular region of the lung, indicating that ISM1+ cells are lung-resident cells. We also observed that ISM1+ cells express TLR4, TLR5, and TLR9, and, in a mouse model of sepsis induced by P. aeruginosa, we observed that all the LSK and ISM1+LSK cells were affected. We conclude that ISM1 is a novel biomarker associated with progenitor-like cells. ISM1+ cells are involved in the response to a bacterial challenge, suggesting an association between ISM1-producing cells and dangerous inflammatory responses like sepsis.

The usage of unmanned aircraft systems to complete routine, commercial, and industrial tasks has increased throughout the world, evidencing better profitability and reducing risks for operators. However, in some countries, there is a low implementation of unmanned aircraft systems, particularly in the electrical sector, due to a lack of appropriation or adaptation of technology to the local environment. Therefore, this paper presents an analysis of the uses of unmanned aircraft systems in the electrical industry worldwide and its possible application to a local context to identify how the expansion of unmanned aerial vehicles is helping various industries. The contribution of this paper is to show how the employment of unmanned aerial vehicles can help in any particular task in the electrical sector and the appropriation of these technologies in a country, showing a possible categorization of unmanned aerial vehicles based on future applications and current regulations. The analysis was carried out in the Colombian context, considering the current regulation and the impact of its use. This research considers safety, security, and privacy implications, including the reduction of personal harm with low operation costs. In addition, the importance of future implementations in Colombia is discussed as a topic of interest for any electrical company, researchers, and government entities.

Bdellovibrio bacteriovorus is one of the predatory bacteria; therefore, it can act as a novel “living antibiotic,” unlike the current antibiotics. Here the predation of Escherichia coli by B. bacteriovorus was inhibited in the presence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. This study investigated whether P. aeruginosa-induced predation inhibition is associated with bacterial quorum sensing (QS). Each las, rhl, or pqs QS mutant in P. aeruginosa was used to check the predatory activity of E. coli cells using B. bacteriovorus. As a result, the predatory activity of B. bacteriovorus increased in a mutant pqs QS system, whereas wild-type PA14 inhibited the predatory activity. Moreover, the addition of 4-hydroxy-2-heptylquinoline (HHQ) or the analog triggered the low predatory activity of B. bacteriovorus and killed B. bacteriovorus cells. Therefore, a defensive action of P. aeruginosa against B. bacteriovorus is activated by the pqs QS system, which produces some quinolone compounds such as HHQ.

The electrical industry is undergoing a deep digital transformation towards the consolidation of smart grids, which requires a high demand of data and information systems involved in the processes. Open data initiatives, which have been focused on open governance to a great extent, generate positive impacts on society and the economy in terms of easy access to public resources, agility, and transparency. These initiatives can also be adopted in the electrical industry (i.e., power, electrical, and energy systems) for customer engagement, collaboration with other industries, and reaching consensus. This study proposes the implementation of an open data solution for the electrical industry through the deployment of a data hub that offers digital services for smart city applications and the integration of the X-Road system to improve the security and interoperability of open data. This initiative aims to promote a wider adoption of open data in the electrical industry and prepare the latter for fully connected and collaborative digital ecosystems in smart cities, industries, and governments. This study also proposes an open data architecture for the interoperability of the electrical industry with other digital industries (through a Smart City Hub and the adoption of 5G technology), and it reports some relevant results and major findings in this regard. This paper highlights the benefits of promoting open data and technological strategies for digitized electrical systems while considering humans an essential factor. Finally, it discusses the pros and cons of the integration of X-Road with the electrical industry under the concept of smart grids for data exchange and potential applications.

Introduction: Chagas disease (CD) is caused by Trypanosoma cruzi . When acquired, the disease develops in stages. For diagnosis, laboratory confirmation is required, and an extensive assessment of the patient’s health should be performed. Treatment consists of the administration of trypanocidal drugs, which may cause severe adverse effects. The objective of our systematic review was to analyze data contained in the CD published case reports to understand the challenges that patients and clinicians face worldwide. Materials and methods: We performed a systematic review following the PRISMA guidance. PubMed database was explored using the terms ‘American trypanosomiasis’ or ‘Chagas disease’. Results were limited to human case reports written in English or Spanish. A total of 258 reports (322 patients) were included in the analysis. Metadata was obtained from each article. Following this, it was analyzed to obtain descriptive measures. Results: From the sample, 56.2% were males and 43.8% were females. Most cases were from endemic countries (85.4%). The most common clinical manifestations were fever during the acute stage (70.0%), dyspnea during the chronic stage in its cardiac form (53.7%), and constipation during the chronic stage in its digestive form (73.7%). Most patients were diagnosed in the chronic stage (72.0%). Treatment was administered in 56.2% of cases. The mortality rate for the acute stage cases was 24.4%, while for the chronic stage this was 28.4%. Discussion: CD is a parasitic disease endemic to Latin America, with increasing importance due to human and vector migration. In this review, we report reasons for delays in diagnosis and treatment, and trends in medical practices. Community awareness must be increased to improve CD’s diagnoses; health professionals should be appropriately trained to detect and treat infected individuals. Furthermore, public health policies are needed to increase the availability of screening and diagnostic tools, trypanocidal drugs, and, eventually, vaccines.

Pese a los diversos pronunciamientos en la campaña presidencial de Andrés López Obrador en contra del neoliberalismo y el extractivismo en la explotación de los recursos naturales de México, desde el inicio de su gestión presidencial el 1 de diciembre 2018, su discurso sobre la minería ha sido de respetar el extractivismo vigente por más de 40 años con 20 millones de hectáreas concesionadas a las grandes corporaciones mineras mexicanas y del exterior, planteando que dichas corporaciones deben funcionar como lo hacen fuera del país, cuidar el medio ambiente y otorgar mejores salarios. Frente a la existencia de cientos de conflictos sociales y desastres ambientales por las actividades mineras en México es de prever una mayor conflictividad entre cientos de comunidades, las corporaciones mineras y el Estado mexicano que sigue fortaleciendo el patrón de acumulación, reproducción y dominación neoliberal con grandes alianzas políticas con sus beneficiarios.

Biological monitoring is a method to know the dynamics of ecosystems. The project Bird Monitoring at Mapimi Biosphere Reserve (MBR), Durango started from 2012 to 2017 and we studied bird species richness, abundance, and diversity in winter and breeding season. Fieldwork was carried out at 122 monitoring sites inside the protected area. We recorded species and individuals identified visually and by ear during 10 and 20 minute periods. Plant cover was also estimated. During all the sampled (5 years) we recorded 149 species with the highest values in 2015. Lark Bunting (Calamospiza melanocorys) was the species with the largest number of individuals observed. We found significant statistical differences in richness (P 0.05).

Una adecuada coordinación de protecciones eléctricas es fundamental en los sistemas de potencia, con el fin de evitar desconexiones inesperadas que pueden desencadenar problemas en la operación de la red eléctrica y sus diferentes componentes. Aunque esta actividad tiene una alta complejidad en sistemas de gran tamaño, actualmente existen algunos métodos de coordinación de protecciones automáticos, los cuales han sido aplicados en casos de estudio. En este documento se desarrolla un algoritmo adaptativo de coordinación de cuatro relés de sobrecorriente direccionales, que se encuentran en dos líneas de transmisión adyacentes en el caso de estudio de nueve barras IEEE 9; dos protecciones por cada línea de transmisión seleccionada. Posteriormente se encuentra un análisis de los resultados obtenidos, explicando ciertas características del sistema de potencia y relacionándolas con el comportamiento de los parámetros de los relés ante los cambios en la topología de este. Finalmente, se mencionan las conclusiones sobre dichos resultados y el desempeño del algoritmo. Los aportes de este trabajo radican en el análisis de una alternativa innovadora en Colombia, que permita optimizar el uso del esquema de protecciones en un sistema de potencia. Asimismo, los resultados obtenidos permiten validar la implementación del algoritmo en equipos reales, para un piloto sobre un segmento de la red, el cual es propiedad de CODENSA.

Aunque el espacio de este artículo es muy escaso para exponer a detalle los vínculos entre estos tres aspectos, es posible establecer puntos de enlace que marquen una semblanza inicial de estas relaciones, enfocándonos fundamentalmente en su efecto, respecto a la definición y cristalización de políticas en los municipios mexicanos. El presente trabajo constituye solamente una primera aproximación, en la que se explora la transformación paulatina de los modos para llegar a la decisión pública en nuestro país y el cambio relativo del peso potencial de los actores ubicados en cada uno de los niveles formales de gobierno. Se trata, ante todo, de trazar coordenadas para explorar las vinculaciones entre los cambios macro —tanto en la economía como en la política— y las relaciones intergubernamentales que se dibujan en el futuro inmediato, haciendo un énfasis particular en el llamado nuevo federalismo. Aunque conscientes de la limitación de una aproximación de este tipo, el orden temático delinea una conexión desde la contextualización global hasta las limitaciones concretas para mejorar los resultados de las políticas específicas dentro de los espacios locales.

Quorum sensing (QS) and type III secretion systems (T3SSs) are among the most attractive anti-virulence targets for combating multidrug-resistant pathogenic bacteria. Some halogenated furanones reduce QS-associated virulence, but their role in T3SS inhibition remains unclear. This study aimed to assess the inhibition of these two systems on Pseudomonas aeruginosa virulence. The halogenated furanones (Z)-4-bromo-5-(bromomethylene)-2(5H) (C-30) and 5-(dibromomethylene)-2(5H) (named hereafter GBr) were synthesized, and their ability to inhibit the secretion of type III exoenzymes and QS-controlled virulence factors was analyzed in P. aeruginosa PA14 and two clinical isolates. Furthermore, their ability to prevent bacterial establishment was determined in a murine cutaneous abscess model. The GBr furanone reduced pyocyanin production, biofilm formation, and swarming motility in the same manner or more effectively than C-30. Moreover, both furanones inhibited the secretion of ExoS, ExoT, or ExoU effectors in all tested strains. The administration of GBr (25 and 50 µM) to CD1 mice infected with the PA14 strain significantly decreased necrosis formation in the inoculation zone and the systemic spread of bacteria more efficiently than C-30 (50 µM). Molecular docking analysis suggested that the gem position of bromine in GBr increases its affinity for the active site of the QS LasR regulator. Overall, our findings showed that the GBr furanone displayed efficient multi-target properties that may favor the development of more effective anti-virulence therapies.

The recent increase in bacterial resistance to antibiotics has motivated the resurgence of the study of natural antimicrobial products. For centuries, plants have been recognized for their bactericidal properties. However, in the last two decades, it has been reported that several plant derived metabolites at growth subinhibitory concentrations also tend to have anti-virulence properties, since they reduce the expression of factors that cause damage and the establishment of pathogenic bacteria. In this area of study, plants have been positioned as one of the main natural sources of anti-virulence molecules, but only a small portion of the plant species that exist have been investigated. Also, anti-virulence studies have been primarily focused on analyzing the ability of extracts and compounds to inhibit quorum sensing and biofilms formation in vitro. This mini-review discusses the current panorama, the trends in the study of anti-virulence phytochemicals, as well as their potential for the development of antibacterial therapies.

Blocking virulence is a promising alternative to counteract Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections. In this regard, the phenomenon of cell-cell communication by quorum sensing (QS) is an important anti-virulence target. In this field, fatty acids (FA) have gained notoriety for their role as autoinducers, as well as anti-virulence molecules in vitro, like some saturated FA (SAFA). In this study, we analyzed the anti-virulence activity of SAFA with 12 to18 carbon atoms and compared their effect with the putative autoinducer cis-2-decenoic acid (CDA). The effect of SAFA on six QS-regulated virulence factors and on the secretion of the exoenzyme ExoU was evaluated. In addition, a murine cutaneous infection model was used to determine their influence on the establishment and damage caused by P. aeruginosa PA14. Dodecanoic (lauric, C12:0) and tetradecanoic (myristic, C14:0) acids (SAFA C12-14) reduced the production of pyocyanin by 35–58% at 40 and 1,000 µM, while CDA inhibited it 62% at a 3.1 µM concentration. Moreover, the SAFA C12-14 reduced swarming by 90% without affecting biofilm formation. In contrast, CDA reduced the biofilm by 57% at 3 µM but did not affect swarming. Furthermore, lauric and myristic acids abolished ExoU secretion at 100 and 50 µM respectively, while CDA reduced it by ≈ 92% at 100 µM. Remarkably, the coadministration of myristic acid (200 and 1,000 µM) with P. aeruginosa PA14 induced greater damage and reduced survival of the animals up to 50%, whereas CDA to 500 µM reduced the damage without affecting the viability of the PA14 strain. Hence, our results show that SAFA C12-14 and CDA have a role in regulation of P. aeruginosa virulence, although their inhibition/activation molecular mechanisms are different in complex environments such as in vivo systems.

Schottky barrier diodes, developed by low-cost techniques and low temperature processes (LTP-SBD), have gained attention for different kinds of novel applications, including flexible electronic fabrication. This work analyzes the behavior of the I–V characteristic of solution processed, ZnO Schottky barrier diodes, fabricated at a low temperature. It is shown that the use of standard extraction methods to determine diode parameters in these devices produce significant dispersion of the ideality factor with values from 2.2 to 4.1, as well as a dependence on the diode area without physical meaning. The analysis of simulated I–V characteristic of LTP-SBD, and its comparison with experimental measurements, confirmed that it is necessary to consider the presence of a density of states (DOS) in the semiconductor gap, to understand specific changes observed in their performance, with respect to standard SBDs. These changes include increased values of Rs, as well as its dependence on bias, an important reduction of the diode current and small rectification values (RR). Additionally, it is shown that the standard extraction methodologies cannot be used to obtain diode parameters of LTP-SBD, as it is necessary to develop adequate parameter extraction methodologies for them.

If there is something we have learned from the antibiotic era, it is that indiscriminate use of a therapeutic agent without a clear understanding of its long-term evolutionary impact can have enormous health repercussions. This knowledge is particularly relevant when the therapeutic agents are remarkably adaptable and diverse biological entities capable of a plethora of interactions, most of which remain largely unexplored. Although phage therapy (PT) undoubtedly holds the potential to save lives, its current efficacy in case studies recalls the golden era of antibiotics, when these compounds were highly effective and the possibility of them becoming ineffective seemed remote. Safe PT schemes depend on our understanding of how phages interact with, and evolve in, highly complex environments. Here, we summarize and review emerging evidence in a commonly overlooked theme in PT: bacteria-phage interactions. In particular, we discuss the influence of quorum sensing (QS) on phage susceptibility, the consequent role of phages in modulating bacterial cooperation, and the potential implications of this relationship in PT, including how we can use this knowledge to inform PT strategies. We highlight that the influence of QS on phage susceptibility seems to be widespread but can have contrasting outcomes depending on the bacterial host, underscoring the need to thoroughly characterize this link in various bacterial models. Furthermore, we encourage researchers to exploit competition experiments, experimental evolution, and mathematical modeling to explore this relationship further in relevant infection models. Finally, we emphasize that long-term PT success requires research on phage ecology and evolution to inform the design of optimal therapeutic schemes.

Dadas las diferencias entre activos físicos y activos de TI (también llamados activos digitales), se propone una metodología para gestionar la obsolescencia de los activos digitales, que busca apoyar la toma de decisiones basado en el riesgo de obsolescencia. El objetivo es identificar la probabilidad y el impacto de la obsolescencia sobre cada activo para determinar las acciones que deben ejecutarse. Se implementaron algunos pasos de la metodología en cuatro activos digitales que se emplean en el sector eléctrico colombiano. La metodología puede ser usada y adaptada por cualquier empresa para gestionar los activos de TI, ya sea hardware o software.

Resumen: Pese a los diversos pronunciamientos en la campaña presidencial de Andrés López Obrador en contra del neoliberalismo y el extractivismo en la explotación de los recursos naturales de México, desde el inicio de su gestión presidencial el 1 de diciembre 2018, su discurso sobre la minería ha sido de respetar el extractivismo vigente por más de 40 años con 20 millones de hectáreas concesionadas a las grandes corporaciones mineras mexicanas y del exterior, planteando que dichas corporaciones deben funcionar como lo hacen fuera del país, cuidar el medio ambiente y otorgar mejores salarios. Frente a la existencia de cientos de conflictos sociales y desastres ambientales por las actividades mineras en México es de prever una mayor conflictividad entre cientos de comunidades, las corporaciones mineras y el Estado mexicano que sigue fortaleciendo el patrón de acumulación, reproducción y dominación neoliberal con grandes alianzas políticas con sus beneficiarios. Resumo: Apesar dos vários pronunciamentos na campanha presidencial de Andrés López Obrador contra o neoliberalismo e o extrativismo na exploração dos recursos naturais do México, desde o início de seu mandato presidencial em 1º de dezembro de 2018, seu discurso sobre mineração foi respeitar o extrativismo em vigor há mais de 40 anos, com 20 milhões de hectares concedidos a grandes empresas de mineração mexicanas e estrangeiras, propondo que essas empresas funcionem como fora do país, cuidem do meio ambiente e concedam melhores salários. Diante da existência de centenas de conflitos sociais e desastres ambientais devido às atividades de mineração no México, espera-se que conflitos entre centenas de comunidades, empresas de mineração e o Estado mexicano continuem a fortalecer o padrão de acumulação, reprodução e dominação neoliberal com grande alianças políticas com seus beneficiários. Abstract: Despite various pronouncements in Andrés López Obrador's presidential campaign against neoliberalism and extractivism in the exploitation of Mexico's natural resources, since the beginning of his presidential term on December 1, 2018, his speech on mining has been to respect extractivism in force for more than 40 years with 20 million hectares concessioned to large Mexican and foreign mining corporations, proposing that said corporations should function as they do outside the country, take care of the environment and grant better wages. Faced with the existence of hundreds of social conflicts and environmental disasters due to mining activities in Mexico, it is to be expected that conflicts between hundreds of communities, mining corporations and the Mexican State will continue to strengthen the pattern of neoliberal accumulation, reproduction and domination with great political alliances with its beneficiaries.

Background: Using molecules that inhibit bacterial virulence is a potential strategy to fight infections, with the advantage that, in contrast to bactericidal compounds, they do not induce resistance. Several compounds with anti-virulence properties have been identified in plants, however, they represent a small portion of the total diversity, and in Mexico there are still few studies on this matter. Hypothesis: Extracts of species of the Tillandsia genus inhibit the expression of diverse virulence factors without affecting the bacterial growth. Studied species: Tillandsia recurvata (L.) L., T. schiedeana Steud. and T. fasciculata Sw. Study site and date: These species were collected in December 2016 in the municipalities of Ixtlahuaca and Santo Tomás de los Plátanos, State of Mexico. Methods: The ability of dichloromethane (CH2Cl2) and methanol (CH3OH) extracts to inhibit production of violacein in Chromobacterium violaceum was evaluated, as well as the virulence factors regulated by quorum sensing, motility and biofilm in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. In addition, the bioactive fractions obtained were partially identified by 1H NMR. Results: CH2Cl2 and CH3OH extracts reduced violacein production from 43 to 85 %, but only those from CH2Cl2 reduced protease activity, biofilm formation and swarming. Interestingly, CH3OH extracts stimulated the formation of biofilms by up to 37 %. Presence of terpenes and phenolic compounds in these species was confirmed. In T. schiedeana glycosylated compounds and cycloartane-type triterpenes were identified. Conclusion: The species of Tillandsia show anti-virulence activity, mainly on factors related to adhesion and dispersion in Pseudomonas aeruginosa.

Medical data are often tricky to get mined for patterns even by the generally demonstrated successful modern methodologies of deep learning. This paper puts forward such a medical classification task, where patient registers of two of the categories are sometimes hard to be distinguished because of samples showing characteristics of both labels in turn in several repetitions of the screening procedure. To this end, the current research appoints a pre-processing clustering step (through self-organizing maps) to group the data based on shape similarity and relabel it accordingly. Subsequently, a deep learning approach (a tandem of convolutional and long short-term memory networks) performs the training classification phase on the 'cleaned' samples. The dual methodology was applied for the computational diagnosis of electrooculography tests within spino-cerebral ataxia of type 2. The accuracy obtained for the discrimination into three classes was of 78.24%. The improvement that this duo brings over the deep learner alone does not stem from significantly higher accuracy results when the performance is considered for all classes. The major finding of this combination is that half of the presymptomatic cases were correctly found, in opposition to the single deep model, where this category was sacrificed by the learner in favor of a good accuracy overall. A high accuracy in general is desirable for any medical task, however the correct identification of cases before the symptoms become evident is more important.