Search

Traditionally, the university is understood to be a custodian/depositary of common values, knowledge and inheritance of human cultures and civilization. In contrast to mere libraries, as well as to the complexity of the Internet, the uniqueness of the university consists of the fact that it coagulates individuals who interact in one-of-a-kind manner with this intellectual treasure. The activities associated with universities reside not only in the rigid preservation of knowledge but also in its flexible rediscovery, i.e., by discerning valuable ideas from the works of past scholars, on top of which comes the exploration of fresh views and their partaking with future generations of peer researchers for keen reflection. Still, judging the university’s performance, which these days focuses chiefly on measurable, quantitative, scientometric indicators, should not obscure one distinctive trait of this institution, namely the sustenance of a tradition, as a qualitative expression of its life. Translating this idea into present verbiage, we identify a sense of “profound sustainability”. In this essay, we have opened up four reflection fronts regarding “sustainable universities”. The first one reviews the conventional literature on sustainability, in the ecological sense, and responds with a broader view: that of a generic socio-cultural ecosystem, that is embodied by both the university itself and the surrounding community which integrates it. The second front outlines the constitutive ingredients of such deep sustainability. Thus, we emphasize two paramount facets: “cultural lastingness” and “academic freedom”. The third front radiographs what is sustainable, broadly speaking, in the institution of the university, identifying it in the societal landscape by the invariant features of time/space that make it both different and desirable in comparison with other educational-cultural forms. Finally, the fourth front highlights a paradoxical posture. We argue that this much-fetishized and politically-charged pursual for “new sustainability” ends up in eroding “old sustainability”, viz., the cultural/generic/profound meaning of it. The main take of this essay is that we need to wittily defend the very “university tradition” from the excesses of faulty modernity.

Today, more than ever, the consumer has become the centre of these concerns, and health information technology is seen as an integrated function of the work of health care institutions. Therewith, emotional intelligence equips the employee with the attitude needed for a customer service position. This paper aims to study online health service qualities and other underlying factors that influence customers' behavioural intentions towards using online health information in Romania. The empirical research builds on a survey with a sample of 850 consumers, using a questionnaire which analyses the customers' satisfactions of online health information. The results show that the major objective behind this digitalization health is to attract more customers, improve their satisfactions, and encourage loyalty towards online health information delivery channels. Romania providers often use the quality of online health services as a means of differentiation for their survival in the competitive environment as well as to gain a competitive edge.

In this article, the authors propose an analysis of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept together with an emphasis on the role it plays in the context of sustainable development. The article includes a synthesis of the various theoretical approaches to CSR, an overview of the development of CSR practices at a national and an international level, certain authors' for and against arguments are related to generalising these practices, trends regarding CSR practices at international level, as well as an analysis of the CSR practices in Romania. The research conclusions express the author's own points of view on the development of corporate social responsibility initiatives at company level and the related benefits thereof.

The measures imposed by the governments to stop the spreading of SARS-CoV-2 virus, especially those referring to the mandatory character of physical distancing, determined more and more organizations to introduce teleworking, starting with March 2020. This paper analyses the factors that influence the option of the employees to continue teleworking also during the COVID-19 post-pandemic period. The research relies upon a survey conducted onto 377 persons living in Bucharest and neighbouring zones, who had at least 20 active days of teleworking during the emergency and/or alert state established by public authorities due to the pandemic. In order to identify the determining factors of the decision to continue with teleworking after the end of this pandemic, the answers were processed following a LOGIT-type model. The results of the research show that there are no statistically relevant relations between the desire to continue with teleworking and factors as: legal nature of the company’s capital (private capital, state capital or mixed), education level, sex of the responding person, employer’s training regarding the pandemic issue, the logistics the employer provided, and, surprisingly, the advantages and disadvantages the future brings in the case of this type of working. However, the bias to continue with teleworking significantly depends on three factors: the field of activity, the age of the employee, and the general evaluation of the experience that the involved persons had with ”remote” working. Thus, the probability to desire to go on with teleworking even after the end of the pandemic increases if the field of activity is IT and also if the persons are younger, while an experience with working from home evaluated as being rather unpleasant leads to a statistically relevant reduction of the probability of a person to desire to go on with teleworking. © 2021, Amfiteatru Economic. All Rights Reserved.

In their scientific endeavour, the authors aim at analysing the concepts of social entrepreneurship and social economy, as well as emphasising the role these concepts play in sustainable business development and in the economic development of society as a whole. At the same time, several aspects of social enterprises are presented and their importance in the Romanian economic environment is emphasised. As these are two relatively new concepts in the social economy in Romania, the authors refer to the specialised literature throughout their research. The authors present several of the opportunities and challenges raised by social economy. The importance of financing is emphasised by means of presenting the organisations' financing sources which are specific to social economy. The conclusions to this research include some of the authors' own viewpoints, with reference to the aspects of social entrepreneurship – social enterprises – social economy and their role in overall economic development.

In this article, the authors propose an analysis of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept together with an emphasis on the role it plays in the context of sustainable development. The article includes a synthesis of the various theoretical approaches to CSR, an overview of the development of CSR practices at a national and an international level, certain authors' for and against arguments are related to generalising these practices, trends regarding CSR practices at international level, as well as an analysis of the CSR practices in Romania. The research conclusions express the author's own points of view on the development of corporate social responsibility initiatives at company level and the related benefits thereof.

The scientific approach of the authors' aims at highlighting the performance of the Romanian enterprises, based on the statistical indicators, and their competitiveness in the national and European economic space. Romanian companies are facing a decline in productivity lately, mainly due to a shortage of qualified workforce. Exodus of the skilled labor force towards the European market has led, most of the time, especially among small and medium enterprises, to reducing their activity, decreasing their productivity, and implicitly, to decreasing the profit rate. In this context, the competitiveness of Romanian companies in the European economic space has dropped considerably. Throughout the research, the authors highlight the economic impact due to the use of an unskilled workforce, which led to a low productivity and a decrease in the performance of the enterprises. The research is the results of the analysis of the statistical data, mainly provided by National Institute of Statistics surveys.

The digital era has brought along the exponential growth of the economic and technological opportunities that entities can access and implement in the development of their own activities, along with a series of threats with strategic impact. Being a global, multinational, sustainable, profitable, and credible concept, it also involves a leadership connected to market threats for the entity. Moreover, this leadership must be adaptable, identifying with the vision of the entity and conveying it to its members through the organizational culture it cultivates, but above all a leader who understands and is aware of the functioning of the entity, both managerially and economically. And in order to achieve this, a permanent assessment and re-evaluation of the entity's performance is imperative. This chapter seeks to understand the economic and managerial mechanisms of operation to base the making of pertinent, real, and especially timely decisions in counteracting the threats of a turbulent environment while increasing the potential of the entity.

The aim of this research is to assess the impact of the economic shocks of supply and demand generated by the COVID-19 crisis on the climate sphere at the level of the Member States of the European Union. In this respect, a macroeconomic model was used to obtain firstly an estimate of the measure of demand shock and secondly an estimate of the supply of the economy. These milestones were eventually used to estimate the impact of the two economic shocks on the level of greenhouse gas emissions. The obtained results show that both the shock from the aggregate demand area and that from the aggregate supply area had the effect of decreasing the level of greenhouse gases, leading to a positive effect on the environment. From a quantitative point of view, the model estimates show that, as a result of the manifestation of the two cumulative shocks, the level of greenhouse gas emissions could decrease by about 10%.

The authors propose an analysis of the corporate social responsibility (CSR) concept together with an emphasis on the role it plays in the context of sustainable development. As this is a concept with a relatively brief history in the Romanian business environment, the authors include references to relevant papers in the specialised literature throughout this chapter. The chapter includes a synthesis of the various theoretical approaches to CSR, an overview of the CSR practices development at national and international level, certain authors' for and against arguments related to generalising these practices, trends regarding CSR practices at international level, as well as an analysis of the CSR practices in Romania. The research conclusions express own points of view on the development of corporate social responsibility initiatives at company level and the related benefits thereof.

The present paper studies the level of local financial autonomy in our country, in relation to the capacity of communities to face local public expenditures. Our analysis targets local own revenues and main components, discussing the impact that transfers and subsidies may have on the degree of local financial decentralization, as they are considered or not own revenues. According to the results of our research, Romania’s present time reached only the stage of deconcentration, because of two reasons: poor local financial decision independence and reduced and unproportional economic development.

Comparative judgements related to economic systems (along with pending political ideologies) represent a subject of investigation that, at first glance, appertains to the “ABC” of social sciences, although the “literacy” of policy-makers, business officials, or public opinion reveals surprising understanding flaws. The academic environment – where there is a tacit consensus on the interdisciplinary character of such an approach, on the perpetual relevance within the various (sub)disciplines, and on the somewhat exhaustion of the subordinated debates – remains subtly divided on a series of theoretical delimitations or historical evidence. This article aims to highlight a (sub)domain of the comparative analysis regarding the economic systems in which the literature is not as polarized as it is rarefied: what roots and reverberations does “social responsibility” have within the main economic systems and where and how its “ecological sustainability” component manifests itself? The present research targets to critically and originally review, in a “bioeconomic” key, the way in which social responsibility underlying sustainability is perceived, penetrated and practiced within pure liberal capitalism / market economy, canonical socialism / command economy, and real-world interventionism / mixed economy, offering both a priori insights and empirical illustrations.

Study of the economic phenomena is a common practice, resulting in the need for understanding the complexity of the economic realities that are in a continuous process of expansion. This is possible by specific analysis, able to synthesize and explain the economic phenomena, even that the investigation is whether vertically or horizontally. In the empirical analysis of the economic phenomena should be taken into account some stages, and the distortions that can occur for various reasons. Paper aim is to bring some of those distortions that, once known, allow modeling the real data as close to the essence of economic phenomena.

The present scientific study aims at analyzing the total public debt of Romania. Under the actual circumstances, we have considered necessary studying the relation between the internal and the external public debt, which is influenced by objective, subjective and also political factors. At the same time, in this research work, the authors begin by the structure and the service of the internal public debt, then the analysis continues with the presentation of the structure and service of the external public debt. The study ends with the resulting conclusions.

In their research, the authors started from the premise that, in an emerging economy, it is important that the fiscal, budget and monetary policy measures should keep the long-term indebtedness level constant, so that the amount of public debt should increase at the same rate as the nominal GDP. In this context, the monetary policy must have as main objective to control inflation, because the inflation rate directly influences the long-term nominal GDP growth rate. Yet, this monetary policy direction must be supervised permanently, because a high long-term inflation rate leads to an increase in the nominal GDP, contributing to the increase in the nominal interest rate. Besides, the monetary policy combined with the fiscal-budgetary policy must aim at covering the budget deficits and at decreasing the public debt. In our opinion, chronic budget deficits and a high public debt level have a negative impact on economic growth. Consequently, the two budget indicators must be analysed in correlation with the GDP. We consider that both Romania as a European Union member state, and the other member states must permanently revise, through specific procedures, the budget deficit level in relation to the GDP and the indebtedness level.

The need to reduce public spending in the developing process and funding of public services has led to the introduction of performance indicators in the public institutions. Moreover, the need to optimize the educational activity, the implementation of an efficient management, insuring the quality and the compatibility of the educational systems has led to numerous investigations in this area by adopting, as a theoretical reference framework some organizational models to explain the functionality of the educational system and to define a performance appraisal system. Each model generated by default a certain philosophy regarding the evaluation methods of the institutional performance, design and use of the performance indicators on education institutions .

Education as an essential activity in the development of society has seen major transformations, from which the new methods and models of the modern educational system have resulted. The relationship between the individual and society becomes more complex via education, as the individual gains the capability to make his contribution that would balance the benefits of his living among other individuals. In this context, education represents the basis of a society oriented towards the future, knowledge becomes the main component of the economic and social growth, and the economic crisis becomes an impediment in the development of the knowledge-based society. Therefore, the development of the knowledge based society is dependent on the creation of knowledge, on its spreading via education and tuition and on its dissemination via communication and on its involvement in technological innovation.

In our opinion, the quantification of human capital is a complex process faced with difficulties. The research starts with the standard measure of human capital – the number of years of schooling – and elaborates a brief analysis of the shortcomings of its quantification. Among these, there are highlighted the differences in the quality of schooling, unreflected by the number of years of schooling, th difficulty of quantifying symbolic capital and informal education, the role of cognitive skills and that of the innate ones, etc. By the research undertaken, the authors advocate for supporting a new paradigm for the conceptualization and quantification of human capital in order to provide a better foundation of educational policies.

The Economics of the firm is affecting in the latest year of a changing perspective, from the firm like production function and market actor to internal organization of the firm. Producing suppose resource allocation by the entrepreneurs or/and managers and cooperation between individuals inside the firm. The existence of the firm like institution implies transaction costs, agency costs, the costs of creating incitation and the costs of reducing flexibility. In addition, the existence of the corporations modifies the costs of transaction and acts like a catalyst for the creation and developments of the other firms.

In the comparative study the authors analyze the relationship between the amount of public funds used for financing higher education, the financing mechanisms and the performance obtained by these, within the European Union member states. The performance criteria used for the optimization of the equilibrium between financial resources and the results of public higher education are also established. For this purpose, a series of performance indicators are analyzed in some of the European Union member states. Based on the research performed, the authors find differences between the European Union member states in higher education public funds financing, the new formulas and the financing mechanisms and in the use of performance, quantified by indicators. At the level of each of the member states, a relationship between public funds and performance is observed, each state using its own indicators evaluation system for establishing the amount of public funds to be used. The authors of the research recommend that the new financing mechanisms should transform the policies in activities and resources and establish a rigours context of responsibility that should guarantee the connexion between funds and the results obtained quantified in performance.

Globalization has polarized the world, transforming the economic landscape. Geography is obsolete, financial flow increases everywhere at both national and global level, covering geographic regions that are a world apart, and economic entities have set as their primary objective the maximization of stock value. Given all the above the study with respect to the reality and creativity of the entities' financial performance, emphasizes the fact that financial performance may be disguised by professional accountants, who are endowed with "creativity" and "protecting" the accounting methods available.Analyzing the traditional way financial performance of economic entities is reproduced, the profit and loss account, we had to wonder how real it was. The answer can only be imprecise: a financial performance that is as realistic as possible. Why? Because the liberty economic entities have to choose the treatments and accounting techniques leads to a misrepresentation of their actual financial performance. In this sense, our research studies the impact that treatment and accounting policies (recommended by the International Accounting Standards and frequently used by Romanian economic entities) have on the financial performance mirrored by the profit and loss account. Will the financial information receivers let themselves deceived by the craftsmanship of the management and professional accountants to build a "magical" financial performance? How long can be hidden and disguised the bad news regarding the low financial performance reflected in the profit and loss account? Not forever, of course, because there are also techniques and means for detecting these.Our study highlights that in order to estimate the financial performance of the economic entities it is necessary to go beyond the results of the exercise, which can be deceiving, and study the economic, overall result as well as the treasury result.The specialists' creativity and the possible options of international accounting policies and procedures make it advisable for us to pay a lot more attention to the information regarding the financial performance of economic entities.

Sustainable development has polarized the entire world, unveiling a new order of the global economy. In an economic vision, the new concept of human development implies the establishment of a suitable economic policy, monitoring it and encouraging investment and savings. The banking system has its determining role in an economy, being known that a country's destiny depends on its financial capital.An economy cannot be stable if its credit institutions are not.What is the mission of credit institutions? To stabilize the economy, attract in order to best use the populations savings, the development of the private sector, are just a few of their attributes. Through the nature of their activities, credit institutions are exposed to a wide variety of risks, usually interdependent, which affect the liquidity and solvability of the economic entity and through this the durability of the banking system.Globalization also generates a supplementary risk because of the different procedures and practices applied by the states in areas like price regulations and custody, judicial systems, market instruments, regulations on presenting financial information and accounting standards. Given the globalization context the banking world will not remain the same, through mergers or acquisitions small credit institutions will disappear, in a world dominated by strong financial entities capable of handling a tough competition.The insufficient information and knowledge on the customers of the new arrivals on the credit market; trust and panic in the banking world accentuates the vulnerability of the banking system. Thus, can the banking system contribute to ensuring a sustain development? In this matter our study analysis complex problems with which the banking system is confronted, but also the necessary pillars in creating sustained development: The Basel Agreement II, internal control, internal auditing and external auditing.But the only persons who can appreciate the sustainable development of a country are its people. Our study offers a positive answer to the question "do people live better today then before?"

Considering the scientific, technological, ecological and managerial progress, the exigencies towards supply and demand on the labor market have substantially increased. The specific negotiations of this market focus on the quality, structure and creative capacity of labor resources. Reality shows that acquiring capital is associated with acquiring knowledge along the development of human personality in the new terms, in which knowledge increases, multiplies and diversifies through usage, becoming an inexhaustible resource for the social and economic development. The theory of human capital has a large audience at present, being used for the qualitative stimulation of mechanisms on the labor market, meaning that based on it the processes of salary differentiation, migration, searching jobs adequate to the individual’s training level and aspirations are explained. The decision to invest in human capital considers the increased requirements towards the labor market demand and supply, being mainly based on a cost – benefit analysis, in which costs include both direct and indirect expenses, the later ones transformed into opportunity cost terms. These opportunity costs represent the incomes that could have been obtained by entering the labor market instead of continuing studies. The labor market’s vectors adjust the total costs and earnings resulted from obtaining the educational human capital, while the individuals evaluate according to their personal criteria the opportunity to invest in education. The contemporary dynamism of the labor market requires not only the rational conceptual frame but also the accents of actions in the plan of economic process, having immediate effects upon the main strategic directions of economic development. For the entire mechanism specific to the labor market that is under permanent segmentation, a crucial role is played by the investment in human capital (that is - investment in the education of individuals). Thus, the main characteristic of the new knowledge based society is the increased role and functions of human capital, as an essential element of labor market.

Romania's regional policy is oriented today towards the eight regions of development. That is why, in order to understand the nature and dynamics of the regional disparities, poverty and social exclusion we shall analyze the main changes occurred in the human development process in Romania, in the last sixteen years. In order to achieve an accurate evaluation, we shall use indicators of regional economic development such as: unemployment indicator, occupation indicator, average number of employees, GDP, business figure of some companies from areas such as industry, construction, commerce and services. In order to develop a best suitable framework for analysis and measurements of the changes occurred at local and regional level, amongst the inclusion of classical indicators such as: the GDP and gross medium income we shall include four other fundamental dimensions: the occupational matrix of the active population; the professional and occupational mobility of the population in the last sixteen years; the social exclusion phenomenon (marginalization) and the integrating phenomenon (inclusion) and participation of the labour force in the new market economy. In order for the analysis of the disparities in Romania to be more relevant we shall comprise data, in comparison at historical regional level, not taking into account the new regions of development. Also our analysis on human development must be placed in the context of our days, by highlighting the actual tendencies and social structure at national level. In order to consolidate the ties between human development at local and regional level with other conditions (e. q. economic growth, macro-economic policies, distribution of financial resources) we mustn't promote only the accumulation of human capital (investment in education, health system) but also we must bear in mind the increase of opportunities at regional and local level which people might take on by participating at the economic, social or political life. Thus national policies are the corner stone for realizing the needs for regional and local human development, and if this are well targeted they can consolidate the benefits generated by the level of development. In conclusion, the new socio-economic structure of Romania that has appeared in the last sixteen years of transition may be explained through the process of social mobility due to the economic, social and political reforms made after 1989.

At international level the preoccupations with social responsibility have a long history. In Romania the concept is relatively new, but it has become more visible during the last years. A thorough insight of the benefits and costs of social responsibility highlights a series of aspects. Generally, behind the adoption of certain social responsibility policies there are interests like the improvement of the company's image, the rise in sales and profit and finally the moral purposes.Sophocles used to say that "any benefactor thinks at himself also in a certain degree". As far as the Romanian companies are concerned, this implies that the main purpose of the corporative social programs they develop is the gaining awareness in mass media. Our paper shows that, unfortunately, many companies are only interested in the mass media coverage of such events. The commitment towards community is very often on short term horizon and does not have a solid ground, being mainly a PR exercise.

The present scientific work aims at establishing the connection between the sustainability and the management of public debt both as hot stringent issues, and as strategic components of the state public policies. The authors analyze the relationship between public debt and some macroeconomic variables, by using a model structured on two time periods. Also, the study the same relationship based on data concerning public debt as a quota of the GDP (%) and the economic growth as a quota of the GDP (%) in 2009, by applying the econometric models for several European Union members. Therefore, the results of the present research highlight the role played by the debt management in ensuring the debt sustainability and also prove that the connection between the economic growth and the public debt is indirect and only medium strong, due to the results obtained after applying a unifactorial econometric model.

Within the performed survey, the authors analyze the benchmarking definitive elements, identify the main categories of the approach referring to benchmarking, and underline the positive aspects and the critics in connection with it. All the said aspects are analyzed in order to set forth a basis for benchmarking application within the public institutions, such way to lead to the improvement of quality and performance management. It is evidenced that benchmarking does not refer only to performance’ measurement, but, it represents a strategy aiming public institutions reach a certain competitive level.

This paper is a scientific approach on how education and training, two instrumental components of the knowledge-based society, contribute to economic growth and sustainable development. The article undertakes a research on the two main objectives of the Europe 2020 Strategy for education and training, which aims to reach the target related to reducing early school drop-out rate and increasing the share of employed graduates aged between 30-34 years old having successfully completed tertiary education. It also contains the results of the new econometric modeling applied by JRC-EUCAR-'s Center for Research on Lifelong Learning(CRELL).

The authors’ scientific approach highlights the method to allocate resources for investments to modernize two laboratories within a school, using linear programming. The study aims to achieve maximum profit by upgrading the two laboratories. We made recommendations with respect to the optimum solution. However, using optimization conception is only possible if the conditions for achieving the relevant decisions are correctly formulated and the efficiency criterion is known. Using linear programming method recommendations can be developed related to economically optimal decisions regarding especially the investment resource allocation.

The authors of the research analyze the impact and the effects of the financial crisis upon the emerging and developing countries. Moreover, the impact of the international economic crisis upon the new member states of the European Union has proved to be more severe than it had been anticipated a few months before, and its effects appeared immediately. Also, the study shows how important it is for the developing countries to take immediate, decided and systematic measures, to be ready for future events, in order to reduce the recession risks. A correct management of the crisis besides prevention policies and strategies also involves management methods corresponding to the type of crisis.

The scientific approach highlights the contribution of human capital in achieving economic growth. Theoretical considerations are presented first regarding theories and neoclassical growth models, and then some contributions of human capital and education to economic growth. In the present context it was considered necessary to study the influence of human capital on economic growth as the link between the two is obvious: human capital through education contributes to society and the quality of education depends on the level of development. Also, the authors present some empirical studies on the effects (results) of education on economic growth.

The performance orientation of the higher education system, along with its evaluation and financing according to quality criteria may remain unfulfilled objectives if there will not be the desire and determination to promote and apply such policies. Today’s system of funding the public higher education system is based on the assumption that the state has the obligation to provide the funding, while the institutions and the students carry little responsibility compared to the resources allocated to them. Without an own financial effort from the student s’ side comes little responsibility for the quality of the received tuition, while without financial effort on the educational institution’s side there is little preoccupation for providing a quality service. It is of the utmost urgency that the present funding system be modified, in a fashion that would allow creating an educational system acting as a competitive educational services market, where the access to state funds should be granted selectively to universities and students depending on the performance demonstrated by certain indicators. To conclude, it is irrelevant what the amount of funds allocated from the state budget is, while the efficiency of their administration is not sufficiently focused on increasing the system’s overall performance.

At European level, the allocation of a small amount of financial resources to education as a percentage of GDP associated with major economic difficulties affected the whole structure of the education expenditure: by type of expenditure, level of education and residence type.State intervention in educational activity requires to be aware of the amount of public expenditure conducted by public bodies, both central and local authorities, to finance this activity. Funding education must provide incentives to ensure efficiency as it is important not only for being the base of a proper organization of the educational activity, but also because it can improve its content.

The main purpose of the actual paper is to analyze if the phenomenon of immigration has any impact on developing the underground economy for the destination countries and if the size of the underground economy determines any change in the number of legal immigrants, in the European Union. Thus, the research question refers to: Is there any relation between the immigration phenomenon and the underground economy in the EU countries and to what extent is related to? In order to check the relation between the two facts, was performed a Panel Data analysis, using data from 22 EU member states over the period between 2008 and 2015. Meanwhile, was tested the relation between the size of the shadow economy and the share of long-term legal immigrants arriving into the reporting country during the reference year within total population of the reporting country and underlined that there is a bidirectional relation between the two variables. Even the illegal immigration is considered in many cases a significant source of deviation and criminality with impact on the shadow economy, the analyze highlights the relation between legal immigration and underground economy, supposing that this segment of immigrants has an important impact on labor force a long time. Unfortunately, illegal immigration is hard to be quantified because of it dynamic and impossibility of monitoring the entire phenomenon.

The scientific approach of the authors aims at identifying the vulnerabilities of the European versus the Romanian tax system. Large differences in taxation across countries are explained, through different levels of economic development and policies promoted by public authorities. Taxation rate depends on the economic development potential of the states and on the financial effort requested by achieving economic and social objectives that find their refinancing consolidated in the budget. If practiced tax exceeds a taxpayer's ability to pay whether we talk about individuals or businesses, this will result in adverse effects and negatively influence the economic growth rate.

Research highlights the problem regarding education externalities in the context of quantifying the effects which it produces on an individual level and at the society level. At the same time, the research highlights the importance of externalities in terms of evaluation of investment policies in education and emphasizes the need for greater concentration, in practice, on these elements. Externalities have to complete any cost-benefit analysis of the education effects, the context in which at the historical timeline, education accompanies the modernization process. In terms of public policy, education is considered public or private property according to its effects on each stage of human development.