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Objetivo: Realizar una revisión sistemática de diversas publicaciones sobre la situación actual de la violencia contra la mujer, así como su evolución e impacto en el Perú. Métodos: Se realizó a través de la búsqueda electrónica de diversos artículos científicos relacionados con el tema. Las fuentes de búsqueda fueron PubMed, Scielo y Google académico. Las palabras claves fueron: «violencia contra la mujer», «impacto», «autoestima» y «Perú». Resultados: De los 99 artículos encontrados, se descartaron 69, por no cumplir con los criterios de inclusión, por lo que quedando 30 artículos para esta revisión. Conclusión: La violencia está presente en la mayoría de los momentos de nuestra vida, manifestándose de distintas formas, entre ellas está la violencia contra la mujer, la cual se ejerce de diferentes maneras, ya sea por maltrato físico o maltrato verbal.

Boron containing compounds (BCCs) aroused increasing interest in the scientific community due to their wide application as drugs in various fields. In order to design new compounds hopefully endowed with pharmacological activity and also investigate their conformational behavior, the support of computational studies is crucial. Nevertheless, the suitable molecular mechanics parameterization and the force fields needed to perform these simulations are not completely available for this class of molecules. In this paper, Amber force field parameters for phenyl-, benzyl-, benzylamino-, and methylamino-boronates, a group of boron-containing compounds involved in different branches of the medicinal chemistry, were created. The robustness of the obtained data was confirmed through molecular dynamics simulations on ligand/β-lactamases covalent complexes. The ligand torsional angles, populated over the trajectory frames, were confirmed by values found in the ligand geometries, located through optimizations at the DFT/B3LYP/6-31g(d) level, using water as a solvent. In summary, this study successfully provided a library of parameters, opening the possibility to perform molecular dynamics simulations of this class of boron-containing compounds.

The Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR) promoted the project reported here, which consists of a Position State‑ ment of Italian colorectal surgeons to address the surgical aspects of ulcerative colitis management. Members of the society were invited to express their opinions on several items proposed by the writing committee, based on evidence available in the literature. The results are presented, focusing on relevant points. The present paper is not an alternative to available guidelines; rather, it ofers a snapshot of the attitudes of SICCR surgeons about the surgical treatment of ulcerative colitis. The committee was able to identify some points of major disagreement and suggested strategies to improve the quality of available data and acceptance of guidelines.

The therapeutic use of Cannabis oil extracts is constantly increasing. However, in Italy, they are allowed to be prepared with only a few methods and matrices. With this work, we aimed to assess how the different processes might affect the chemical composition of two different matrices (olive oils and medium chain triglycerides oils - MCT), accounting as variables for both the presence of Cannabis dried apices of the female flower and the adding of tocopherol acetate as an antioxidant. The macerated oils were prepared with four of the methods allowed according to the Italian legislation (Romano-Hazekamp, Cannazza-Citti, SIFAP and Calvi) and analyzed for normal and oxidized tocopherols, oxidized and conjugated fatty acids and volatile carbonyl compounds (VCCs), all using liquid chromatography coupled to UV or PDA detectors. According to our results, neither normal nor oxidized tocopherols are affected by the addition of antioxidants or Cannabis, while the oxidation state (according to the levels of oxidized and conjugated fatty acids) is often altered in either case. The VCCs concentrations, on the other hand, are never notably altered. These results suggest a worthless use of antioxidants in Cannabis macerated oils preparations, while the dried apices of female flowers might have a protective role in maintaining the oil oxidation state.

The affiliation of the author Silvio Danese has been incorrectly published in the original publication. The complete correct affiliation should read as follows. Department of Gastroenterology, IBD Center, Humanitas Clinical and Research Center, IRCCS, Via Manzoni 56, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Via Rita Levi Montalcini 4, 20090, Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy.

Within food wastes, including edible and inedible parts, fat biomasses represent a significant portion, often uneconomically used or improperly disposed causing pollution issues. Interesting perspectives for their management and valorization could be opened by conversion of fatty acids (FAs), which are their main constituents, into alpha-hydroxy FAs (alpha-HFAs), fine chemicals of great, but largely untapped potential, possibly due to current poor availability. Here, a simple and efficient procedure is reported to alpha-chlorinate FAs with trichloroisocyanuric acid (TCCA), a green halogenating agent, under solvent-free conditions and to directly convert the resultant alpha-chloro FAs, without previous purification, into alpha-HFAs. The procedure was applied to stearic, palmitic, and myristic acid and, with analogous success, to their mixture, ad hoc created to simulate a FAs mixture obtainable from a fat biomass.

In the present work, two different membrane processes (pervaporation and dialysis) are compared in view of their utilization in a membrane reactor, where vanillin, which is probably the most important aroma of the food industry, is synthesized in a green and sustainable way. The utilized precursor (ferulic acid, which is possibly a natural product from agricultural wastes) is partially oxidized (photocatalytically or biologically) and the product is continuously recovered from the reacting solution by the membrane process to avoid its degradation. It is observed that pervaporation is much more selective towards vanillin than dialysis, but the permeate flux of dialysis is much higher. Furthermore, dialysis can work also at lower temperatures and can be used to continuously restore the consumed substrate into the reacting mixture. A mathematical model of the integrated process (reaction combined with membrane separation) reproduces quite satisfactorily the experimental results and can be used for the analysis and the design of the process.

There are problems in photocatalysis that researchers cannot disregard in a rigorous study of photocatalytic systems. The purpose of the present work is to show how chemical reaction engineering can answers to the previous questions, thus helping scientists to face researches on photocatalysis more successfull and consistenty

The assessment of the rate law of slurry photocatalytic reactions appears to be a hard task, mainly because in this type of reactions the average rate of reaction, which is experimentally observed in a real reactor, could be very different from the “true” (intrinsic) rate of reaction, which cannot be measured directly. In the present work, it is shown how a proper mathematical model allows the utilization of the differential and/or the integral methods of kinetic analysis. The mathematical model must take into account not only the momentum and the mass balances, but also the radiative transfer equation. However, the discrimination among different proposed kinetic laws remains difficult since these laws usually predict very similar behaviors. In the case of “photodifferential” reactors, kinetic analysis can be carried out considering just the measured average rates of reaction without utilizing the mathematical model. For instance, it is shown that, with a photodifferential reactor, the fitting of the average rate of reaction vs. the substrate concentration gives a satisfactory appraisal not only of the kinetic parameters but also of the average rate of photon absorption. A sufficiently low value of the optical thickness (less than 2.5) is the main requirement to approach the photodifferential condition. Anyway, a strategic choice of the experimentally investigated values of the independent variables (e.g. substrate concentration and irradiance to the reactor) is important for the comprehensiveness of the kinetic analysis.

A process for the preparation of molecular bromine, by means of advanced oxidation processes or their combination is disclosed

Demographic growth and management of water and food resources are probably the most challenging issues of the coming years. In this scenario, intensive aquacultura will be increasingly important in the near future

The novel adamantane derivative APICA (N-(adamtan-1-yl)-1-pentyl-1H-indole-3-carboxamide) was recently identified as a cannabimimetic indole of abuse (1, 2). Despite its novel structure, APICA recalls cannabimimetic indoles, such as representative member JWH-018. The emerging abuse problem, together with the paucity of information about the bioactivity of APICA (3) emphasize the need for further evaluation of the in vivo pharmacology of this novel indole-derived compound. In the present study, the effects of APICA (0 - 1 - 3 mg/Kg, i.p.) were tested in C57BL/6J mice, in a battery of tests that are sensitive to the effects of psychoactive cannabinoids, including body temperature; locomotor activity and behavioural reactivity in the open field test; nociception in the tail flick assay; motor coordination in the accelerating Rotarod; recognition memory in the novel object recognition test. Furthermore, the highest dose was also evaluated following the pre-treatment with the CB1 antagonist AM251 (3 mg/Kg, i.p.) or the CB2 antagonist AM630 (3 mg/Kg, i.p.). Our results show that APICA was able to dose-dependently decrease locomotor activity and behavioural reactivity in the open field, whereas only the highest dose was able to induce hypothermia, analgesia, motor ataxia and recognition memory impairment, with respect to vehicle (p

In the so-called photocatalytic ozonation (PO) synergistic effects between photocatalysis and ozonation enhance the rate of oxidation of organic compounds, therefore this integrated process is very promising for use in water treatment. In the present work, it is demonstrated that the improvement that can be obtained by the integrated process in comparison with the uncoupled processes depends on the relative weight between photocatalysis and ozonation. In this respect, it has been found that a relatively low rate of photocatalysis (0.3 times the rate of ozonation) is sufficient to get the highest synergy and to maximize the performances in the oxidation of formate, the adopted model organic compound. The benefits of the coupling of photocatalysis to ozonation are not limited to the increase of the oxidation rate, but include also the control of the ozonation by-product of main concern (bromate). The effect of the pH, of the presence of oxidizable organic compounds, of the presence of nitrogen on the formation or on the reduction of bromate are experimentally studied and discussed. The obtained results have relevance for the practical applications of PO, since on these bases it is possible to identify proper operating conditions