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Every application of integration by parts can be done with a tabular method. The trick is to identify and consider each new integral in the table before deciding how to proceed. This paper supplements a classic introduction to integration by parts with a particular tabular method called Row Integration by Parts (RIP). Approaches to tabular methods found online and in the literature often fail to clearly identify new integrals since the focus is on constructing columns, thus new integrals are ignored. With RIP, each integral is identified with a row and tables are built one row at a time. This allows RIP to be an efficient bookkeeping method and to apply to a much wider range of functions than those typically considered with other tabular methods.

Robert Hernandez Jr,1,2 Jennie Lou,1,3 Basem Al-Omari,1,3 Lujain Aloum,1,4 Saly Kanj,1 Sawsan Ismaiel,1 John Rock5 1Department of Academic Affairs, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; 2Department of Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, Las Vegas, NV, USA; 3Department of Epidemiology and Population Health, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; 4Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates; 5Dean’s Office, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, Khalifa University, Abu Dhabi, United Arab EmiratesCorrespondence: Robert Hernandez Jr, Department of Medicine, Kirk Kerkorian School of Medicine, University of Nevada Las Vegas, 2040 W. Charleston Blvd., 4th Floor, Las Vegas, NV, 89102, USA, Tel +1 702-895-2662, Email robert.hernandez@unlv.eduAbstract: Learning community programs have been widely implemented in higher education institutions, including many accredited medical schools in North America. Learning communities have been shown to create a sense of belonging, enhance teaching and learning, and promote an inclusive educational environment that reinforces collaboration, professionalism, and wellbeing. Based on their demonstrated success, a learning community program was included in the development of Khalifa University College of Medicine and Health Sciences (KU CMHS), the first medical school in the capital city of Abu Dhabi and the first to offer a postbaccalaureate, Doctor of Medicine (MD) degree in the United Arab Emirates (UAE). Named the Falcon Learning Communities (FLCs), the program adopted the core values of the Learning Communities Institute and integrated them into curricular, co-curricular, and extra-curricular programming. This paper presents an overview on the development of the FLC program, its implication for both students and faculty, preliminary feedback from teachers and learners, and considerations for future work.Keywords: undergraduate medical education, teaching, learning, strategies

The complexity of the immune system creates challenges in exploring its importance and robustness. To date, there have been few techniques developed to manipulate individual components of the immune system in an in vivo environment. Here we show a light-based dendritic cell (DC) activation allowing spatial and temporal control of immune activation in vivo. Additionally, we show time dependent changes in RNA profiles of the draining lymph node, suggesting a change in cell profile following DC migration and indicating that the cells migrating have been activated towards antigen presentation.

The innate immune response is controlled, in part, by the synergistic interaction of multiple Toll-like receptors (TLRs). This multi-receptor cooperation is responsible for the potent activity of many vaccines, but few tools have been developed to understand the spatio-temporal elements of TLR synergies. In this Communication, we present photo-controlled agonists of TLR7/8. By strategically protecting the active agonist moiety based on an agonist-bound crystal structure, TLR activity is suppressed and then regained upon exposure to light. We confirmed NF-κB production upon light exposure in a model macrophage cell line. Primary cell activity was confirmed by examining cytokine and cell surface marker production in bone-marrow-derived dendritic cells. Finally, we used light to activate dendritic cell sub-populations within a larger population.

Agonists of immune cell receptors direct innate and adaptive immunity. These agonists range in size and complexity from small molecules to large macromolecules. Here, agonists of a class of immune cell receptors known as the Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are highlighted focusing on the distinctive molecular moieties that pertain to receptor binding and activation. How the structure and combined chemical signals translate into a variety of immune responses remain major questions in the field. In this structure-focused review, we outline potential areas where the tools of chemical biology could help decipher the emerging molecular codes that direct immune stimulation.

We present a primary example of a cell surface modified with a synergistic combination of agonists to tune immune stimulation. A model cell line, Lewis Lung Carcinoma, was covalently modified with CpG-oligonucleotides and lipoteichoic acid, both Toll-like receptor (TLR) agonists. The immune-stimulating constructs provided greater stimulation of NF-κB in a model cell line and bone marrow-derived dendritic cells than the components unconjugated in solution.

Multidrug-Resistant (MDR) cancers attenuate chemotherapeutic efficacy through drug efflux, a process that transports drugs from within a cell to the extracellular space via ABC (ATP-Binding Cassette) transporters, including P-glycoprotein 1 (P-gp or ABCB1/MDR1). Conversely, Toll-Like Receptor (TLR) agonist immunotherapies modulate activity of tumor-infiltrating immune cells in local proximity to cancer cells and could, therefore, benefit from the enhanced drug efflux in MDR cancers. However, the effect of acquired drug resistance on TLR agonist efflux is largely unknown. We begin to address this by investigating P-gp mediated efflux of TLR 7/8 agonists. First, we used functionalized liposomes to determine that imidazoquinoline TLR agonists Imiquimod, Resiquimod, and Gardiquimod are substrates for P-gp. Interestingly, the least potent imidazoquinoline (Imiquimod) was the best P-gp substrate. Next, we compared imidazoquinoline efflux in MDR cancer cell lines with enhanced P-gp expression relative to parent cancer cell lines. Using P-gp competitive substrates and inhibitors, we observed that imidazoquinoline efflux occurs through P-gp and, for Imiquimod, is enhanced as a consequence of acquired drug resistance. This suggests that enhancing efflux susceptibility could be an important consideration in the rational design of next generation immunotherapies that modulate activity of tumor-infiltrating immune cells.

Abstract The complexity of the immune system creates challenges in exploring its importance and robustness. To date, there have been few techniques developed to manipulate individual components of the immune system in an in vivo environment. Here we show a light-based dendritic cell (DC) activation allowing spatial and temporal control of immune activation in vivo. Additionally, we show time dependent changes in RNA profiles of the draining lymph node, suggesting a change in cell profile following DC migration and indicating that the cells migrating have been activated towards antigen presentation.