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Contains a report on a research project., M.I.T. Research Laboratory of Electronics, M.I.T. Computation Center

On 18 April 1978, Eastman Kodak Company was awarded a contract to design, fabricate, test, deliver and install an Optical Power Spectrum Analyzer (OPSA). The contract defines a design and fabrication effort intended to draw upon developed technology for its operating principles. This final report therefore deals with the results of final acceptance testing and how the final performance test data compares with initial design requirements. (Author)

This report covers a recently completed contract with the United States Air Force Air Weather Service to conduct research into the transfer of atmospheric energy in the visible and near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Its objective was to produce a spectral model of path transmittance, radiance, and ground-level irradiance that could be related to meteorological observations through the use of simultaneous, insitu data collections. The instrumentation package developed under subcontract to Eastman Kodak by the Albuquerque Division of EG and G was used in a 14-month data-collection program. The program had two objectives: (1) To collect spectral radiometric data on the atmosphere and on ground-level surface irradiance under the broadest possible range of climatic/meteorological conditions, and (2) to collect radiometric and meteorological data in such a way that would permit them to be related mathematically. In this field collection portion of the task, data was obtained for 18 different climatic conditions. This volume (2) of the final report describes the design of the data collection program conducted in the field, the ranges of importance experimental parameters, the measurements and supportive observations that were made, and the analytical software developed to perform the statistical analyses on the resulting data., See also Volume 3, AD-A072 080.

This report covers a recently completed contract with the United States Air Force Air Weather Service to conduct research into the transfer of atmospheric energy in the visible and near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Its objective was to produce a spectral model of path transmittance, radiance, and ground-level irradiance that could be related to meteorological observations through the use of simultaneous, insitu data collections. For this purpose a mathematical model was developed. It was based on physical equations for a homogeneous atmosphere that were modified by empirical observations made under a broad range of meteorological conditions. With the model it is possible to estimate the visible and near-infrared spectral absorption and scattering phenomena that result from atmospheric constituents, from surface synoptic weather observations. This document presents the details of analysis used to reduce the collected radiometric and meteorological data to a series of equations which became the SCAT3. Examples are also shown illustrating the final model's ability to match observed spectral structure based upon coefficients derived from surface meteorology., See also Volume 4, AD-A072 081.

This report covers a recently completed contract with the United States Air Force Air Weather Service to conduct research into the transfer of atmospheric energy in the visible and near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Its objective was to produce a spectral model of path transmittance, radiance, and groud-level irradiance that could be related to meteorological observations through the use of simultaneous, insitu data collections. For this purpose a mathematical model was developed. It was based on physical equations for a homogeneous atmosphere that were modified by empirical observations made under a broad range of meteorological conditions. With the model it is possible to estimate the visible and near-infrared spectral absorption and scattering phenomena that result from atmospheric constituents, from surface synoptic weather observations. The atmospheric model was coded into a computer program called SCAT3. This document is the fourth volume documenting the radiometric data collection program that culminated in the radiometric atmospheric model, SCAT3. The objective of this volume is to acquaint the user with the proper input sequences and options when SCAT3 is run on an IBM 370 computer. Volumes, 1, 2, and 3 contain the details of data collection, analysis, and derivation of equations that were coded into the program to reconstruct atmospheric radiance, transmittance, and ground irradiance., See also Volume 1, AD-A072 078.

This report covers a recently completed contract with the United States Air Force Air Weather Service to conduct research into the transfer of atmospheric energy in the visible and near-infrared portions of the electromagnetic spectrum. Its objective was to produce a spectral model of path transmittance, radiance, and ground-level irradiance that could be related to meteorological observations through the use of simultaneous, in-situ data collections. For data collection, a self-sustaining, mobile, field radiometric laboratory was used that contained custom-designed spectroradiometers, mechanical/electrical servo controls, and computer interfaces; the laboratory utilized computer software for laboratory operation and data analysis. By means of minicomputers and peripherals, the laboratory produced calibrated and corrected data that could later be processed on larger, in-house IBM systems for development of the final radiometric model. This volume (No. 1) provides an engineering description of the mobile laboratory, the calibration of radiometers, and the computer software developed to operate the laboratory. More detailed documentation of devices and software is available upon request that will permit better understanding of the details of electronic, mechanical, and optical operation and maintenance of the laboratory system. This related system documentation is listed in Appendix A of this volume., See also Volume 2, AD-A072 079.

Broadly, the objective of this report is to analyze and develop design parameters for hydroacoustic types of transducers for use in a wide range of low frequency, active surveillance systems or as active adjuncts to existing or planned passive receiving systems. A wide range of frequencies (50 to 1000 Hz) and source levels for individual transducers (195-219 dB re: 1 uPa at 1 m) are covered. Parametric relationships over these ranges are developed. These include size, weight, cost, output power and input power.

The HLF-3 acoustic source was refurbished and the calibration verified at the NUSC Seneca Lake facility, in preparation for the 1978 Summer Operations aboard the USNS Lynch. Refurbishment consisted of a redesigned Wetside Electronics package to improve reliability and serviceability, and design improvements to the pistons, motor mounts and suction strainers. Calibration was required to verify the source performance and identify any gain changes that may have occurred during the electronic redesign. (Author)

For the PANOIC 77 exercise, Hydroacoustics Inc. was contracted to provide the HLF-3 sound source, associated electronic equipment to monitor its performance, and personnel to help in the exercise. The HLF-3 sound source, with tow cable and topside controller-monitor, AC voltmeters, wave analyzer, and Honeywell 5600 instrumentation tape recorder, were shipped to Hawaii. The source was instrumented to telemeter the following parameters to the ship: Sound pressure level, radiator acceleration, depth, water temperature, pitch, roll and body acceleration in two planes. With the help of P.G.I. personnel, the equipment was installed on the USS SAFEGUARD from 29 June 1977 to 10 July 1977. (Author)

The description and analysis of the mobility of training program graduates is important for the evaluation of the effects of these programs. This bibliography lists citations from economic, sociological, and statistical literature which have application to this evaluation problem. Much of this literature contains applications of Markov and other stochastic models and is, in most cases, technically sophisticated. (Author)

The HVLF-1 acoustic source is incorporated in a tow body. The source includes its own 30-hp hydraulic power supply as well as instrumentation to monitor source level, radiator acceleration (a signal output monitor), sea water temperature, depth, pitch and roll. Additional performance and diagnostic monitoring functions, including supply pressure, oil flow, main stage pressure, first stage pressure, internal pressure, oil temperature, motor temperature, filter condition and leak indicator are also provided.

This paper reports the results of a computer simulation experiment which compared the operating performance of the USAF current policy for managing depot-base inventories of nonreparable spares with the operating performance of two alternative policies -- a system myopic policy, and an allocation policy. Operating performance measures were: (1) Average annual order plus holding cost; (2) Average annual order plus acquisition cost; and (3) Average annual backorder-days at the bases. The study used demand history for a sample of 50 items currently stocked by the Odgen and Oklahoma depot systems. The report concludes that, at least under certain circumstances, system operating performance may be improved, perhaps substantially, by adoption of either of the proposed alternative policies.

The current United States Air Force (Q,R) policy for managing depot-base inventories of nonreparable spares is examined and compared with three alternative policies via computer simulation. Two questions are examined: (1) whether it is possible to formulate an alternative policy which has the same desirable properties of current Air Force Policy (ease of computation of implementation) but which is somewhat closer to optimal from a cost and/or backorder performance standpoint and (2) whether it is second possible to formulate an alternative policy which has most of the desirable properties of current policy, but which is substantially closer to optimal from a cost and/or backorder performance standpoint. Affirmative answers to both questions are suggested, based on a very small number of items examined for approximately 12oo item-years.

From areas of Ohio with high and low strontium concentrations in drinking water, 184 teeth were collected for analysis. All teeth were derived from life-long residents of their communities, and collected through the co-operation of local dentists. Acid etch biopsies were carried out on the enamel of the teeth used. Samples were then analysed for calcium and strontium by flame atomic absorption, and fluorine by specific ion electrode. Results showed there to be an increase in surface enamel strontium with age, and concentrations were also related to strontium drinking water levels. Concentrations of fluorine in surface enamel were also higher in teeth from the high strontium area, although drinking water fluorine levels were similar. Mean levels of strontium were sigificantly higher in low caries individuals (DMFT < 4), when compared with high caries individuals.

This effort investigated the requirements for a point transfer device to support the Manual Photogrammetric Targeting System (PTS-M). The purpose of the point transfer device is to correlate a tactical image with a data base image and to make a physical mark on the data base image which precisely locates a target observed on the tactical image. This report defines the factors affecting the design of the instrument, itemizes the design specifications, surveys possible off-the-shelf equipment and suggests an instrument which can meet the requirements. The indicated design will allow an operator to view a tactical image and a data base image in superposition. The operator can change the scale, stretch,, direction of stretch, rotation and translation of both images until they are precisely registered. The operator aligns a reticle with the target, activates a marker and makes a mark on the data base which corresponds to the position of the target. A capacitive discharge system is used in the marking. A study was made to compare the repeatability of various viewing modes but the results were inconclusive and further experimentation was recommended.

Calibration results of an underwater sound source are described. This source produces source level of 198 dBu 1 microP a at 1m at 210 Hz and has an output exceeding 193 dB over the band from 170-310 Hz. It contains an integral hydraulic power supply and hydroacoustic amplifier and requires no electronic power amplifiers. The calibration data include Transmitting Response (100-600 Hz) , Polar Patterns, Output Spectra, and PUlse Photographs. Data are included for both 99 feet and 323 feet depths (the source is rated for 1000 feet without pressure compensation).

In this paper the author examines optimal and near-optimal continuous review policies for a deterministic arborescent inventory system: known and constant outside demand must be met without backlogging or lost sales at minimum average system cost per unit time. Costs are of two types: a fixed order cost at each stage and proportional holding costs on each stage's echelon inventory. The author describes some characteristics of optimal policies and, under farily mild conditions (e.g., zero initial inventory), prove that the optimal stationary policy is a 'single-cycle' policy. An efficient branch-and-bound algorithm for determining optimal single-cycle policies for arborescent systems is presented. The near-optimality of 'system myopic single-cycle policies is also examined.

The program is directed toward the development of a theory of speech understanding systems which explicates the role to be played by linguistic constraints (syntax and semantics) in correcting the errors resulting from word recognition at the acoustic-phonetic-lexical level alone. The general model of a speech understanding system which provides the framework for this study is that which views speech understanding as basically an acoustic-phonetic word recognition process, whose decisions are questioned, and sometimes overruled, by criteria at the syntactic and semantic levels. The principal components of this model are (1) an acoustic to phonetic transformation, (2) a lexical process (the lexical process along with the acoustic to phonetic transformation constitute the basic word recognition system whose output is judged by higher level linguistic constraints), (3) a model of standard English syntax, (4) a model of standard English semantics, and (5) an integrating process which determines the strategies to be used in backtracking over previous decisions. (Modified author abstract), See also report dated 28 Apr 72, AD-770 031.

The project is a continuation of a development program for flexural mode transducers and hydroacoustic technology. The project consists of three tasks: Generation of trade-off data for small vessel sonar arrays; extension of the flexural disc computer program to model bender hydrophones; and extension and upgrading of mathematical models used to simulate hydroacoustic power oscillators. The work includes the continuation of the hydrophone modeling effort to include the effects of simple hinges on the bender hydrophone performance parameters. The report describes the volume velocity harmonics generated when an alternating pressure is applied across an orifice and two design trade-off tasks which are started but not yet completed., See also report dated 17 Jan 74, AD-773 643.

The work includes results of the hydrophone modeling effort which define the tradeoffs in bender hydrophone design between sensitivity, output impedance, bandwidth, size and depth capability. The design curves also provide guidance on selection of the proper value of ceramic-to-metal thickness ratio to achieve a given set of performance parameters. Some preliminary results in the extension of mathematical modeling of hydroacoustic devices is described. A differential equation is developed for a fast moving variable orifice (valve) and expressions are developed for pressure drop and power loss in fixed orifice-like constrictions which pass both steady and acoustic flows., Report on a Development Program for Flexural Model Transducers and Hydroacoustic Technology. See also AD-771 706.

Results are presented of Categories I and II (AFR 80-14) testing of the Document Data Processing Central AN/GSQ-11A(V) (Minicard), under the cognizance of Directorate of Intelligence and Electronic Warfare, Rome Air Development Center (AFSC), at Offutt Air Force Base, Nebraska, during the period 4 January through 10 March 1961. The report describes test procedures; presents data on production, idle and down time; identifies and analyzes deficiencies in equipment and recommends solutions therefor; and finally, discusses over-all test results. As a consequence of this testing, it was determined that the AN/GSQ-11A(V) is operationally effective as a data processing system. (Author)

A study and prototype of a Portable Photographic Laboratory was completed in response to Air Force requirements. This laboratory is self-contained, providing its own power supply and environmental control system for worldwide application in support of the photographic processing equipment designed and developed as part of this project. The Processor is designed to process 9 3/8-inch paper and 16mm, 35mm, 70mm, 5-inch and 9 1/2-inch film, either singly or in multiple strands up to and including the 5-inch width. The Projection Contact-Printer is designed for contact printing, 2X enlarging, and optional automatic dodging or masking in either mode. Included are supporting items such as a Sensitometer, Densitometer, RewinderViewer, and supplies required for a continuous operational period of twenty-four hours. (Author)

The following areas of work are to be covered: (1) Improve and extend the optical design features in ORDEALS, (2) study the effects of glass choice, with particular emphasis on secondary color, (3) study three and four element objectives in order to pin point regions of solution, and (4) refine a program which makes drawings of optical components as viewed from any desired vantage point. Image error groups are studied in order to determine a standard set of image errors which will be useful for general design. In the appendix of this report is a copy of the FLAIR program with its input format. (Author), See also AD-623 392.

Prepared for presentation at the International Conference on Lens Design with Large Computers, Rochester, New York, Jul 5-8, 1966.

The status of the investigation of a novel, water-hammer method for the controlled generation of acoustic transients is reported. The report covers an investigation into the known theory of producing underwater impulses and an examination of some existing acoustic pulse generators. Tests of a small engineering model hydroacoustic impulse source are described. Project plans include experimental evaluation of the existing and second-generation source models for comparison with the theory that his been developed. (Author)

An investigation into the feasibility of high energy battery based on the use of the magnesiumsulfur couple in an electrolytic solution in liq id ammoni indicated that it is possible to obtain as much as 50 watt-hours per pound of cell structure (electrodes, electrolyte, and spacers) at a 15-minute rate. Translation into an aut matically activated battery would probably reduce this value to less than 20 watthours per pound. There i little change in output between -40 C and 20 C. The attery could presumably be used at considerably lower and higher temperatures with nearly the same output. Whereas such a ba tery appears to be competitive with other automatically activated reserve batteries, especially for low-temperature service, it delivers about 7% of the desired output of 250 watt-hours per pound. Therefore, it is concluded that the feasibility o very high energy batteries was not demonstrated. (Author)

The project is a continuation of a development program for flexural mode transducers and hydroacoustic technology. In the first task models will be used to generate tradeoff data for arrays which appear attractive for small vessel sonar systems. The second task will use the flexural mode transducer model to provide design guidelines for piezoelectric bender hydrophones. The third task will upgrade and extend the mathematical model of the hydroacoustic power amplifier to model the hydroacoustic power oscillator.

The HINGE-DISK program was used to develop a multiport flexibility model for a typical bilaminar flexural disk transducer. The dynamic performance of a single transducer and a line array of three modules (each module is 2 transducers assembled back to back) was predicted using this multiport flexibility model as a basic building block. The computer program ARRAY was developed as a special hybrid version of the DYANA program to perform the dynamic array analysis. Three different two port models were developed as approximations to the multiport model. The predicted dynamic performance of single two port modules, and line arrays of two ports, were compared against the full multiport model results which served as the standard of comparison.

The feasibility of a flash lamp pumped, near infrared dye laser operating at a moderate repetition rate was shown. The laser produced output pulses of 17 kw peak power at a rate of 4 pulses per minute. The flow system that is essential for multiflash operation was capable of flow rates up to 50 cc/second without degrading the output pulses; this flow rate would be adequate for operation at 10 flashes per second. The excitation source for this laser is a 20 torr N2 flash lamp with a 15 cm arc length and 3mm bore. It is powered by a 0.3 microfarad capacitor at an input energy of 86 joules. The laser produced in this project would be useful in applications requiring a few milliwatts of average power., See also AD-762 354.

Contents: The structure of thin films of LiF; Tentative explanation of preferred orientation of thin films on amorphous substrates., See also AD-400 346.

The report describes the performance and achievements in a study of Photographic Water Conservation and Reclamation Processes. Described is a modified wash system to reduce wash water consumption by 95 percent to 99 percent on a KODAK VERSAMAT Film Processor, Model 11C-M. The film quality study supports the conclusion that levels of residual thiosulfate obtained with this modified wash system are acceptable for many tactical applications. The water quality studies described by this report lead to the conclusion that deleterious photographic effects for black-and-white processing are caused by high calcium hardness, sulfides and elemental sulfur, among those potential water contaminants studied. (Author0

The speech samples, or utterances, are digitized on premises by off-line computer I/O station and recorded on 7-track magnetic tape in computer acceptable format. Following the conversion of the data to conventional IBM form, a spectrum analysis is performed. A short-time spectrum is generated for approximately each 10 ms of data (the increment is 96 data points). A Hamming window function is used to reduce the sidelobes (or leakage); the window is approximately 30 ms long (270 data points). The primary emphasis of the effort to date has been on the grammatical analysis portion of the work. The effort in speech signal analysis has been directed at providing data for demonstration of the grammatical analysis system, rather than optimization of the speech signal analysis programs. (Author)

The report presents the development work and resulting prototype AN/URA-38 antenna coupler modification kit built by R F Communications under Contract No. N0123-70-C-0838. The kit includes a frequency selective discriminator that provides coupler 'phasing' and 'resistance' information over the 2-30 MHz range. The selectivity feature is intended to eliminate antenna coupler mistuning by reducing the susceptibility to near-field adjacent channel antenna interference. The development program's objective to improve or allow communications under severe radio interference was achieved. (Author)

The report covers the engineer tests and evaluation of a stereo point marking instrument, an instrument for analytical triangulation to mark points and transfer these points on photographs with large changes in scale and format size. The instrument has a marking accuracy of better than 2 microns and has a high operating speed; also, it has flexibility with many ease-of-operation features because of the variable parameters of optics, marking dies, and sizes of photographs. (Author)

The study is motivated by a need for filtering out various wavelengths bands in the infrared, such as for astronomical purposes. Theoretically, Lorentz dispersion was applied, and using a curve fitting technique described in a previous report, the optical constants of mineral PbMoO4 have been computed dispersively. Thus the reflectance, and transmittance of thin films of PbMoO4 can be computed versus wavelength. In addition, enhancement coatings can be designed. Experimentally, films of PbMoO4 and CaWO4 were prepared on 8 in. diameter glass substrates with varying degrees of success. The best results were obtained using electron bombardment rather than resistance heating. All coatings included in this report were evaporated onto glass substrates at 300C, at a pressure of 0.000012 torr. A condensation rate of one quarter wave of optical thickness/minute was maintained, using a monitor wavelength of 5490A. All films presented were evaporated from a water cooled copper crucible, using electron bombardment., See also AD-660 356.

The report concerns the initial stages of an investigation into the efficiency of ruby lasers, and the kinetics of energy level populations generated by optical pumping. The work described includes the calibration of absolute spectral response of photodetectors, the measurement of ground state absorption cross sections, and the metastable state absorption cross section at selected wavelengths; also described are the preliminary experiments involving end pumping by ion laser radiation at 5682 A. Efficiency measurements at high metastable state populations could not be made with the ion laser power levels available. Calculations based on the absorption measurements, however, indicate a strong wavelength and polarization dependence of overall pumping efficiency in ruby lasers, with metastable state absorption playing an important role in heat input to ruby during pumping. The effectiveness of high pressure mercury discharges for cw pumping is clarified by this analysis. (Author)

The report covers a Foreshortened Center-Fed VHF Antenna. This type of structure provides optimum decoupling from a vehicle frame, resulting in minimal pattern and impedance effects. The antenna is capable of operation in a range from 30 to 76 mc and is fully compatible with matching unit-base MX-6707( )/VRC. It has a reduced length (six foot maximum), direct replacement for the whip assembly of the AS-1729( )/VRC antenna. When installed in military vehicles on antenna base assembly MX-6707( )/VRC and used with Receiver-Transmitter Radios RT-246( )/VRC and RT-524( )/VRC, it is automatically tuned to one of ten subbands of the radio set. Also, it is capable of operating with the AN/PRC-70 and AN/PRC-25 radio sets. (Author)

The instrument provides a means of stereoscopically locating and transferring specific points from 35 or 70mm TPR film to 9 in x 9 in or 10 in x 10 in cartographic plates or film. The instrument is table top, convenient to use and was designed for low cost production using many standard components. The accuracy of the marking system is within 2 microns standard deviation error in both X and Y. The most important advancement of this instrument is the successful design of the ruggedized and improved marking system and the improvement of the flagging mark. (Author)

An experimental study was made of the reflectance of thick evaporated films in their reststrahlen regions of the infrared spectrum. Although only a few of the materials studied gave films having an efficient rst reflectance, many of them appeared optically acceptable for use as interference films. These may be as being clear without color and free of turbidity, i.e. designated therein as clear or only slightly scattering (sl. scatter.) They include films showing no cracks in optical thickness up to six microns or more, depending on substrate temperature, of Al2O3, Nd2O3, CaF2, siO2, Ti2O3, MgO, MgF2, LiF, HfO2 and ZrO2. For rst reflectance purposes, e.g. reflection filtering, films of MgO were best, there being no difficulty in obtaining the full reflectance of the parent crystal., See also AD-635 629.

The report contains the results of investigations into new materials to be used as low index spacer layers in the fabrication of the A reststrahlen transmission filter. These include KRS-5, CsI, CsBr, SiO, and PbI2. In addition, an evaluation of 'Kapton' polyimide film as a substrate material, is given for the 20 to 40 micron region.