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The present work consisted in obtaining and studying selective surfaces for applications in low-cost flat plate solar collectors, using residues from the granite industry. Five different surfaces were studied, varying the percentage by weight: 100% granite powder, 75% granite powder + 25% titanium oxide, 50% granite powder + 50% titanium oxide, 25% granite powder + 75% titanium oxide and 100% titanium oxide.

It is well known that convolutional codes are linear systems when they are defined over a finite field. A fundamental issue in the implementation of convolutional codes is to obtain a minimal state representation of the code. Compared with the literature on one-dimensional (1D) time-invariant convolutional codes, there exist relatively few results on the realization problem for time-varying 1D convolutional codes and even fewer if the convolutional codes are two-dimensional (2D). In this paper we consider 2D periodic convolutional codes and address the minimal state space realization problem for this class of codes. This is, in general, a highly nontrivial problem. Here, we focus on separable Roesser models and show that in this case it is possible to derive, under weak conditions, concrete formulas for obtaining a 2D Roesser state space representation. Moreover, we study minimality and present necessary conditions for these representations to be minimal. Our results immediately lead to constructive algorithms to build these representations.

BACKGROUND: Chronic heart failure is a growing public health issue that is reaching epidemic proportions. In the last few years, multidisciplinary management programs have been developed to improve its management. Yet, some patients take advantage of these programs, whereas others do not. METHODS: Several demographic, medical, and social variables were evaluated as contributors to dropout after enrollment into a multidisciplinary heart failure program using a nested case-control design. A total of 14 patients and 42 controls were interviewed using a standardized questionnaire. Possible associations were explored by means of chi Mantel-Haenszel test and a binary logistic regression model. RESULTS: The only significant factor associated with dropout was social isolation. Patients who lived alone, without family support, had a significantly greater dropout risk (odds ratio, 12.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.35-11.6). CONCLUSIONS: For patients who live alone, an individualized approach may be better than a multidisciplinary management program, but this hypothesis should be investigated in future studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Este experimento foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho e a digestibilidade do nitrogênio e da matéria seca e medidas morfométricas para pintos de corte alimentados com rações contendo diferentes níveis de proteína e energia na fase pré-inicial (1 a 7 dias de idade). O delineamento experimental utilizado no experimento de desempenho foi o inteiramente casualizado em um fatorial 2 x 3 (energia: 2.850 e 3.000 kcal/kg e proteína: 20, 23 e 26%) com quatro repetições de 14 aves cada. O ensaio de digestibilidade foi realizado durante a primeira semana, utilizando-se o método da coleta total de excretas, do 4º ao 7º dia de idade. Os resultados indicaram diferenças para o consumo de ração e conversão alimentar de 1 a 7 dias e diferenças no consumo de ração de 1 a 21 dias, mostrando que os níveis de 23 e 26% de proteína foram os que apresentaram as melhores respostas para a fase pré-inicial, nas condições deste experimento. Os níveis de energia metabolizável não influenciaram o desempenho nem os valores de digestibilidade da matéria seca e de nitrogênio.

Abstract Background HTLV-I infected patients often complain of urinary symptomatology. Epidemiological studies have suggested that these individuals have a higher prevalence and incidence of urinary tract infection (UTI) than seronegative controls. However, the diagnosis of UTI in these studies relied only on patient information and did not require confirmation by urine culture. The purpose of this study was to investigate the role of urinary tract infection (UTI) as the cause of urinary symptoms in HTLV-I infected patients. Methods In this cross sectional study we interviewed, and cultured urine from, 157 HTLV-I seropositive individuals followed regularly at a specialized clinic. All patients were evaluated by a neurologist and classified according to the Expanded Disability Status Scale (EDSS). Urodynamic studies were performed at the discretion of the treating physician. Results Sixty-four patients complained of at least one active urinary symptom but UTI was confirmed by a positive urine culture in only 12 of these patients (19%); the majority of symptomatic patients (81%) had negative urine cultures. To investigate the mechanism behind the urinary complaints in symptomatic individuals with negative urine cultures, we reviewed the results of urodynamic studies performed in 21 of these patients. Most of them (90.5%) had abnormal findings. The predominant abnormalities were detrusor sphincter hyperreflexia and dyssynergia, findings consistent with HTLV-I-induced neurogenic bladder. On a multivariate logistic regression, an abnormal EDSS score was the strongest predictor of urinary symptomatology (OR 9.87, 95% CI 3.465 to 28.116, P < 0.0001). Conclusion Urinary symptomatology suggestive of UTI is highly prevalent among HTLV-I seropositive individuals but true UTI is responsible for the minority of cases. We posit that the main cause of urinary symptoms in this population is neurogenic bladder. Our data imply that HLTV-I infected patients with urinary symptomatology should not be empirically treated for UTI but rather undergo urine culture; if a UTI is excluded, further investigation with urodynamic studies should be considered.

Dermanura gnoma (Handley, 1987) is a phyllostomid bat that occurs in South America. In Brazil, most of the records are concentrated in the Amazon Forest, with sparse data from Cerrado and Atlantic Forest. This study presents the first record of D. gnoma for Alagoas state, and for the Pernambuco Endemism Center (PEC), the most threatened region of the Brazilian Atlantic Forest, characterized by its high rate of endemism, habitat loss, and fragmentation. The species was surveyed at Murici Ecological Station and its identification was supported by morphological and molecular data. We provide the first COI and CYTB gene sequences for this species in the entire Atlantic Forest. Phylogenetic analyses reveal that the generated sequences were recovered in the same clade as the published sequences of D. gnoma from the Amazonian Forest, corroborating the disjunct distribution pattern between Amazonia and PEC, as already reported for other vertebrate taxa. Also, this record increases the number of bat species to 71 for the PEC and extends the geographic distribution of D. gnoma by 758 kilometers to the northeast of its range.

Camera traps became the main observational method of a myriad of species over large areas. Data sets from camera traps can be used to describe the patterns and monitor the occupancy, abundance, and richness of wildlife, essential information for conservation in times of rapid climate and land-cover changes. Habitat loss and poaching are responsible for historical population losses of mammals in the Atlantic Forest biodiversity hotspot, especially for medium to large-sized species. Here we present a data set from camera trap surveys of medium to large-sized native mammals (>1 kg) across the Atlantic Forest. We compiled data from 5380 ground-level camera trap deployments in 3046 locations, from 2004 to 2020, resulting in 43,068 records of 58 species. These data add to existing data sets of mammals in the Atlantic Forest by including dates of camera operation needed for analyses dealing with imperfect detection. We also included, when available, information on important predictors of detection, namely the camera brand and model, use of bait, and obstruction of camera viewshed that can be measured from example pictures at each camera location. Besides its application in studies on the patterns and mechanisms behind occupancy, relative abundance, richness, and detection, the data set presented here can be used to study species' daily activity patterns, activity levels, and spatiotemporal interactions between species. Moreover, data can be used combined with other data sources in the multiple and expanding uses of integrated population modeling. An R script is available to view summaries of the data set. We expect that this data set will be used to advance the knowledge of mammal assemblages and to inform evidence-based solutions for the conservation of the Atlantic Forest. The data are not copyright restricted; please cite this paper when using the data., (© 2024 The Ecological Society of America.)

Aviculture is a developed and important industry worldwide. However, it is an industry that produces solid waste such as bedding. As an attempt to reduce environmental impact and productive activity costs, beds are reused by several consecutive lots which can increase microorganism concentration and lead to unsanitary conditions. In this regard, it is essential to adopt a litter pre-treatment during the gap sanitary period between lots to avoid passing problems to the birds from the current flock to the subsequent flock and to guarantee the litter quality. Several factors must be considered to guarantee that there is minimal damage to chicken production. Therefore, this literature review aims to approach the main factors that affect the thermal comfort and chicken litter quality, as well as alternatives used as an alternative biological treatment to guarantee its reuse quality., (© 2023. The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature.)

Objective: Hepatitis B is an important public health concern. Currently, the COVID-19 pandemic is a major challenge for health systems, and the access to pharmacologic and non-pharmacologic treatment of chronic diseases, such as hepatitis B, may have been affected due to the contingency measures. This study aimed to evaluate the access to antiviral therapy during the ongoing pandemic., Methods: This was a descriptive analysis of the access to treatment for chronic hepatitis B at a tertiary-level university hospital in São Paulo, integrated with the Brazilian health system. The study was conducted from April to December 2020., Results: Access to antiviral therapy for 225 patients was assessed. The majority of the population was male (59%). The main type of service was the Programa Medicamento em Casa (Home Medication Delivery Program), which was availed by 144 (64%) patients. Women had poorer access to antiviral therapy (56%, p<0.05), and patients registered in the HMDP (68%, p<0.05) had better access. The age group of >48 years represented 70% of the group without access to antiviral therapy. Twenty-two pharmaceutical appointments were conducted through phone calls with patients without access to antiviral therapy., Conclusion: This study contributes to the rationalization of efforts in a public health crisis through the identification of groups with the highest risk of poor access to antiviral therapy and the demonstration of the benefits of a medication delivery system.

Purpose: To analyze the action of strontium ranelate (SR) and melatonin in isolation or in association in knees, liver and kidneys of rats Wistar with induced osteoarthritis (OA)., Methods: Thirty male rats were induced to OA through an anterior cruciate ligament transection (ACLT), and treated with melatonin and SR in isolation or in association. Morphological, histopathological, histochemical and morphometric analysis were realized of the structure of the articular capsule, as well as histopathological analysis of liver and kidneys from the animals., Results: The experimental model was successful. The association of the drugs presented chondroprotective pharmacodynamics. However, more successful results were identified from analysis of animals in which received melatonin in isolation, regarding biochemical parameters of glutamic oxalacetic transaminase. The prepared slide samples of liver and kidneys from groups submitted to the isolated use of SR and melatonin or the association of these drugs presented no differences, when compared to the control group., Discussion: The administration of the drugs presented chondroprotective effect and prevented from the aggravation of articulate damages, and was not capable of modifying the histology of liver or kidneys. This finding suggests a safe association for the treatment of OA, however it requires further investigation in order to expand therapeutic perspectives regarding improvements of the quality of life of individuals in our society., Competing Interests: The authors declare no conflict of interest., (© 2021 The Author(s).)

Objective: To analyze the effect of motivational interviewing on self-care for people with chronic heart failure., Method: A multicenter randomized clinical trial, which divided people into an intervention group (n=59) and a control group (n=59), followed for 60 days in centers of Brazil and Uruguay. The intervention group received three consultations per motivational interviewing, with an interval of 30 days, and the control group maintained conventional follow-up in specialized clinics. The data were assessed using the Self-Care of Heart Failure Index 6.2, before and after intervention in each of the centers. They were analyzed using the mean, median, t-test, correlation analysis using the Spearman coefficient and effect of the intervention by Cohen's d., Results: One hundred and eighteen people completed the study. In view of the assessment of the effect of the motivational interviewing on self-care, compared to conventional follow-up, a medium effect on maintenance and management (Cohen's d=0.6723; 0.5086) and high on self-care confidence (Cohen's d=0.9877)., Conclusion: Motivational interviewing was effective in improving self-care in patients with heart failure, being a feasible strategy to be implemented in specialized clinics. Brazilian Registry of Clinical Trials (Registro Brasileiro de Ensaios Clínicos): RBR-6fp5qt.

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data., (© 2020 The Authors. Ecology © 2020 The Ecological Society of America.)

Various animal models have been employed to understand the pathogenic mechanism of neuropathic pain. Nitric oxide (NO) is an important molecule in nociceptive transmission and is involved in neuropathic pain. However, its mechanistic actions remain unclear. The aim of this study was to better understand the involvement of neuronal and inducible isoforms of nitric oxide synthase (nNOS and iNOS) in neuropathic pain induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) of the sciatic nerve in rats. We evaluated pain sensitivity (mechanical withdrawal thresholds using Randall and Selitto, and von Frey tests, and thermal withdrawal thresholds using Hargreaves test) prior to CCI surgery, 14 days post CCI and after intrathecal injections of selective nNOS or iNOS inhibitors. We also evaluated the distribution of NOS isozymes in the spinal cord and dorsal root ganglia (DRG) by immunohistochemistry, synthesis of iNOS and nNOS by Western blot, and NO production using fluorescent probe DAF-2 DA (DA). Our results showed higher number of nNOS and iNOS-positive neurons in the spinal cord and DRG of CCI compared to sham rats, and their reduction in CCI rats after treatment with selective inhibitors compared to non-treated groups. Western blot results also indicated reduced expression of nNOS and iNOS after treatment with selective inhibitors. Furthermore, both inhibitors reduced CCI-evoked mechanical and thermal withdrawal thresholds but only nNOS inhibitor was able to efficiently lower mechanical withdrawal thresholds using von Frey test. In addition, we observed higher NO production in the spinal cord and DRG of injured rats compared to control group. Our study innovatively shows that nNOS may strongly modulate nociceptive transmission in rats with neuropathic pain, while iNOS may partially participate in the development of nociceptive responses. Thus, drugs targeting nNOS for neuropathic pain may represent a potential therapeutic strategy., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that there is no conflict of interests regarding the publication of this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Objective: To investigate the impact of pharmaceutical care-based interventions on type 2 diabetes mellitus ., Methods: PubMed®, Cochrane and Web of Science data bases were searched for randomized controlled clinical trials. Studies evaluating pharmaceutical care-based interventions in type 2 diabetes mellitus published between 2012 and 2017 were included. Glycated hemoglobin was defined as the primary endpoint; blood pressure, triglycerides and cholesterol as secondary endpoints. The random effects model was used in meta-analysis., Results: Fifteen trials involving 2,325 participants were included. Meta-analysis revealed considerable heterogeneity (I2>97%; p<0.001), reduction in glycated hemoglobin (-1.07%; 95%CI: -1.32; -0.83; p<0.001), glucose (-29.91mg/dL; 95%CI: -43.2; -16.6; p<0.001), triglyceride (19.8mg/dL; 95%CI: -36.6; -3.04; p=0.021), systolic blood pressure (-4.65mmHg; 95%CI: -8.9; -0.4; p=0.032) levels, and increased HDL levels (4.43mg/dL; 95%CI: 0.16; 8.70; p=0.042)., Conclusion: Pharmaceutical care-based clincal and education interventions have significant impact on type 2 diabetes mellitus . The tools Summary of Diabetes Self-Care Activities and the Morisky Medication Adherence Scale may be useful to monitor patients.

Xenarthrans-anteaters, sloths, and armadillos-have essential functions for ecosystem maintenance, such as insect control and nutrient cycling, playing key roles as ecosystem engineers. Because of habitat loss and fragmentation, hunting pressure, and conflicts with domestic dogs, these species have been threatened locally, regionally, or even across their full distribution ranges. The Neotropics harbor 21 species of armadillos, 10 anteaters, and 6 sloths. Our data set includes the families Chlamyphoridae (13), Dasypodidae (7), Myrmecophagidae (3), Bradypodidae (4), and Megalonychidae (2). We have no occurrence data on Dasypus pilosus (Dasypodidae). Regarding Cyclopedidae, until recently, only one species was recognized, but new genetic studies have revealed that the group is represented by seven species. In this data paper, we compiled a total of 42,528 records of 31 species, represented by occurrence and quantitative data, totaling 24,847 unique georeferenced records. The geographic range is from the southern United States, Mexico, and Caribbean countries at the northern portion of the Neotropics, to the austral distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. Regarding anteaters, Myrmecophaga tridactyla has the most records (n = 5,941), and Cyclopes sp. have the fewest (n = 240). The armadillo species with the most data is Dasypus novemcinctus (n = 11,588), and the fewest data are recorded for Calyptophractus retusus (n = 33). With regard to sloth species, Bradypus variegatus has the most records (n = 962), and Bradypus pygmaeus has the fewest (n = 12). Our main objective with Neotropical Xenarthrans is to make occurrence and quantitative data available to facilitate more ecological research, particularly if we integrate the xenarthran data with other data sets of Neotropical Series that will become available very soon (i.e., Neotropical Carnivores, Neotropical Invasive Mammals, and Neotropical Hunters and Dogs). Therefore, studies on trophic cascades, hunting pressure, habitat loss, fragmentation effects, species invasion, and climate change effects will be possible with the Neotropical Xenarthrans data set. Please cite this data paper when using its data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using these data., (© 2019 The Authors. Ecology © 2019 The Ecological Society of America.)

Bats are considered important reservoirs of pathogens of veterinary and medical relevance worldwide. However, despite the increasing attention paid towards the central role of bats in the spreading of some zoonotic infections, studies on their own parasites remain patchy especially in Neotropical regions. Understanding the relationships occurring between bats and their pathogens is a crucial step to determine the implications undermining the ecology and biology of these animals. The present study aims to assess the endoparasitic fauna of Neotropical bats from Northeastern Brazil, with a particular focus on helminths and protozoa. From October 2016 to March 2017, 54 fresh faecal samples were collected in stable shelters inhabited by three different bat species (i.e., Molossus molossus, Myotis lavali and Noctilio albiventris). Samples were analysed using four different techniques (i.e., Centrifugal Sedimentation, Flotation Technique, Spontaneous Sedimentation Technique and FLOTAC ® ). A total of 96.29% (52/54) samples were positive for at least one gastrointestinal parasite and 11 different families were identified. In particular, 63.6% (7/11) of the families were of helminths and 36.4% (4/11) of protozoa. Helminths were classified into two different classes (Nematoda and Cestoda) and seven families, whereas the four protozoa classes detected (i.e., Coccidia, Gregarinomorphe, Lobosea and Zoomastigophora) into four families. Eggs of Ancylostomatidae and Hymenolepididae were the most abundan. The findings of this present study demonstrate that Neotropical bats from Northeastern Brazil are parasitized by a wide number of parasites, and some of them may have important implications for Public Health., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Measures of traits are the basis of functional biological diversity. Numerous works consider mean species-level measures of traits while ignoring individual variance within species. However, there is a large amount of variation within species and it is increasingly apparent that it is important to consider trait variation not only between species, but also within species. Mammals are an interesting group for investigating trait-based approaches because they play diverse and important ecological functions (e.g., pollination, seed dispersal, predation, grazing) that are correlated with functional traits. Here we compile a data set comprising morphological and life history information of 279 mammal species from 39,850 individuals of 388 populations ranging from -5.83 to -29.75 decimal degrees of latitude and -34.82 to -56.73 decimal degrees of longitude in the Atlantic forest of South America. We present trait information from 16,840 individuals of 181 species of non-volant mammals (Rodentia, Didelphimorphia, Carnivora, Primates, Cingulata, Artiodactyla, Pilosa, Lagomorpha, Perissodactyla) and from 23,010 individuals of 98 species of volant mammals (Chiroptera). The traits reported include body mass, age, sex, reproductive stage, as well as the geographic coordinates of sampling for all taxa. Moreover, we gathered information on forearm length for bats and body length and tail length for rodents and marsupials. No copyright restrictions are associated with the use of this data set. Please cite this data paper when the data are used in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us of how they are using the data., (© 2018 by the Ecological Society of America.)

Objectives: To understand the benefits and limitations of therapeutic dancing classes for people with Parkinson's disease (PD) and how best to design and implement classes., Design: A stakeholder forum explored the opinions of 18 allied health clinicians, dance instructors, people with PD and caregivers. Data were thematically analysed and interpreted within a grounded theory framework., Results: Four main themes were identified: (1) the need to consider the stage of disease progression when designing classes; (2) recognition that dance is more than just therapy; (3) the benefits of carefully selecting music to move by; (4) ways to design classes that are both feasible and engaging. These themes give rise to the theory that dancing classes can provide more than just therapeutic benefits. Dance affords creative expression and enables people to immerse themselves in the art-form, rather than focussing on the disease. The results highlight the benefits of enabling individuals with PD to be able to express themselves in a supportive environment that does not see them solely through the lens of Parkinson's. The feasibility of dance programs can be increased by educating dancing teachers about PD and the unique needs of people living with this condition., Conclusion: Well-structured dance classes can promote social-connectedness and joy, in addition to facilitating movement to music and physical activity. Consumers advised that careful planning of the classes and tailoring them to participant needs optimizes outcomes., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Pteronotus personatus as an insectivore bat and has a diet that consists of a high protein diet, whereas the diet of Anoura geoffroyi, a predominantly nectarivore bat, is rich in simple sugars like sucrose, glucose and fructose. Considering that diet influences the activation of different pathways, which may influence morphological adaptations in the gastrointestinal system, the aim of this study was to compare the morphology of the endocrine pancreas in P. personatus and A. geoffroyi. For this, histological, stereological and immunohistochemical methods were used. In P. personatus, the average diameter of the pancreatic islet was 40.47μm±13.94, while in A. geoffroyi was 88.16μm±36.40. The total number of pancreatic islets in P. personatus was 26150±2346 and in A. geoffroyi was 15970±1666. In P. personatus, the volume density of the pancreatic islets was 3.4%± 2.6, whereas in A. geoffroyi the volume density was 6.1%±3.7. In addition, the immunodensity of the α, β and δ cells, in P. personatus was 25.8%±11.9, 35.5%±13.5, 3.9%±0.7, respectively, and in A. geoffroyi was 33.10%±12.7, 55.08%±7.4, 6.2%±4.6, respectively. In conclusion, the results of this study indicate differences in the pancreatic weight/body, weight ratio, diameter and volume density of pancreatic islets and in immunodensity of the β and α cells between both species, which have different dietary habits., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The Trypanosoma comprises flagellates able to infect many mammalian species and is transmitted by several groups of invertebrates. The order Chiroptera can be infected by the subgenera Herpetosoma, Schizotrypanum, Megatrypanum and Trypanozoon. In this study, we described the diversity of bats trypanosomes, inferring the phylogenetic relationships among the trypanosomes from bats caught Belo Monte Hydroeletric area (Brazilian Amazonia). Trypanosomes from bats were isolated by haemoculture, and the molecular phylogeny based on small subunit rDNA (SSU rDNA) and glycosomal-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (gGAPDH) gene sequences. Morphological characterization included light and scanning electron microscopy. A total of 157 bats were caught in the area belonging 6 Families (Emballonuridae, Furipteridae, Mormoopidae, Natalidae, Phyllostomidae and Vespertilionidae) and 34 species. The bat trypanosome prevalence, as evaluated through haemoculture, was 5,7%. Phylogenetic trees grouped the isolates in T. cruzi branch (TCI and TCbat lineage), T. cruzi marinkellei and Trypanosoma wauwau from Pteronotus parnellii. This is the first isolate from T. wauwau in Para state. The occurrence of T. cruzi in the ​​ Belo Monte Hydroeletric area (UHE Belo Monte) in Amazon/Brazil attentive to the risk of migration human population required for the works of the dam and new cities that grow in the vicinity of these businesses, but it is a zoonosis already known to the Amazon region, and the presence of unclassified Trypanosoma species, attend to the large parasitic biodiversity still unknown., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

We performed numerical simulation of voluntary contraction of the pelvic floor muscles to evaluate the resulting displacements of the organs and muscles. Structures were segmented in Magnetic Resonance (MR) images. Different material properties and constitutive models were attributed. The Finite Element Method was applied, and displacements were compared with dynamic MRI findings. Numerical simulation showed muscle magnitude displacement ranging from 0 to 7.9 mm, more evident in the posterior area. Accordingly, the anorectum moved more than the uterus and bladder. Dynamic MRI showed less 0.2 mm and 4.1 mm muscle dislocation in the anterior and cranial directions, respectively. Applications of this model include evaluating muscle impairment, subject-specific mesh implant planning, or effectiveness of rehabilitation.

Histiotus are vespertilionid bats endemic to South America, easily recognized by its very long ears. During a twelve-month bat inventory in northeastern Brazil, eleven specimens of Histiotus were collected with a unique combination of characters that did not match those of any known species. In this paper, we describe these specimens as a new species. Histiotus sp. nov is distinguished from its congeners by its pale transparent wings and translucent ears, a triangular-shaped ear with a prominent lobe in the inner border connected by a band (~4 mm) across the forehead; its general golden-brownish body color and well-marked bicolor dorsal hairs. Its geographic distribution is unique among vespertilionids, arranged in a northeast-southwest diagonal across South America, includes the Caatinga and Cerrado of Brazil and Chaco of Bolivia. The available data suggest a seasonal reproductive pattern, with births occurring in the mid to late rainy season.

Many forest-dwelling bats are purported to be widespread in South America, although records are scant from the vast diagonal belt of dry ecosystems that straddles the continent, implying possible sampling deficiencies. Here, we investigate this possibility in the case of four species of bat (Centronycteris maximiliani, Lampronycteris brachyotis, Peropteryx kappleri and Trinycteris nicefori), evaluating whether their disjunct present-day distributions reflect their true zoogeographic characteristics or the subsampling of intermediate zones. We use environmental niche modelling (ENM) in an ensemble approach, combining four different modeling techniques, and using niche descriptors based on climatic and remote sensing data, to estimate the potential distribution of the four species. The models indicate that all four species have disjunct distributions in the Amazon and Atlantic forest biomes. The one possible exception is P. kappleri, which the models indicated might potentially occur in humid forest enclaves in western Brazil and eastern Bolivia. The present-day distribution of the species may date back to the Plio-Pleistocene, when the forested biomes of South America were more extensive and connected. Further studies of different chiropteran lineages may provide additional insights into the historic processes of faunal interchange between the Amazon and Atlantic forest biomes.

This study reviews the data available on the distribution of three-banded armadillos of the genus Tolypeutes, identifying potential geographic barriers and evaluating possible biogeographic processes that may account for the present-day distribution of the species and its conservation status. The database was derived from published records, interviews, and voucher specimens, over a timescale ranging from the fossil record to specimens collected in 2013. A total of 236 localities were recorded, with 68 attributed to Tolypeutes matacus and 168 to Tolypeutes tricinctus. The vegetation within the range of the genus is predominantly a xerophytic mosaic of grassland, savannas, open woodland, and xeric thorn forest. The marine transgressions of the Miocene and the uplifting of the Brazilian Shield may have contributed to the vicariant separation of the ancestral populations of T. matacus, to the west and south, and T. tricinctus, to the north and east. The three-banded armadillo is possibly one of the most threatened of Brazilian mammals, considering the low number of recent records and the fact that it is hunted intensively throughout its range.

Objectives: A systematic review to evaluate the benefits of external cues on the gait of PD patients and their impact on the quality of life, freezing and psychomotor performance was performed. The types of cues that could lead to more significant gains were analyzed., Methods: We searched for randomized clinical trials (RCTs) and quasi-randomized clinical trial (QRCTs) that assessed the influence of different external cues on gait, freezing, quality of life and psychomotor performance., Results: Of 259 articles collected, seven (six RCTs and one QRCT) were included in the methodological quality criteria (two consider visual cues, two consider auditory cues, one considers verbal instructions, one considers combined cues and one considers sensory cues). All of the data regarding the methodology, interventions, population and bias were described. Cues generally led to a statistically significant improvement in the step and stride length, speed of gait, cadence and UPDRS. None of these studies assessed the quality of life, and one study analyzed freezing., Conclusion: Our review could show that external cues are effective for improving the gait parameters and psychomotor performance of PD patients. We need more studies to verify if the impact of this type of treatment could improve the quality of life of patients with PD., (Copyright © 2014 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Background: The neural mobilization (NM) technique is a noninvasive method that has been proven to be clinically effective in reducing pain; however, the molecular mechanisms involved remain poorly understood. The aim of this study was to analyze whether NM alters the expression of the mu-opioid receptor (MOR), the delta-opioid receptor (DOR) and the Kappa-opioid receptor (KOR) in the periaqueductal gray (PAG) and improves locomotion and muscle force after chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats., Methods: The CCI was imposed on adult male rats followed by 10 sessions of NM every other day, starting 14 days after the CCI injury. At the end of the sessions, the PAG was analyzed using Western blot assays for opioid receptors. Locomotion was analyzed by the Sciatic functional index (SFI), and muscle force was analyzed by the BIOPAC system., Results: An improvement in locomotion was observed in animals treated with NM compared with injured animals. Animals treated with NM showed an increase in maximal tetanic force of the tibialis anterior muscle of 172% (p < 0.001) compared with the CCI group. We also observed a decrease of 53% (p < 0.001) and 23% (p < 0.05) in DOR and KOR levels, respectively, after CCI injury compared to those from naive animals and an increase of 17% (p < 0.05) in KOR expression only after NM treatment compared to naive animals. There were no significant changes in MOR expression in the PAG., Conclusion: These data provide evidence that a non-pharmacological NM technique facilitates pain relief by endogenous analgesic modulation.

Rotavirus has been considered the main agent of infectious diarrhea especially among younger children. We addressed the prevalence of rotavirus-associated diarrhea and the diversity of circulating electropherotypes by immunochromatography and RNA electrophoresis. Stool samples were taken from 391 children (267 with diarrhea) from the lower socioeconomic stratum who sought treatment in the Hospital Infantil João Paulo II/Belo Horizonte, during 2005 and 2006. Rotavirus was detected in 79/20.2% of subjects, 64/24.0% with diarrhea and 15/12.1% with no diarrhea. The virus was strongly associated with diarrhea (p = 0.003). A total of 76/19.4% and 69/17.6% rotavirus-positive children were identified by immunochromatography and electrophoresis, respectively. Rotavirus-associated diarrhea was more frequently detected in dry months (p < 0.001) and almost exclusively in children aged up to three years. Long profile strains prevailed (54/78.3%) but a shift toward short electropherotype was identified. Despite the decrease seen in 2006, rotavirus infection is still very common in our area. Although viral RNA electrophoresis is useful as a typing method, it should not be used exclusively in the diagnosis of rotavirus infection. We confirmed a shift from long to short profile strains, as already described for other South American countries.

Background: The neural mobilization technique is a noninvasive method that has proved clinically effective in reducing pain sensitivity and consequently in improving quality of life after neuropathic pain. The present study examined the effects of neural mobilization (NM) on pain sensitivity induced by chronic constriction injury (CCI) in rats. The CCI was performed on adult male rats, submitted thereafter to 10 sessions of NM, each other day, starting 14 days after the CCI injury. Over the treatment period, animals were evaluated for nociception using behavioral tests, such as tests for allodynia and thermal and mechanical hyperalgesia. At the end of the sessions, the dorsal root ganglion (DRG) and spinal cord were analyzed using immunohistochemistry and Western blot assays for neural growth factor (NGF) and glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)., Results: The NM treatment induced an early reduction (from the second session) of the hyperalgesia and allodynia in CCI-injured rats, which persisted until the end of the treatment. On the other hand, only after the 4th session we observed a blockade of thermal sensitivity. Regarding cellular changes, we observed a decrease of GFAP and NGF expression after NM in the ipsilateral DRG (68% and 111%, respectively) and the decrease of only GFAP expression after NM in the lumbar spinal cord (L3-L6) (108%)., Conclusions: These data provide evidence that NM treatment reverses pain symptoms in CCI-injured rats and suggest the involvement of glial cells and NGF in such an effect.

Purpose: The use of patient-orientated questionnaires is of utmost importance in assessing the outcome of spine surgery. Standardisation, using a common set of outcome measures, is essential to aid comparisons across studies/in registries. The Core Outcome Measures Index (COMI) is a short, multidimensional outcome instrument validated for patients with spinal disorders. This study aimed to produce a Brazilian-Portuguese version of the COMI., Methods: A cross-cultural adaptation of the COMI into Brazilian-Portuguese was carried out using established guidelines. 104 outpatients with chronic LBP (>3 months) were recruited from a Public Health Spine Medical Care Centre. They completed a questionnaire booklet containing the newly translated COMI, and other validated symptom-specific questionnaires: Oswestry Disability Index (ODI) and Roland Morris disability scale (RM), and a pain visual analogue scale. All patients completed a second questionnaire within 7-10 days to assess reproducibility., Results: The COMI summary score displayed minimal floor and ceiling effects. On re-test, the responses for each individual domain of the COMI were within 1 category in 98% patients for the domain 'function', 96% for 'symptom-specific well-being', 97% for 'general quality of life', 99% for 'social disability' and 100% for 'work disability'. The intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC(2,1)) for COMI pain and COMI summary scores were 0.91-0.96, which compared favourably with the corresponding values for the RM (ICC, 0.99) and ODI (ICC, 0.98). The standard error of measurement for the COMI was 0.6, giving a "minimum detectable change" (MDC95%) of approximately 1.7 points i.e., the minimum change to be considered "real change" beyond measurement error. The COMI scores correlated as hypothesised (Rho, 0.4-0.8) with the other symptom-specific questionnaires., Conclusions: The reproducibility of the Brazilian-Portuguese version of the COMI was comparable to that of other language versions. The COMI scores correlated in the expected manner with existing but longer symptom-specific questionnaires suggesting good convergent validity for the COMI. The Brazilian-Portuguese COMI represents a valuable tool for Brazilian study-centres in future multicentre clinical studies and surgical registries.

The present study was conducted to clarify the influence of feeding habits on regional distribution and relative frequency of endocrine cells secreting cholecystokinin (CCK), gastrin (GAS), serotonin (5-HT) and enteroglucagon (GLUC) in the nectarivorous Anoura geoffroyi and Glossophaga soricina and the sanguivorous Desmodus rotundus bats of the Phyllostomidae family, by specific immunohistochemical methods. The regional distribution and frequency of the different types of endocrine cells varied according to their location in the GIT. 5-HT immunoreactive cells (IR), detected throughout the GIT of three bats, were the most predominant gastrointestinal endocrine cells. GAS-IR cells in A. geoffroyi were found at the base of the pyloric gland, while in G. soricina they could also be observed in the middle to basal portions of the gland. GLUC-IR cells were located in the fundic region of A. geoffroyi, G. soricina and D. rotundus. These endocrine cells were more abundant in the sanguivorous bat. In nectarivorous bats were compared to sanguivorous bat, which differ in dietary habits, difference in the distribution and relative frequency of gut endocrine cells would be predicted. The absence of some, and decrease in frequency of other, gastrointestinal endocrine cells may reflect, in part, its interspecies differences or dietary habits.

The objective of this study was to estimate the number of psychiatric beds occupied per State in Brazil and the amount paid by the Unified National Health System (SUS) for hospitalizations, professional services, tests, and medicines in the country in 2004. The mean number of psychiatric beds occupied, estimated on the basis of total days of hospitalization during the year, and the amount paid by the SUS were obtained from the Hospital Admissions Authorizations (AIH). A total of 45 thousand psychiatric beds were occupied by the SUS in 2004. The SUS paid a total of BRL$487 million (some U$270 million) for hospitalization of patients with mental disorders in 2004. Private hospitals accounted for 78.8% of all psychiatric beds occupied by the SUS. Although the deactivation of 15 mil psychiatric beds could currently generate BRL$162 million (U$90 million) to be reallocated to non-hospital psychiatric services, planning and implementation of the Psychiatric Reform have been very limited. The precarious extra-hospital network has been used as a barrier to deactivation of psychiatric beds, although the latter generates the necessary resources for the former.

Objective: The study assesses AIDS survival time per AIDS-case definition and exposure category in Sao Paulo State, Brazil during the periods 1992 to 1995 and 1998 to 2001., Methods: Case-fatality rate per AIDS case, Cox proportional hazards analysis, and Kaplan-Meier survival time., Results: The case-fatality rate per AIDS case in 1998 to 2001 was 37.6% for symptomatic (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention/modified and/or Paho/Caracas) and 9.7% for the Brazilian asymptomatic CD4 count<350 cells/mm3 AIDS-case definitions. Heterosexual/female patients were diagnosed earlier and presented the lowest case-fatality rate, followed by homosexual/male patients, heterosexual/male patients, and injecting drug users. In the multivariate Cox proportional hazards model, the period of diagnosis (hazard ratio=2.66; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 2.58 to 2.74) and AIDS-case definition (hazard ratio=4.48; 95% CI: 4.53 to 5.16) were strong predictors of survival. For the total AIDS cases, excluding death definition and undetermined exposure category, the estimated first quarter survival time improved from 4 months in 1992 to 1995 to 50 months in 1998 to 2001. Considering only the symptomatic AIDS-case definition, however, the improvement was from 4 months in the period 1992 to 1995 to 14 months in the period 1998 to 2001., Conclusion: The survival improvement in Sao Paulo State was attributable to the introduction of antiretroviral therapy with free universal access in 1996 and to earlier diagnosis associated with the introduction in 1998 of the Brazilian asymptomatic CD4 count<350 cells/mm3 AIDS-case definition with superior sensitivity compared with the symptomatic AIDS-case definitions.