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This Encyclopedia is an invaluable reference book for post-Keynesian and heterodox economics. It consists of 300 entries, written by 180 different authors. The volume includes entries on key concepts of interest to post-Keynesians as well as descriptions of some of the seminal books in the post-Keynesian tradition. It will interest both students and scholars of heterodox economics, as well as policy makers around the world looking for a better alternative to mainstream economic policies at national and international levels in the aftermath of the global financial crisis that burst in 2008 and the COVID-19 pandemic crisis that began in 2020.

This chapter analyses the dividend distribution of multinational banks that operate in six selected Latin America countries, namely Argentina, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Mexico and Peru. Bank level data containing various activities of foreign subsidiaries that operate in the six countries for the period 2013-19, is used for this intent. The findings suggest that Mexico and Peru have the highest foreign bank participation. However, foreign banks in Brazil, Chile and Mexico have made higher dividend payments to the shareholders of their parent banks. This also holds when looking at dividend payments in relation to their earnings. This suggests that a large share of earnings leave the countries in which they operate in the form of dividend payments rather than being reinvested. Furthermore, this chapter argues that macroeconomic conditions in host countries could help explain the dividend repartition of foreign banks.

International audience; This chapter shows that money is more than a purely economic instrument and has consequences for the whole of society. It identifies three perspectives that better reflect the complexity of money : a macroeconomic perspective, based on the post-Keynesian endogeneity of money; an institutionalist perspective identifying money as a social link ; a political-economy perspective treating money as an instrument of power and conflicts. Highlighting this three-dimensional nature of money allows us to understand the proliferation of monetary innovations and contestations in the recent past (local currencies, crypto-currencies and so on) that have emerged to challenge the established monetary order and try to reappropriate money.

International audience; The neoclassical real-economic equilibrium mainly rests on the competitive-efficient-market hypothesis and regards money and finance as mere appendices. Monetary stability is related to price stability and neutral monetary policy, and financial stability to the allocative efficiency of financial intermediation. Subsequent policies assume that financial markets can self-regulate in case of shocks and do not aim to strengthen public control over the financial system. However, the recurrent crises of the last decades point out that liberalized/deregulated financial markets are prone to systemic crises fuelled by endogenous dynamics. New regulatory alternatives are then required to ensure systemic stability.

International audience; The global financial crisis that burst in 2008 seriously undermined economics from an epistemological, methodological as well as philosophical perspective. In this respect, the way we think and approach economics must be reconsidered afresh. In this chapter we will show, contrary to the normal evolution of mainstream economics, that there is an interest and even an urgency of opening economics to other disciplines. This is the case in particular with sociology, but also history, anthropology and political science. As we argue, pluralism allows for greater knowledge, which can only serve to reinforce the scientificity of economics.

The multiplier is a central concept in Keynesian and post-Keynesian economics. It is largely what justifies activist full-employment fiscal policy: an increase in fiscal expenditures contributing to multiple rounds of spending, thereby financing itself. Yet, while a copingstone of post-Keynesian theory