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Introduction and objective: pregnancy is a stage of life with high nutritional vulnerability and increased levels of maternal oxidative stress. Total antioxidant capacity (CAT) identifies the protective effect of a balanced diet rich in foods of plant origin with antioxidant activity. The aim of this study was to relate CAT with dietary intake and body mass index (BMI) in pregnant women in the Community of Madrid. Methods: a cross-sectional, comparative study was conducted in 89 pregnant women and 61 healthy women of reproductive age. Age, place of origin, weight, height, BMI, macronutrient and micronutrient intake, and dietary CAT by food frequency were recorded; CAT was classified as desirable (≥ 19,301.0 µm/g) or undesirable (19,301.0 µm/g); the statistical analysis, including χ², Student's t-test or Mann Whitney U-test, was made using the SPSS program v.23. Results: differences were found in caloric profile, intake of antioxidant micronutrients, and dietary CAT (p0.05). Mean CAT in pregnant women was 23,163.0 ± 10,829.0 µm/g, whereas in non-pregnant women it was 25,916.0 ± 9,703.0 µm/g (p = 0.035). Pregnant women with a desirable CAT (56.2 %) preferred to consume fruits and vegetables, and 65.6 % of non-pregnant women preferred bread, pasta and cereals (p = 0.02). Hand fruit, citrus fruits, green leafy vegetables, and tomato were preferentially consumed by both groups. In pregnant women, poor nutritional status, overweight, and obesity rates of 36.0 % were found versus 28.0 % in non-pregnant women (p0.001). Conclusion: the BMI of pregnant women is not related to dietary CAT or the relatively low consumption of antioxidant components.Introducción y objetivo: el embarazo es una etapa de la vida con alta vulnerabilidad nutricional y aumento de los niveles de estrés oxidativo en la madre. La capacidad antioxidante total (CAT) identifica el efecto protector de la dieta equilibrada, rica en alimentos de origen vegetal con actividad antioxidante. El objetivo de este estudio fue relacionar la CAT con la ingesta dietética y el índice de masa corporal (IMC) en mujeres gestantes pertenecientes a la Comunidad de Madrid. Métodos: se realizó un estudio transversal comparativo de 89 mujeres gestantes y 61 mujeres sanas en edad reproductiva. Se registraron la edad, el lugar de origen, el peso, la estatura, el IMC, la ingesta de macronutrientes y micronutrientes, y la CAT dietética por frecuencia alimentaria; la CAT se clasificó como deseable (≥ 19.301,0 µm/g) y no deseable (19.301,0 µm/g); el análisis estadístico, con la prueba del χ², la prueba de la t de Student o la prueba de la U de Mann Whitney, se realizó de acuerdo con la normalidad de las variables en la población estudiada. Se utilizó el programa SPSS, versión 23. Resultados: se encontraron diferencias en el perfil calórico, la ingesta de micronutrientes antioxidantes y la CAT dietética (p0,05). La CAT promedio en las gestantes fue de 23.163,0 ± 10.829,0 µm/g, frente a 25.916,0 ± 9.703,0 µm/g en las no gestantes (p = 0,035). Las gestantes con CAT deseable (56,2 %) preferían consumir frutas y verduras, mientras que el 65,6 % de las mujeres no gestantes preferían el pan, la pasta y los cereales (p = 0,03). La fruta de mano, los frutos cítricos, las verduras de hoja verde y el tomate eran consumidos preferentemente por ambos grupos. En las mujeres gestantes, en cuanto al estado nutricional deficiente, la tasa de sobrepeso y obesidad fue del 36,0 %, frente al 28,0 % entre las no gestantes (p0,001). Conclusión: el IMC de las mujeres gestantes no está relacionado con la CAT dietética ni con el relativo bajo consumo de componentes antioxidantes.

Interactions between macrophages and adipocytes are early molecular factors influencing adipose tissue (AT) dysfunction, resulting in high leptin, low adiponectin circulating levels and low-grade metaflammation, leading to insulin resistance (IR) with increased cardiovascular risk. We report the characterization of AT dysfunction through measurements of the adiponectin/leptin ratio (ALR), the adipo-insulin resistance index (Adipo-IRi), fasting/postprandial (F/P) immunometabolic phenotyping and direct F/P differential gene expression in AT biopsies obtained from symptom-free adults from the GEMM family study. AT dysfunction was evaluated through associations of the ALR with F/P insulin-glucose axis, lipid-lipoprotein metabolism, and inflammatory markers. A relevant pattern of negative associations between decreased ALR and markers of systemic low-grade metaflammation, HOMA, and postprandial cardiovascular risk hyperinsulinemic, triglyceride and GLP-1 curves was found. We also analysed their plasma non-coding microRNAs and shotgun lipidomics profiles finding trends that may reflect a pattern of adipose tissue dysfunction in the fed and fasted state. Direct gene differential expression data showed initial patterns of AT molecular signatures of key immunometabolic genes involved in AT expansion, angiogenic remodelling and immune cell migration. These data reinforce the central, early role of AT dysfunction at the molecular and systemic level in the pathogenesis of IR and immunometabolic disorders.

Cardiovascular disease (CVD) and type 2 diabetes (T2D) are increasing worldwide. This is mainly due to an unhealthy nutrition, implying that variation in CVD risk may be due to variation in the capacity to manage a nutritional load. We examined the genomic basis of postprandial metabolism. Our main purpose was to introduce the GEMM Family Study (Genetics of Metabolic Diseases in Mexico) as a multi-center study carrying out an ongoing recruitment of healthy urban adults. Each participant received a mixed meal challenge and provided a 5-hours’ time course series of blood, buffy coat specimens for DNA isolation, and adipose tissue (ADT)/skeletal muscle (SKM) biopsies at fasting and 3 h after the meal. A comprehensive profiling, including metabolomic signatures in blood and transcriptomic and proteomic profiling in SKM and ADT, was performed to describe tendencies for variation in postprandial response. Our data generation methods showed preliminary trends indicating that by characterizing the dynamic properties of biomarkers with metabolic activity and analyzing multi-OMICS data it could be possible, with this methodology and research design, to identify early trends for molecular biology systems and genes involved in the fasted and fed states.