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The World Health Organization estimates that one fifth of university students have experienced major depressive disorder at some point in their lives. Nutrition may be one of the modifiable factors that influence the development of depression. Specifically, low omega-3 fatty acid and vitamin D levels, both nutrients found in high quantities in fish, have been linked to depressive disorders. The main objective of this study was to evaluate the prevalence of depression among young Spanish university students, in addition to the pattern of fish consumption among students and the possible relationship between fish consumption and the presence of depression. Data were collected retrospectively from a nationally representative sample of 11,485 Spanish university students aged 18 years or older in 11 Spanish universities, from 2012 to 2022. The respondents were analyzed according to frequency of consumption and compliance with weekly recommendations for fish intake and the presence of depression. Regression models were also performed to determine students’ odds of depression as a function of compliance with recommendations according to selected sociodemographic variables. The prevalence of depression was 10.5%; it was more prevalent in women, older students and in those with both high and low BMIs. In addition, it was also more prevalent in those that lived outside the family home, with roommates and those who were employed. Sixty-seven percent of the students met the fish intake recommendations. The most common frequency of fish consumption was 1–2 times/week (44.2%), and the least frequent was 2.3% daily fish consumption. Students from northern universities were more likely to consume fish (68.4%) than those from southern universities (66.4%). Non-consumption of fish was found to increase the risk of depression (ORa = 1.45 (1.28–1.64); AF = 31.0% (21.9–39.0)), but it was the student’s own conditions that had the greatest influence on the development of the disorder. In summary, a lower consumption of fish seems to be associated with a higher incidence of depression in Spanish university students; however, other social factors of the student may influence the development of the disorder, and all of this should be taken into account for the development of prevention strategies.

The objective of this research was to study the relationship between the body weight and diet, physical activity, and other habits among freshmen students by sex, and to determine whether these habits have changed during the post-era of the COVID-19 pandemic. A serial cross-sectional study with data from 11 Spanish universities was carried out. In total, 10,096 first-year university students (73.2% female, mean age = 19.0 ± 1.5 years) completed an online self-administered questionnaire between 2012 and 2022. For some analyses, questionnaires were categorized by the year in which the survey was filled out as Before COVID-19, Lockdown, and New Normal. In total, 72.9% of participants were within the normal weight range, and 17.7% of men and 11.8% of women were overweight (p < 0.001). The students who did not meet the WHO criteria of physical activity, spent more than 7 h per day sitting, and skipped breakfast had a higher prevalence of obesity (p < 0.05). According to the period of study, the prevalence of overweight/obesity Before COVID-19 was 16.1% (95% CI: 15.4–16.9%), while in Lockdown the prevalence was significantly higher (20.2, 95% CI: 17.1–23.8) and in New Normal it was 18.9% (CI: 15.7–22.5). Moreover, the study suggests that during the Lockdown period, there was a reduction in the practice of physical activity and an increase in the prevalence of a healthy diet. For all these, it is necessary to propose public health interventions that improve the lifestyles of university students.

To analyze compliance with dietary recommendations (DR) based on the Mediterranean Diet among natives and immigrants in Spain. A cross-sectional study was carried out using the Platform of Longitudinal Studies of Immigrant Families comparing immigrant workers from Colombia, Ecuador and Morocco with Spanish workers. Adjusted odds ratios (ORa) of sufficient compliance with DR were obtained by sociodemographic variables. We also obtained the adjusted difference in means (DMa) for foods for which there was compliance with DR. Moroccans had greater compliance for meat (ORa = 7.22), eggs (ORa = 5.03) and cured-meats (ORa = 89.78). Ecuadorians for sweets (ORa = 4.03) and Spaniards for natural-juices and dairy-products. Moroccans had the greatest compliance in terms of the number of foods (DMa = 1.53), while Colombians had the least (DMa = − 0.95). Men (DMa = − 0.98), those with primary or incomplete primary education (DMa = − 0.83) and single-parent families (DMa = − 0.58) showed lower compliance. Compliance with DR was low among both Spaniards and immigrants, despite differences in levels of compliance, especially between Moroccans and Colombians. This work was supported by the Instituto de Salud Carlos III [PI14/00146] (Co-funded by European Regional Development Fund/European Social Fund "Investing in your future").

Discrimination during vital moments, such as the university period, can generate a high impact on people's behavior and health. The aim of this study was to analyze the possible association of discrimination with perceived health and with different risk behaviors, as well as to describe gender differences in Spanish university students. Discrimination during vital moments, such as college, can have a high impact on people's behavior and health.A cross-sectional study was carried out with data from first-year university students from 11 Spanish universities (n=9,862). Discrimination, perceived health, alcohol consumption, smoking, consumption of illegal substances, leisure time connected to the Internet, risky sexual relations, family function, risk of mental health problems and risk of eating disorders were assessed. Prevalences with their 95% confidence intervals were obtained and for quantitative variables the mean and standard deviation were calculated. Odds ratios with 95% confidence intervals were calculated to determine the relationship between discrimination and the other variables.An association was found between discrimination and fair or poor perceived health (OR: 1.7; p=0.0001), consumption of illegal substances (OR: 1.3; p=0.002), problematic internet use (OR: 1.3; p=0.004), family dysfunction (OR: 1.8; p=0.0001), risk of mental health problems (OR: 1.9; p=0.0001) and eating disorders (OR: 1.5; p=0.0001). Regarding gender differences, higher prevalence of discrimination was observed in men with health status perceived as fair or worse (OR: 2.2; p=0.0001), family dysfunction (OR: 1.8; p=0.0001), risk of mental health problems (OR: 2.2; p=0.0001) and eating disorders (OR: 1.9; p=0.002). Women, apart from the previous variables, presented association of discrimination with consumption of illegal substances (OR: 1.3; p=0.005) and problematic internet use (OR: 1.4; p=0.002).The study findings underline that there is an association between discrimination and risk behaviors among Spanish university students. In turn, discrimination was associated with poor or fair perceived health, this relationship being similar in both men and women.La discriminación durante los momentos vitales, como el periodo universitario, puede generar un alto impacto en la conducta y en el estado de salud de las personas. El estudio tuvo como objetivo analizar la posible asociación de la discriminación con la salud percibida y con distintas conductas de riesgo, así como describir las diferencias de género en estudiantes universitarios españoles.Se realizó un estudio transversal con datos de estudiantes universitarios de primera matrícula de primer curso de 11 universidades españolas (n=9.862). Se valoró la discriminación, la salud percibida, el consumo de alcohol, el hábito tabáquico, el consumo de sustancias ilegales, el tiempo de ocio conectado a internet, la práctica de relaciones sexuales de riesgo, la función familiar, el riesgo de problemas de salud mental y el riesgo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria. Se obtuvieron las prevalencias con sus intervalos de confianza al 95% y para las variables cuantitativas la media y desviación estándar. Se calcularon las Odds Ratio con los intervalos de confianza al 95% para conocer la relación entre la discriminación y las otras variables.Se encontró asociación entre la discriminación y una regular o mala salud percibida (OR: 1,7; p=0,0001), el consumo de sustancias ilegales (OR: 1,3; p=0,002), el uso problemático de internet (OR: 1,3; p=0,004), la disfunción familiar (OR: 1,8; p=0,0001), el riesgo de problemas de salud mental (OR: 1,9; p=0,0001) y de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (OR: 1,5; p=0,0001). En cuanto a las diferencias de género, se apreciaron mayores prevalencias de discriminación en hombres con estado de salud percibida como regular o peor (OR: 2,2; p=0,0001), disfunción familiar (OR: 1,8; p=0,0001), riesgo de problemas de salud mental (OR: 2,2; p=0,0001) y de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria (OR: 1,9; p=0,002). Las mujeres, además de las variables anteriores, mostraron asociación de la discriminación con el consumo de sustancias ilegales (OR: 1,3; p=0,005) y el uso problemático de internet (OR: 1,4; p=0,002).Los hallazgos del estudio subrayan que existe asociación entre la discriminación y las conductas de riesgo de los estudiantes universitarios españoles. A su vez, la discriminación se asoció con una mala o regular salud percibida, siendo esta relación similar tanto en hombres como en mujeres.

To analyze compliance with dietary recommendations (DR) based on the Mediterranean Diet among natives and immigrants in Spain. A cross-sectional study was carried out using the Platform of Longitudinal Studies of Immigrant Families comparing immigrant workers from Colombia, Ecuador and Morocco with Spanish workers. Adjusted odds ratios (ORa) of sufficient compliance with DR were obtained by sociodemographic variables. We also obtained the adjusted difference in means (DMa) for foods for which there was compliance with DR. Moroccans had greater compliance for meat (ORa = 7.22), eggs (ORa = 5.03) and cured-meats (ORa = 89.78). Ecuadorians for sweets (ORa = 4.03) and Spaniards for natural-juices and dairy-products. Moroccans had the greatest compliance in terms of the number of foods (DMa = 1.53), while Colombians had the least (DMa = - 0.95). Men (DMa = - 0.98), those with primary or incomplete primary education (DMa = - 0.83) and single-parent families (DMa = - 0.58) showed lower compliance. Compliance with DR was low among both Spaniards and immigrants, despite differences in levels of compliance, especially between Moroccans and Colombians.

The objective of this study is to analyze the physical activity levels among the ethnic groups in La Guajira, Colombia, according to the different ethnic groups and their sociodemographic factors. With regards to ethnic groups, two groups were studied, ethnic (Indigenous and Afro-Colombian) and non-ethnic (White or Mestizo). In order to obtain the relevant data a non-probability sample of 251 people of ≥18 years of age were asked to complete the short version of the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). In this analysis, physical activity (METs.min−1) levels were considered as the dependent variable, while the independent variables were linked to the sociodemographic factors: sex, age, social class, civil status, educational level, and municipality of residence. The individuals were then categorized based on their physical activity levels and their compliance with the World Health Organization's (WHO) physical activity recommendations. Next, using the sociodemographic variables, regression models were made to determine the likelihood of the participants meeting these physical activity targets; these models found that 78.1% of the studied participants met the targets. According to the results of the bivariate analysis, participants of ≥47 years of age, and those with only a primary education presented a lower probability of complying with the physical activity recommendations, while those who lived in large municipalities (Riohacha) displayed a larger probability of compliance [OR = 2.16; 95% CI: (1.18–3.96)]. Furthermore, the multivariate analysis showed that Indigenous and Afro-Colombian people in a low social class are more likely to comply with the physical activity recommendations [ORad = 4.88; 95% CI: (1.31–18.1)], while residing in a smaller municipality (Manaure) is associated with a lower probability of compliance [ORad = 0.39; 95% CI: (0.16–0.91)]. In addition, the educated participants were shown to be active and to comply with the physical activity recommendations is to a high degree, even when compared with national and global results. In the ethnic group however, low social class stood out as the sociodemographic factor most associated with high physical activity, while Afro-Colombians were shown to be more active than the Indigenous people. The results of this study offer evidence that can either form a base for future research.

Objective To gather consensus on professional competencies and basic public health content for the degree program in Human Nutrition and Dietetics (HND). Design In 2018, the Fifth Meeting of University Public Health Professors took place in Zaragoza (Spain). Fourteen lecturers in the HND degree program participated from 11 Spanish universities. They identified competencies and basic content for training for the HND degree using group dynamics and consensus strategies. Results The professors identified 51 basic competencies, distributed in the areas of “evaluation of population health needs” (n = 20), “development of health policies” (n = 23), and “guaranteeing provision of health care services” (n = 8). In order to reach these competencies, 35 topics were proposed organized into six thematic blocks: foundations of public health, nutritional epidemiology, health problems and diet and nutrition strategies, food security, health in all policies and health promotion and education. Conclusion The consensus reached serves as a reference to orient and update public health education as a part of the HND degree.

Menstrual problems affect many young women worldwide, conditioning both their academic performance and quality of life. This study sought to analyse the prevalence of menstrual problems and their possible relationship with lifestyle among Spanish university women, as part of a research project (UniHcos Project) involving a cohort of 11 Spanish universities with 7208 university students. A descriptive analysis was performed using the bivariate chi-square test and the Student&rsquo, s t-test together with a binary logistic regression, in which the dependent variable was &lsquo, suffering from menstrual problems&rsquo, Menstrual problems were identified in 23.8% of the students, representing women who paid more visits to the doctor and to emergency rooms, and who consumed more painkillers and contraceptives. In relation to dietary preferences, menstrual problems were 1.39 (CI 95% 1.22&ndash, 1.61, p = 0.000) times more likely among women classified as high-risk alcohol users according to the AUDIT questionnaire, and 1.187 (CI 95% 1.029&ndash, 1.370, p = 0.019) times greater among those who consumed sweets daily, 1.592 (CI 95% 1.113&ndash, 2.276, p = 0.011) times more frequent among those who eat fish daily, and 1.199 (CI 95% 1.004&ndash, 1.432, p = 0.045) times greater among those who were dieting. Menstrual problems affect many college students and potentially modifiable lifestyle variables exist which may influence their prevalence. It would be interesting to develop programmes to promote women&rsquo, s health in the university context.

Las políticas públicas son los proyectos que gestiona el gobierno con el fin de satisfacer una necesidad en la sociedad. Objetivo: Analizar la situación de las políticas públicas de investigación en salud en Ecuador. Métodos: Se realizó un estudio FODA (fortalezas, oportunidades, debilidades y amenazas) más un estudio Delphi a 20 informantes clave (sector público y privado) sobre su percepción de los aspectos positivos y negativos de las políticas públicas de investigación en salud del Ecuador en los últimos 8 años (2007-2014). Realización del estudio: Marzo, 2014 a febrero, 2015. Fuente de información: encuesta online. Posteriormente, los participantes ordenaron las tres estrategias más nombradas en cada componente del FODA según su importancia. Tras calcular la mediana, rangos inter cuartil y valores mínimo y máximo, los expertos llegaron al consenso final. Resultados: Los 4 componentes FODA más frecuentes fueron: Fortaleza: Apoyo gubernamental mediante Becas del Gobierno; Oportunidades: Coordinación Interinstitucional y redes de investigación. Debilidades: Trámites burocráticos, especialmente para obtención de fondos económicos para investigación, y evaluaciones de proyectos por profesionales con poca experiencia. Amenazas: Cambios de políticas inesperados, legislación confusa, disminución en los presupuestos. Conclusiones: La investigación y producción científica en el Ecuador presenta cambios importantes, se recomienda aprovechar el apoyo gubernamental, la coordinación y financiamiento institucional, fortaleciendo los recursos destinados para la investigación y evitando los trámites burocráticos y reglamentos confusos. Public policies are the projects that the government manages in order to satisfy a need in society. Objective: To analyze the situation of public health research policies in Ecuador. Methods: A SWOT study (strengths, opportunities, weaknesses and threats) plus a Delphi study was conducted on 20 key informants (public and private sector) on their perception of the positive and negative aspects of Ecuador’s public health research policies in the last 8 years (2007-2014). Conduct of the study: March 2014 to February 2015. Source of information: online survey. Subsequently, the participants ordered the three most-named strategies in each SWOT component according to their importance. After calculating the mean, median and minimum and maximum values, the experts reached the final consensus. Results: The 4 most frequent SWOT components were: Strength: Government support through Government Scholarships; Opportunities: Inter-institutional coordination and research networks. Weaknesses: Bureaucratic procedures, especially to obtain economic funds for research, and project evaluations by professionals with little experience. Threats: Unexpected policy changes, confusing legislation, decrease in budgets. Conclusions: Research and scientific production in Ecuador presents important changes, it is recommended to take advantage of government support, institutional coordination and financing, strengthening the resources allocated for research and avoiding bureaucratic procedures and confusing regulations. Palabras claves: Políticas públicas, Investigación en salud, Ecuador, Delfos. Key words: Public policies, Health research, Ecuador, Delphi.

This study was supported by the National Drug Plan, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality of Spain (Grants: 2010|145 and 2013|034)., Pulses such as peas, beans or lentils are one of the most complete foods at the nutritional level, however, it is one of the most often neglected in the diets of university students. Entrance to university translates to a major lifestyle change for many young people and the habits acquired or cemented at this time will remain into adulthood. The objective of this study is to analyze the association between personal/sociodemographic factors, dietary intake of other food groups and the consumption of pulses in first-year university students. This cross-sectional study is part of the UniHcos project, a multicenter study of multipurpose prospective cohorts in 11 Spanish universities. Data from 9862 university students was collected through an online self-questionnaire completed by all students who met the selection criteria and agreed to participate in the project during the 2011–2018 academic years. 75.8% of students presented an inadequate (≤ 2 times / week) consumption of pulses. Living outside the family home in either a student residence [OR = 0.76; 95%CI: (0.69 – 0.84)] or rental [OR = 0.81; 95%CI: (0.70 – 0.95)] decreased compliance with recommendations on the consumption of pulses. Low consumption of pulses is seemingly not restricted to a specific profile or dietary pattern among university students and no specific focus group for intervention can be identified. Policies promoting the consumption of pulses among the university population as a whole are necessary to increase compliance rates with the dietary recommendations., National Drug Plan, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality of Spain 2010|145 2013|034

Se presenta el caso de un profesor de 47 años, no fumador, con riesgo-cardiovascular (RCV) moderado (2%) según HeartScore: obesidad (Índice-masa-muscular: 32,8kg/m2); índice cintura-cadera: 1,08, tensión-arterial alta: 150/101mmHg, hipercolesterolemia: 223mg/dl. La anamnesis-alimentaria inicial (2016) muestra consumo: 2100kcal/día (distribuidas en 24% proteínas, 45% grasas, 31% carbohidratos) y, potasio (51%) y vitamina-D (42%) bajos; consume 2 bebidas-alcohólicas/semana. El tratamiento dietético consistió en 2500kcal/día (distribuidas en 14% proteína, 32% grasas, 51% carbohidratos) y aumento vitamina-D (10,50μg/día), basado en directrices de la Guía Europea de Prevención Cardiovascular. Después de 1 año de tratamiento se mostraron cambios favorables: Índice-masa-muscular (30,5kg/m2), índice cintura-cadera (0,98), tensión-arterial (128/90mmHg) evidenciados por datos bioquímicos y dietéticos. Este artículo presenta aspectos relevantes de una intervención dietético-nutricional individualizada de factores de RCV en el ámbito laboral y destacan las competencias del dietista-nutricionista y la coordinación del Servicio-Prevención-universitario como activos de salud comunitarios, para revertir parámetros de RCV especialmente antropométricos y tensión-arterial. We present the case of a 47 year old nonsmoking university professor with moderate cardiovascular risk (CVR) (2%) according to HeartScore: obesity (body mass index, 32.8kg/m2); waist-to-hip ratio:1.08; high blood pressure, 150/101 mmHg; and hypercholesterolemia: 223 mg/dL). The initial food inventory (2016) showed a consumption pattern of 2100 kcal/day (24% proteins, 45% fats, 31% carbohydrates); low intake of potassium (51%) and vitamin-D (42%); consumption of two alcoholic drinks/ per week. Dietary treatment consisted of 2500 kcal/day (distributed as 14% protein, 32% fat, 51% carbohydrates), and increased vitamin D intake (10.50 μg/day), following the European Cardiovascular Prevention Guide. Favorable changes were apparent after one year of treatment: body mass index (30.5kg/m2), waist-to-hip ratio (0.98), blood pressure (128/90mmHg), supported by laboratory and dietary data. This article presents relevant aspects of an individualized nutritional intervention targeting CVR factors in the workplace. It highlights the competencies of the dietitian and the coordination of the university-based occupational health service as community health assets, to revert CVR parameters, especially anthropometric and blood pressure data.

We present the case of a 47 year old nonsmoking university professor with moderate cardiovascular risk (CVR) (2%) according to HeartScore: obesity (body mass index, 32.8kg/m2); waist-to-hip ratio:1.08; high blood pressure, 150/101 mmHg; and hypercholesterolemia: 223 mg/ dL). The initial food inventory (2016) showed a consumption pattern of 2100 kcal/day (24% proteins, 45% fats, 31% carbohydrates); low intake of potassium (51%) and vitamin-D (42%); consumption of two alcoholic drinks/ per week. Dietary treatment consisted of 2500 kcal/day (distributed as 14% protein, 32% fat, 51% carbohydrates), and increased vitamin D intake (10.50 μg/day), following the European Cardiovascular Prevention Guide. Favorable changes were apparent after one year of treatment: body mass index (30.5kg/m2), waist-to-hip ratio (0.98), blood pressure (128/90mmHg), supported by laboratory and dietary data. This article presents relevant aspects of an individualized nutritional intervention targeting CVR factors in the workplace. It highlights the competencies of the dietitian and the coordination of the universitybased occupational health service as community health assets, to revert CVR parameters, especially anthropometric and blood pressure data.Se presenta el caso de un profesor de 47 años, no fumador, con riesgo-cardiovascular (RCV) moderado (2%) según HeartScore: obesidad (Índice-masa-muscular: 32,8kg/m2); índice cintura-cadera: 1,08, tensión-arterial alta: 150/101mmHg, hipercolesterolemia: 223mg/dl. La anamnesis-alimentaria inicial (2016) muestra consumo: 2100kcal/día (distribuidas en 24% proteínas, 45% grasas, 31% carbohidratos) y, potasio (51%) y vitamina-D (42%) bajos; consume 2 bebidas-alcohólicas/semana. El tratamiento dietético consistió en 2500kcal/día competencias del dietista-nutricionista y la coordinación del Servicio-Prevención-universitario como activos de salud comunitarios, para revertir parámetros de RCV especialmente antropométricos y tensión-arterial.

The level of meat consumption is one of the main deviations from the Mediterranean diet pattern in Spanish university students. The objective of this cross-sectional descriptive study is to analyze the association between sociodemographic factors and the consumption of fresh and processed meat in Spanish university students. This study is part of a cohort of 11 Spanish universities with 9862 university students (UniHcos Project). A descriptive analysis and a chi2 test were carried out to assess differences between personal and sociodemographic variables and meat consumption, and binary logistic regression analysis to assess factors associated with consumption; 19.9% and 73.5% met the recommendations for meat-fresh and meat-processed consumption, respectively. Only 3.8% of students meet the recommendations for both fresh and processed meat. Statistically significant differences were found between sex, BMI, employment, housing, and coexistence regarding compliance with recommendations. Female employed students living in rental accommodations with a partner are more likely to meet the recommendations for fresh meats while male, normal weight, employed students living in rental accommodations with a partner are more likely to meet the recommendations for processed meats. There is a lack of compliance with the recommendations for consumption of fresh meat in Spanish university students, differences in compliance among students of differing regions and an association with sex, employment, housing, and coexistence regarding compliance., This study was funded by the National Drug Plan, Ministry of Health, Social Services and Equality of Spain (Codes: 2010|145 and 2013|034) and project PI16/01947.

The objective of this article is to analyze the influence of employment conditions on adherence to dietary recommendations among those born in Spain and immigrants by their time of residence. Data were used from the Platform of Longitudinal Studies of Immigrant Families (PELFI) cohort (n = 215) to compare Spaniards and immigrants with &lt, 14 and &gt, 14 years of residence. The questionnaire on frequency of food consumption (15 items) was used to measure adherence to dietary recommendations. Logistic regression models were used, adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics and employment conditions. Adherence to dietary recommendations was greater among Spaniards, followed by immigrants with &gt, 14 years of residence and &lt, 14 years of residence. The greatest adherence among Spaniards was for eggs (immigrants &ge, 14 years: 1/ORa = 2.89, &lt, 14 years: 1/ORa = 3.92), fish (immigrants &ge, 14 immigrants: 1/ORa = 2.33, &lt, 14 years: 1/ORa = 4.72), vegetables (immigrants &ge, 14 years: 1/ORa = 3.26, &lt, 14 years: 1/ORa = 4.87), dairy products (immigrants &ge, 14 years: 1/ORa = 14.34, &lt, 14 years: 1/ORa = 26.78), and sugary drinks (immigrants &ge, 14 years: 1/ORa = 2.12, &lt, 14 years: 1/ORa = 3.48), and the lowest adherence was for the consumption of sausages and cold cuts (immigrants &ge, 14 years: Ora = 7.62, &lt, 14 years: ORa = 24.65). Adjusting for sociodemographic and employment conditions variables did not result in variation in the observed differences between Spaniards, immigrants with &lt, 14 years of residence, and immigrants with &gt, 14 years of residence.

The objective was to investigate how socio-economic changes have modified body mass index values and dietary patterns in the Spanish population. A comparative cross-sectional analysis of the last two iterations of the Spanish National Health Survey (SNSH) was done. The independent variables were sex, age, education level, employment situation, and social class. Outcome variables were: poor diet quality and obesity. Economic crisis increases the probability to become obese and to have a poor diet and employment situation is the variable that showed the greatest differences between years. While in 2006 to be unemployed did not represent a risk to have a poor diet [odds ratio (OR): 0.74; p

Introduction: The use of dietary supplements is increasing among athletes, year after year. Related to the high rates of use, unintentional doping occurs. Unintentional doping refers to positive anti-doping tests due to the use of any supplement containing unlisted substances banned by anti-doping regulations and organizations, such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA). The objective of this review is to summarize the presence of unlabeled doping substances in dietary supplements that are used in sports. Methodology: A review of substances/metabolites/markers banned by WADA in ergonutritional supplements was completed using PubMed. The inclusion criteria were studies published up until September 2017, which analyzed the content of substances, metabolites and markers banned by WADA. Results: 446 studies were identified, 23 of which fulfilled all the inclusion criteria. In most of the studies, the purpose was to identify doping substances in dietary supplements. Discussion: Substances prohibited by WADA were found in most of the supplements analyzed in this review. Some of them were prohormones and/or stimulants. With rates of contamination between 12 and 58%, non-intentional doping is a point to take into account before establishing a supplementation program. Athletes and coaches must be aware of the problems related to the use of any contaminated supplement and should pay special attention before choosing a supplement, informing themselves fully and confirming the guarantees offered by the supplement.

Mental disorders are consistently and closely related to psychological distress. At the start of the university period, the relationship between a student&rsquo, s psychological distress, family support, and employment status is not well-known. The aims of this study were: To determine the prevalence of psychological distress in first-year university students and to analyze its relationship with family support and the student&rsquo, s employment status. Data from 4166 first-year university students from nine universities across Spain were considered. The prevalence of psychological distress was obtained using the GHQ-12, a valid and reliable screening tool to detect poor mental health. To analyze the relationship between psychological distress, family support, and employment status, logistic regression models were fitted. Regarding the prevalence found, 46.9% of men and 54.2% of women had psychological distress. In both genders, psychological distress levels increased as family support decreased. Among women, psychological distress was associated with their employment status. The prevalence of psychological distress among first-year university students in Spain is high. In addition, family support, and employment status for women, could be factors to take into account when developing psychological distress prevention strategies at the beginning of the university period.

Introducción y objetivos: las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de muerte mundial, por ello el objetivo de este estudio es analizar los factores de riesgo de ECV en los trabajadores de la Universidad de Alicante.Material y métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo. Muestra aleatoria (n = 124), 46,6% mujeres y 53,4% hombres, de edades entre 25-68 años. Recogida de datos mediante cuestionario online autocumplimentado.sociodemográficas, peso y talla autorreferidos, consumo de tabaco, actividad física, consumo diario de aceite de oliva, hortalizas-verduras, mantequilla-margarina-nata y consumo semanal de repostería comercial y frutos secos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo con el paquete estadístico SPSS 19.0.Resultados: el 12% de mujeres y el 10,5% de los hombres mayores de 44 años presentan obesidad; además, el 32% de mujeres y el 23,7% de los hombres no realizan actividad física. Consume aceite de oliva a diario el total de la muestra a estudio.Conclusión: los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiados se asemejan a los patrones dietéticos mediterráneos considerados saludables. Destacar el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de consumo de aceite de oliva y la realización de actividad física habitual como protectores de las ECV. El entorno laboral de la población estudiada favorece unos hábitos saludables.

Resumen Fundamento y objetivo La obesidad en la poblacion adulta espanola practicamente se doblo entre 1987 y 2003. El objetivo de este estudio es actualizar la prevalencia de sobrepeso y obesidad, y reevaluar sus principales determinantes sociales a partir de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud (ENS) de 2006. Pacientes y metodo Estudio transversal basado en la ENS-2006. Muestra de 29.478 adultos que respondieron preguntas sobre peso y talla autodeclarados. Se calculo el indice de masa corporal y la sobrecarga ponderal (clasificacion de la OMS) como variable dependiente. Se usaron como variables independientes sociodemograficas: edad, sexo, estado civil, nivel de estudios, clase social (manual, no-manual) e ingresos mensuales. Se realizo un estudio descriptivo y diferentes modelos de regresion logistica. Resultados En 2006, la prevalencia de sobrepeso fue mayor en varones (43,9%) que en mujeres (28,9%), pero para la prevalencia de obesidad (15,0%) no se observaron diferencias por sexos. El analisis de regresion logistica multinomial muestra asociacion significativa entre obesidad-estar casada(o), con una odds ratio (OR) de 1,69 (intervalo de confianza del 95% [IC 95%] 1,51-1,89) y viuda(o), OR de 1,77 (IC 95% 1,45-2,16); sin estudios, OR de 2,77 (IC 95% 2,34-3,28) e ingresos Conclusiones El genero y la clase social son determinantes sociales relevantes de la obesidad en Espana. Las actividades preventivas que se desarrollen deben considerar ambas condiciones sociales.

Objetivo: Contribuir a conformar un marco de referencia para organizar la enseñanza de la salud pública en las titulaciones universitarias españolas, siguiendo las directrices del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Métodos: Se extrajeron las competencias profesionales específicas definidas en los Libros Blancos de la Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad (ANECA) de medicina, farmacia, enfermería, nutrición humana y dietética, óptica y optometría, veterinaria, trabajo social, ciencias laborales y recursos humanos, magisterio y ciencias ambientales. Siguiendo el marco propuesto por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre competencias profesionales en salud pública en España, se seleccionaron las que les capacitan para el desarrollo de la Salud Pública desde su ámbito de actividad. También se identificaron y relacionaron las competencias seleccionadas en cada titulación con las actividades y las funciones. Resultados: Todas las titulaciones cuentan con competencias para las funciones de salud pública. La mayoría pueden participar en actividades de análisis de la situación de salud de la comunidad, y de diseño y puesta en marcha de programas e intervenciones sanitarias, fomento de la participación social y del control de los ciudadanos sobre su salud. Las actividades de control de enfermedades y de gestión de servicios y programas siguen restringidas a las profesiones sanitarias. Conclusiones: Hay espacio académico para el desarrollo multidisciplinario de la salud pública en España mas allá de las profesiones consideradas sanitarias. La vinculación entre las competencias específicas de cada titulación y las actividades de salud pública permite identificar los contenidos de esta materia que deben incluirse en sus programas.Objective: To conform a frame of reference for the organization of the public health teaching in university degrees in Spain, in agreement with the directives of the European Space for Higher Education. Methods Specific professional competencies in public health have been extracted from the Libros blancos published by the ANECA (National Agency of Quality Evaluation) for the degrees on medicine, pharmacy, nursing, human nutrition and dietetics, optics and optometry, veterinary, social work, occupational relations, teacher training, and environmental sciences. Following the framework proposed by the Working Group on professional competencies in public health in Spain, we have selected those competences that enable future professionals to participate in the development of the public health from their field of activity. We have also identified and correlated the specific competences of each degree with the corresponding activities and functions. Results All the studied degrees have competences in public health functions. The majority has also defined activities in community health analysis, design and implementation of health interventions and programmes, promotion of social participation and citizen's control of their own health. Conclusions There is academic space for the multidisciplinary development of the public health in Spain beyond the health professions. The identification of the specific competencies of each degree related with activities on public health reveal what are the contents to be in included in each syllabus.

Objetivos: Explorar los argumentos utilizados por los actores clave para valorar las políticas públicas en España orientadas a reducir la obesidad en la población. Métodos: Mapeo por multicriterios, en el marco del proyecto europeo Opciones de Políticas para Responder al Desafío de la Obesidad (PorGrow), mediante una entrevista estructurada individual a 21 actores principales, líderes del sector público y privado en la alimentación y el ejercicio físico en España. Se integró en el análisis información de tipo cuantitativo y cualitativo. Los entrevistados justificaron sus posiciones en pro y en contra de las diferentes iniciativas de políticas, aspectos que se denominaron «criterios», que fueron ponderados según su importancia relativa y documentados mediante textos y «perlas» del discurso de los entrevistados. Resultados: Se identificaron 93 argumentos para la selección de políticas en los 21 entrevistados. Los argumentos más utilizados y valorados por su importancia fueron: eficacia (n = 18), beneficios sociales (n = 17) y aceptabilidad social (n = 14). Los costes económicos fueron considerados poco relevantes tanto para el sector público como para los individuos. El impacto económico para el sector comercial no fue incluido por ninguno de los entrevistados. Según el área de actuación, los criterios más relevantes fueron la eficacia y los beneficios sociales, para el sector privado y público, respectivamente. Conclusiones: Quizá porque España se encuentra al comienzo del proceso de desarrollo de políticas de obesidad y aún no hay ni «ganadores» ni «perdedores» entre los afectados, los costes financieros aparecen como una cuestión de bajo perfil para los entrevistados, lo que abre una ventana de oportunidad para ensayar políticas de regulación.Aim: To explore the criteria used to assess public policy initiatives on obesity in Spain by the main stakeholders. Methods: Multicriteria mapping was performed within the framework of the European PorGrow Project «Policy options for responding to obesity» through a structured interview with 21 stakeholders, who were leaders in the public and private sectors in Spain in the area of food and physical exercise. Qualitative and quantitative information was included in the analysis. The interviewees justified their positions for or against the various policy options with criteria that were weighted by their relative importance and documented with quotations and «nuggets» from the interviewees' discourse. Results: We identified 93 criteria for policy selection in the 21 interviewees. The most frequent criteria and those perceived as most important were efficacy (n = 18), social benefits (n = 17) and social acceptability (n = 14). The economic impact on individuals and the public sector was not considered important by the interviewees. The economic impact on the commercial sector was not included by any of the participants. The criterion most highly valued by public sector stakeholders was societal benefits while that most valued by private sector stakeholders was efficacy. Conclusions: Spain is in the initial stages of developing public policy on obesity and, as yet, there are no winners and losers among those concerned, which may explain why economic costs seem to be relatively unimportant for the stake-holders, opening a window of opportunity for the development of regulatory policies.

Introducción y objetivos: las enfermedades cardiovasculares (ECV) son la principal causa de muerte mundial, por ello el objetivo de este estudio es analizar los factores de riesgo de ECV en los trabajadores de la Universidad de Alicante. Material y métodos: estudio transversal descriptivo. Muestra aleatoria (n = 124), 46,6% mujeres y 53,4% hombres, de edades entre 25-68 años. Recogida de datos mediante cuestionario online autocumplimentado. Variables: sociodemográficas, peso y talla autorreferidos, consumo de tabaco, actividad física, consumo diario de aceite de oliva, hortalizas-verduras, mantequilla-margarina-nata y consumo semanal de repostería comercial y frutos secos. Se realizó un análisis descriptivo con el paquete estadístico SPSS 19.0. Resultados: el 12% de mujeres y el 10,5% de los hombres mayores de 44 años presentan obesidad; además, el 32% de mujeres y el 23,7% de los hombres no realizan actividad física. Consume aceite de oliva a diario el total de la muestra a estudio. Conclusión: los hábitos alimentarios de los estudiados se asemejan a los patrones dietéticos mediterráneos considerados saludables. Destacar el cumplimiento de las recomendaciones de consumo de aceite de oliva y la realización de actividad física habitual como protectores de las ECV. El entorno laboral de la población estudiada favorece unos hábitos saludables. Background and objectives: Cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are the leading cause of death worldwide, so the aim of this study is to analyze the risk factors of cardiovascular disease in workers at the University of Alicante (Alicante, Spain). Material and methods: Descriptive transversal study. Random sample (n = 124), 46.6% women and 53.4% men, aged between 25-68 years. On-line data collection by self-completed questionnaire. Variables: socio-demographic, self-referred weight and height, smoking habit, physical activity, daily consumption of olive oil, fruit-vegetables, butter-margarine-cream and weekly consumption of industrial baking and nuts. A descriptive analysis using SPSS 19.0 statistical package was performed. Results: 12% of women and 10.5% of men over 44 years were classified as obese. Otherwise, 32% and 23.7% of women and men respectively, do not practice any exercise routinely. Olive oil is consumed daily by all the sample studied. Conclusion: The studied eating habits are similar to those considered healthy Mediterranean dietary patterns. Daily olive oil consumption together with regular physical activity has an important role as protectors of CVD. The work environment studied has a positive influence in healthy habits.

La Transvulcania es una competición individual de montaña con 74,6km, en la que se dispone de avituallamientos para cubrir las necesidades de alimentación e hidratación de los participantes. La importancia de la preparación dietético-nutricional radica en la prevención o disminución de problemas gastrointestinales, deshidratación, hiponatremia y fatiga, entre otros. El objetivo del presente informe es describir la planificación dietético-nutricional de un deportista que afronta este evento. Varón de 37 años con 10 años de experiencia deportiva, en el que se evaluaron los hábitos alimentarios, ingesta de suplementos, composición corporal. Para la planificación alimentaria de la Transvulcania, se tuvo en cuenta las recomendaciones dietético-nutricionales para deportistas en competición, tiempo medio, lugar de los avituallamientos y posible ingesta de alimentos/suplementos. La planificación dietético-nutricional en eventos de ultrarresistencia es un condicionante para realizar satisfactoriamente la prueba, tolerando e ingiriendo adecuadamente los alimentos/suplementos y evitando riesgos nutricionales como la deshidratación, fatiga, molestias gastrointestinales, etc. The Transvulcania is an individual mountain competition with 74,6km. The event has provisioning areas to meet the needs of nutrition and hydration of the participants. The importance of dietary-nutritional preparation is in preventing or reducing gastrointestinal problems, dehydration, hyponatremia, fatigue, among others. The aim is to describe the dietary and nutritional planning an athlete in this event. Eating habits, supplement intake and body composition were evaluated in a 37 years old male with 10 years of sports experience. Dietary and nutritional recommendations for athletes in competition, test time, refreshment areas and possible food intake/supplements were taken into account for dietary planning during the competition. The dietary and nutritional planning in ultra-endurance events is important to successfully perform the competition, tolerating and taking foods/supplements properly, and avoiding nutritional risk and dehydration, fatigue, gastrointestinal disturbances, etc.

This study assesses the opinions of the main Spanish stakeholders from food and physical exercise policy networks on public policy options for responding to obesity. We followed the multi-criteria mapping methodology in the framework of the European project ‘Policy options in responding to obesity’ (PorGrow), through a structured interview to 21 stakeholders. A four-step approach was taken: options, criteria, scoring and weighting, obtaining in this way a measure of the performance of each option which integrates qualitative and quantitative information. In an overall analysis, the more popular policy options where those grouped as educational initiatives: include food and health in the school curriculum, improve health education to the general public, improve the training of health professionals in obesity care and prevention, incentives to caterers to provide healthier menus and improve community sports facilities. Fiscal measures as subsidies and taxes had the lowest support. The criteria assessed as priorities were grouped as efficacy and societal benefits. Obesity in Spain can be approached through public policies, although the process will not be easy or immediate. The feasibility of changes requires concerned public policymakers developing long-term actions taking into account the map of prioritized options by the stakeholders. New and Emerging Science and Technology (NEST) research project (European Union).

currently, case reports are an important teaching tool with practical applications and contribute to the expansion of knowledge of health professionals.to review the methodology of developing case reports, showing similarities and differences in format and content criteria that are requested for case reports to be published.literature review in PubMed and Scielo between 2005-2015 and manual tracing of the most relevant references of selected articles.original articles / literature reviews in English / Spanish / Portuguese published in any country and include guidelines or recommendations for the drafting of clinical cases.we found 131 articles, 20 met the inclusion criteria, adding 5 articles by manually tracing. The variables were described: objective, conclusions and recommendations presented in 3 tables; 1. International guide publication; 2. International journals and 3. Latin American journals.there are international benchmarks that provide when required to write and publish a case report very specific guidelines. Both international benchmarks analyzed the recommendations are consistent in their usefulness but there is no standardization in its methodology. Very few guidelines mentioned include dietary management, monitoring and evolution in the clinical situation.Introducción: en la actualidad, los casos clínicos suponen una importante herramienta docente con aplicaciones prácticas y contribuyen a la expansión del conocimiento de los profesionales de la salud. Objetivos: revisar la metodología de elaboración de casos clínicos, mostrando las similitudes y diferencias en los criterios de formato y contenido que son solicitados para que los reportes de casos sean publicados. Metodología: revisión bibliográfica en PubMed y Scielo entre 2005-2015, y rastreo manual de aquellas referencias más relevantes de los artículos seleccionados. Criterios de inclusión: artículos originales/revisiones bibliográficas en inglés/español/portugués publicados en cualquier país y que incluyan guías o recomendaciones sobre la redacción de casos clínicos. Resultados: se encontraron 131 artículos, de ellos, 20 cumplieron los criterios de inclusión, añadiendo cinco artículos por rastreo manual. Las variables descritas fueron: objetivo, recomendaciones y conclusiones, presentadas en tres tablas: 1. Publicaciones referentes internacionales; 2. Revistas internacionales y 3. Revistas latinoamericanas. Discusión: existen referentes internacionales que proporcionan directrices muy concretas cuando se precisa escribir y publicar un caso clínico. Tanto los referentes internacionales como las recomendaciones analizadas son coincidentes en su utilidad, aunque no existe una estandarización en su metodología. Son muy pocas las directrices que mencionan incluir el tratamiento dietético, el seguimiento y la evolución del mismo durante la situación clínica. Conclusiones: se recomienda a los autores interesados en describir un caso clínico cuyo tratamiento sea principalmente nutricional, seguir una guía ajustada a la situación clínica a presentar, siendo la guía CARE una buena opción.

El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar un análisis descriptivo del uso problemático de Internet en estudiantes universitarios, evaluando la posible asociación con problemas de salud y conductas adictivas, así como diferencias de género en los tipos utilización. Un total de 2780 alumnos participaron en el estudio entre los años 2011 – 2014, siendo un 29% varones (edad 20.8 ± 5.1 años) y un 71% mujeres (edad de 20.3 ± 4.4 años). La prevalencia de uso problemático de Internet evaluada mediante el Internet Addiction Test fue del 6.08%. Ser menor de 21 años y cursar titulaciones diferentes a ciencias de la salud fueron factores asociados a una mayor frecuencia de este problema, no existiendo diferencias en función del sexo o tipo de domicilio. Los resultados muestran una asociación significativa con algunos problemas de salud (migrañas, dolor lumbar, sobrepeso u obesidad, descanso insuficiente), aspectos psicológicos (riesgo de trastornos de la conducta alimentaria, riesgo de trastorno mental, depresión), problemas familiares y discriminación; no encontrándose asociaciones con consumo de sustancias adictivas (alcohol, tabaco o cannabis). Respecto al tiempo de uso de Internet, las horas de conexión semanales fueron significativamente mayores en las mujeres que en los hombres, tanto en el tiempo total como por motivos de ocio. El análisis del perfil de utilización en usuarios problemáticos reveló que los varones se relacionan más con aspectos de ocio como los juegos o las compras online y las mujeres con aspectos de socialización, como el chat o las redes sociales. The aim of this paper is to make a descriptive analysis of Problematic Internet Use in college students, evaluating the possible association with health problems and addictive behaviors, as well as gender differences in user types. A total of 2,780 students participated in the study between 2011 and 2014, 29% of them being males (age 20.8 ± 5.1 years) and 71% females (age 20.3 ± 4.4 years). The prevalence of Problematic Internet Use (PIU) assessed by the Internet Addiction Test was 6.08%. Being under 21 years of age and studying for degrees in subjects other than the health sciences were associated factors with a higher frequency of this problem, no differences by gender or type of address were found. The results show a significant association with some health problems (migraines, back pain, excess weight or obesity, insufficient rest), psychological aspects (risk of eating disorders, risk of mental disorder, depression), family problems and discrimination; with no associations with substance use (alcohol, cannabis or tobacco) being found. Concerning the time of Internet use, weekly hours were significantly higher in women than in men, both the total time as for leisure. The analysis of the profile use in problematic users revealed that males are related to aspects of entertainment such as games or shopping online and females are related to aspects of socialization, such as chats and social networks. Delegación del Gobierno para el Plan Nacional Sobre Drogas (Códigos: 2010|145 y 2013|034).

Introducción: El triatlón es un deporte de resistencia que comprende tres disciplinas: natación, ciclismo y carrera a pie. Es necesario establecer pautas de hidratación para prevenir deshidrataciones durante entrenamientos o competiciones y mantener un buen estado de hidratación antes, durante y después del ejercicio. El objetivo de este estudio es evaluar la ingesta de líquido, pérdida de peso y tasa de sudoración en jóvenes triatletas, durante diferentes entrenamientos. Material y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo-observacional en 14 triatletas (7 chicos y 7 chicas) durante una sesión de natación, otra de ciclismo y otra de carrera a pie. Se valoró la ingesta de líquido, pérdida de peso, % agua corporal total, % deshidratación y tasa de sudoración. Los triatletas bebieron agua en sus respectivos bidones de 750 ml y se realizó una medición de orina en containers. Resultados: Los resultados del estudio siguiendo el orden de natación, ciclismo y carrera a pie fueron: ingesta agua 2,66±1,94ml/min, 7,91±7,69ml/min y 7,08±4,13ml/min en chicos y 3,43±1,53ml/min, 6,39±5,36ml/min y 8,33±2,74ml/min en chicas; pérdida de peso 0,83±0,5kg, 0,47±0,3kg y 0,98±0,4kg en chicos y 0,79±0,3kg, 0,47±0,58kg y 0,28±0,21kg en chicas; y tasa sudoración 4,44±4,9ml/min, 11,81±6,46ml/min y 5,29±3,13ml/min en chicos y 3,89±2,4ml/min, 4,69±4,20ml/min y 7,96±5,06ml/min en chicas. Conclusiones: Se comparó el porcentaje de agua corporal y deshidratación, la pérdida de peso y la tasa de sudoración con otros estudios y se observa que nuestros resultados son inferiores a los estudios comparados, además están por debajo de la media de recomendaciones de líquido establecidas por el consenso de hidratación. Introduction: Triathlon is an endurance sport comprising three disciplines: swimming, cycling and running. It is necessary to purpose guidelines in order to avoid dehydration during training or competition and keep good hydration before, during and after physical activity. The aim of this study is to evaluation of fluid intake, weight loss and sweat rate in young triathletes, during different trainings. Material and Methods: A descriptive-observational study in 14 triathletes (7 boys and 7 girls) during a session of swimming, other session of cycling, another session of running. Fluid intake, weight loss, % of total body water, % dehydration and sweat rate, were assessed. Triathletes drank water in their drums of 750 ml and urine measurement was performed in containers. Results: The results of our study following the next order: swimming, cycling and running. Water intake 2.66±1.94ml/min, 7.91±7.69ml/min y 7.08±4.13ml/min in boys and 3.43±1.53ml/min, 6.39±5.36ml/min y 8.33±2.74ml/min in girls; weight loss 0.83±0.5kg, 0.47±0.3kg y 0.98±0.4kg in boys and 0.79±0.3kg, 0.47±0.58kg y 0.28±0.21kg in girls; and sweating rate 4.44±4.9ml/min, 11.81±6.46ml/min y 5.29±3.13ml/min in boys and 3.89±2.4ml/min, 4.69±4.20ml/min and 7.96±5.06ml/min in girls. Conclusions: The percentage of body water and dehydration, loss of weight and sweat rate were compared with other studies and it´s shown that our results are lower than others studies, being below the recommendations of liquid intake in athletes.

The aim of this study was to identify Spanish stakeholders’ views on the relationship between childhood obesity and the marketing and advertising of food and beverages aimed at children in Spain, as well as on the corresponding of regulations. We performed a qualitative study based on semi-structured interviews with Stakeholders/Key Informants (KI) from 13 organisations: experts (2), consumer advocates (1), public health advocates (2), food manufacturers (2), advertising advocates (1), government representatives (1), child/family/school advocates (2) and media (1). The variables studied were Prevalence of childhood obesity and its relationship to marketing/advertising and Regulation of marketing. In order to identify the most relevant arguments (pearls) in the discourses, a blind independent analysis by four members of the research team was performed. We found that the prevalence of childhood obesity was perceived to be higher than the European average. Self-regulation was identified as the main form of marketing control. Only food manufacturers and advertising agencies considered voluntary action and supervisory procedures to be effective. The other stakeholders advocated state control through legislation and non-state actions such as external assessment and sanctions. Despite the divergence of opinion between stakeholders, there was agreement on the need to improve supervision and to ensure compliance with current self-regulatory codes in Spain. Polmark has been partially funded by the EU Public Health Programme (Executive Agency for Health and Consumers) 2008–2010, Contract No. 200732, and the University of Alicante.

Introducción: analizar la asociación entre la frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y la presencia de sobrepeso-obesidad a partir de datos de la Encuesta Nacional de Salud Española 2006 (ENS-06). Material y métodos: estudio transversal retrospectivo de fuentes secundarias de la ENS-06. Se seleccionaron 29.321 individuos que respondieron el Cuestionario de Frecuencia de Consumo de Alimentos, compuesto por una lista de 12 grupos, sobre los que se preguntaba su frecuencia de consumo en 5 opciones de respuesta y que se categorizaron en 3 para el análisis (consumo diario, semanal y ocasional). Se realizó un análisis descriptivo del consumo de grupos de alimentos categorizados por frecuencia de consumo, y calculando la diferencia (brecha) entre hombres y mujeres. La asociación entre frecuencia de consumo de alimentos y sobrepeso-obesidad se realizó mediante regresión logística. Resultados: el 40,7% de la población consume a diario verduras-hortalizas y el 65,2% consume frutas a diario. El 69,8%, y el 46,3% de las mujeres cumplen las recomendaciones de consumo de frutas (brecha -7,2), y de verduras-hortalizas (brecha -14,0) respectivamente. Consumir fruta ocasionalmente, disminuye la probabilidad de padecer obesidad (OR=0,72 IC95%: 0,63-0,82), frente a consumirla a diario. Consumir embutidos a diario, disminuye la probabilidad de padecer obesidad (OR=0,75 IC95%: 0,68-0,83), frente a un consumo ocasional. Conclusiones: Los resultados muestran contradicciones científicas por la presencia de sesgos en el instrumento utilizado en la recogida de la información, sugiriendo la necesidad de que la ENS incluya un método de recogida de información dietética-nutricional validado y adoptado, que permita mediciones de mayor calidad y exactitud. Introduction: to analyze the association between frequency of food consumption and presence of overweight / obesity using data from the Spanish National Health Survey 2006 (NHS-06). Material and Methods: retrospective cross-sectional study of secondary sources of NHS-06. To selected 29.321 subjects answered the food frequency questionnaire, consist of a list of 12 groups that asked about their frequency of consumption in 5 response options and to categorized into three for analysis (daily, weekly and occasional). Descriptive analysis of the consumption of food groups categorized by frequency of consumption, and calculating the difference (gap) between men and women. The association between food consumption frequency with overweight-obesity was performed using logistic regression. Results: 40.7% of the population consume vegetables daily and 65.2% consume fruit daily. 69.8%, and 46.3% of women complies with the recommendations for fruit consumption (gap -7.2), and vegetables (-14.0 gap) respectively. Eating fruit occasionally, decreases the probability of obesity (OR = 0.72 95% CI 0.63 to 0.82), opposite to consume daily. Eating sausages daily, reduces the probability of obesity (OR = 0.75 95% CI 0.68 to 0.83), compared to occasional use. Conclusions: the results show scientific contradictions by the presence of bias in the instrument used in the collection of information. Suggesting the need, that the NHS includes a method for collecting dietary and nutritional information validated and adopted, allowing higher quality measurements.

Existe preocupación por la influencia de los determinantes sociales relacionados con la publicidad, la comunicación y la información sobre la selección de productos alimenticios para conseguir una alimentación saludable y segura. Desde este punto de vista, la legislación española normaliza este aspecto, a través del Reglamento Europeo 1924/2006 (RE1924/2006). El objetivo es asegurar y favorecer el acceso a alimentos inocuos que beneficien la salud y, evitar que la información recibida por los consumidores sea inexacta, ambigua o engañosa. El Reglamento pretende impedir que se atribuyan propiedades nutritivas y declaraciones de propiedades saludables a los alimentos sin razón o sin que exista suficiente evidencia científica. En este sentido, un grupo de profesionales de la Universidad de Alicante en diciembre de 2012 llevó a cabo la Primera Jornada de Alimentación y Nutrición, organizada por el Gabinete ALINU de la Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud de la Universidad de Alicante, relacionada con actualizaciones sobre declaraciones nutricionales y de propiedades saludables y sus implicaciones en la salud pública. Por el interés y la importancia del tema, se presenta un resumen de las ponencias desde la postura de los diferentes agentes implicados: consumidores, Administración, industria alimentaria, dietistas-nutricionistas, la Academia y la Salud Pública. There is concern about the influence of social determinants related to advertising, communication and information on the selection of food for healthy eating and safe. From this point of view, Spain created the European Regulation 1924/2006 (ER1924/2006), its aim is to ensure and promote access to safe food that benefit health and prevent information received by consumers is inaccurate, ambiguous or misleading. The aims of regulation are to prevent nutritional and attributed health claims to food without reason or if there is sufficient scientific evidence. In this sense, a group of professionals from the University of Alicante in December 2012 performed the First Day of Food and Nutrition, organized by the Center Alinua of the Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Alicante, related to updates on nutrition and health claims and its implications public health. By the interest and importance of this topic, this is a summary of the position papers from agents involved: consumers, government, food business, the gremial’s dietitian, the Academy and public health.

OBJECTIVE: To study the changes in body mass index (BMI) in a population-based cohort and their relationship with sociodemographic variables in a Mediterranean-country. METHOD: A prospective population-based cohort with 8-year follow-up. The data used derive from the Cornellà-Health-Interview Survey Follow-up (CHIS.FU). 1008 people aged > or = 20 years (females=508; males=500) were interviewed in 1994 and in 2002, providing self-reported weight and height data. The BMI was compared using the Wilcoxon test for paired data. Changes in the BMI were calculated and their relationship with sociodemographic-variables and lifestyles using multivariate Breslow-Cox regression. RESULTS: 28.1% of participants had changed from normal-BMI in 1994 to overweight in 2002 (women=25.6%; men=31.6%). 16.8% increased from overweight to obesity (women=25.8%; men=11.2%). The cumulative incidence of overweight: women=26.4%; men=34.0%. The cumulative incidence of obesity: women=29.9%; men=13.1%. The cumulative age and sex-adjusted incidence of overweight showed a significant relationship with marital-status (married: RR=2.0; 95% CI: 1.2-3.4, divorced/widowed: RR=4.0; 95% CI: 1.7-9.3) and moderate alcohol-consumption (RR=1.86; 95% CI: 1.1-3.1). We observed a decreased age-adjusted risk in the incidence of obesity for men (RR=0.49; 95% CI: 0.3-0.8). CONCLUSION: The observed changes in the increase in the incidence of obesity and overweight indicated a similar evolution in the obesity epidemic regardless of Mediterranean dietary patterns in our population. This study was partially funded by the Spanish Ministry of Health (Fondo de Investigación Sanitaria, PI02/0261), and the Carlos III Health Institute—Research Network in Epidemiology and Public Health, RCESP C03/09, CIBERESP CB06/02/00328, and the Research Network in Cancer, (RTICC C03/10, RD06/0020/0089), and by the Generalitat of Catalunya (SGR 200500646).

Objetivo Contribuir a conformar un marco de referencia para organizar la enseñanza de la salud pública en las titulaciones universitarias españolas, siguiendo las directrices del Espacio Europeo de Educación Superior. Métodos Se extrajeron las competencias profesionales específicas definidas en los Libros Blancos de la Agencia Nacional de Evaluación de la Calidad (ANECA) de medicina, farmacia, enfermería, nutrición humana y dietética, óptica y optometría, veterinaria, trabajo social, ciencias laborales y recursos humanos, magisterio y ciencias ambientales. Siguiendo el marco propuesto por el Grupo de Trabajo sobre competencias profesionales en salud pública en España, se seleccionaron las que les capacitan para el desarrollo de la Salud Pública desde su ámbito de actividad. También se identificaron y relacionaron las competencias seleccionadas en cada titulación con las actividades y las funciones. Resultados Todas las titulaciones cuentan con competencias para las funciones de salud pública. La mayoría pueden participar en actividades de análisis de la situación de salud de la comunidad, y de diseño y puesta en marcha de programas e intervenciones sanitarias, fomento de la participación social y del control de los ciudadanos sobre su salud. Las actividades de control de enfermedades y de gestión de servicios y programas siguen restringidas a las profesiones sanitarias. Conclusiones Hay espacio académico para el desarrollo multidisciplinario de la salud pública en España mas allá de las profesiones consideradas sanitarias. La vinculación entre las competencias específicas de cada titulación y las actividades de salud pública permite identificar los contenidos de esta materia que deben incluirse en sus programas. Objective To conform a frame of reference for the organization of the public health teaching in university degrees in Spain, in agreement with the directives of the European Space for Higher Education. Methods Specific professional competencies in public health have been extracted from the Libros blancos published by the ANECA (National Agency of Quality Evaluation) for the degrees on medicine, pharmacy, nursing, human nutrition and dietetics, optics and optometry, veterinary, social work, occupational relations, teacher training, and environmental sciences. Following the framework proposed by the Working Group on professional competencies in public health in Spain, we have selected those competences that enable future professionals to participate in the development of the public health from their field of activity. We have also identified and correlated the specific competences of each degree with the corresponding activities and functions. Results All the studied degrees have competences in public health functions. The majority has also defined activities in community health analysis, design and implementation of health interventions and programmes, promotion of social participation and citizen's control of their own health. Conclusions There is academic space for the multidisciplinary development of the public health in Spain beyond the health professions. The identification of the specific competencies of each degree related with activities on public health reveal what are the contents to be in included in each syllabus.

Objective: To explore the opinions of stakeholders on the potential of taxes or subsidies, as measures for tackling obesity in Europe. Design: Structured interviews using Multi-criteria Mapping, a computer based decision support tool. Subjects/Setting: 189 interviewees, drawn from 21 different stakeholder categories in institutionally matched groups across nine members of the EU. Measurements: A four step approach was taken, i.e. selecting options, defining criteria, scoring options quantitatively and weighting the criteria to provide overall rankings of options. Interviews were recorded and transcribed to yield qualitative data. Results: Taxation and subsidies were not favourably received, because they were considered difficult to implement. However, representatives of large commercial retail chains and public health professionals were most in favour of taxation, whilst representatives of public sector catering and nutritional/obesity advisory experts gave the most positive ratings to subsidies, and the trade unions rated both options more favourably than other stakeholder groups. In contrast, both options received their lowest scores from representatives of the farming industry, town and transport planners, the food processing industry and the advertising industry. Public health professionals were the stakeholders most frequently gaving the highest scores (3/9 countries), both for taxation (Italy, Spain and France) and for subsidies (Spain, France and Poland). Finland produced the greatest number of interviewees rating both fiscal options favourably. Conclusions: A decision to apply economic measures such as taxes/subsidies in the EU represents one possibly viable course of action, as part of an integrated and coherent public policy aimed at combating obesity. Supported by New and Emerging Science and Technology (NEST) research programme, financed by the 6th Framework Programme for research and technological development of the European Commission (contract no.508913).

Los Objetivos de Desarrollo del Milenio (ODM) se encuentran actualmente a mitad de su periodo de ejecución, siendo el año 2015 la fecha prevista por la Organización de Naciones Unidas (ONU) para su alcance. El objetivo de este artículo es revisar la situación actual en la que se encuentran los ODM a nivel mundial y analizar las barreras que estarían impidiendo su consecución para cada uno de los ámbitos de los ODM, así como valorar algunos de los indicadores evaluados. Para ello, se ha revisado la literatura científica publicada sobre los ODM en las principales bases de datos de ciencias de la salud y ciencias sociales, así como los principales informes elaborados sobre el tema por Naciones Unidas. Los estudios científicos en torno a los 8 ODM y sus 18 Metas permiten realizar un análisis crítico sobre la situación en la que se encuentra en la actualidad cada uno de ellos, identificando los determinantes que están impidiendo su consecución y las acciones que se consideran necesarias para impulsar el avance. Aunque a nivel global ha habido mejoras en algunas de las metas, la investigación realizada hasta la fecha muestra barreras a la consecución de los ODM, como el insuficiente peso de los estados de los países en desarrollo sobre las decisiones económicas y políticas, así como la incoherencia entre las políticas económicas y las políticas sociales y de salud. Por otra parte, África Subsahariana constituye la región con mayor desventaja, lo que supone que no alcanzará la mayoría de los ODM. España y los países desarrollados, además de aportar recursos, pueden contribuir a los ODM mediante la identificación y erradicación de las barreras que impiden su alcance. Esto significa promover unas relaciones económicas internacionales en condiciones de justicia social, apoyando un mayor poder de decisión para los países en desarrollo, y denunciando las actuaciones que incrementan las desigualdades sociales y el empobrecimiento de la población.

Las tablas y bases de datos de composición de alimentos (TCA/BDCA) son herramientas de valoración dietética. Objetivo: identificar las diferentes TCA empleadas como instrumento para estimar ingesta de nutrientes en Ecuador. La recogida de información se realizó a través de informadores-clave, cuestionarios auto-administrados, complementadas con búsquedas webs institucionales. A las TCA/BDCA identificadas se realizó análisis de contenido sobre variables generales y metodológicas. TCA referidas: Ecuatoriana-1965 (70%), INCAP (60%), México (60%). Se reportaron 7 TCA y 3 BDCA, 8 Latinoamericanas y 2 Españolas. Una TCA elaborada por método-directo (ecuatoriana), 7 por método-indirecto, 2 sin-información. 6 TCA/BDCA definieron nutrientes, 9 refirieron valores (100g/ porción-comestible). Para realizar una correcta estimacion de ingesta, es necesario contar con una TCA ecuatoriana actualizada. Ecuatoriana-1965 presenta pocos alimentos analizados y, métodos analíticos no-actualizados. Las autoras aconsejan el uso de TCA-INCAP, dado que la lista de alimentos refleja similitud con alimentos ecuatorianos. Además INCAP dispone BDCA para incorporar recetas. Tables and food composition databases (FCT/FCDB) are tools used for dietetic evaluation. Objective: to identify different FCT used as an instrument to estimate the nutrient intake in Ecuador. The collection of data was made through key informants -self completed questionnaires-, supplemented with institutional web research. An analysis of content was performed to the identified FCT/FCDB by general and methodological variables. Referenced tables were: Ecuadorian-1965 (70%), INCAP (60%), México (60%). 7 FCT and 3 FCDB were reported, 8 from Latin America and 2 from Spain. One table was constructed by direct method (Ecuadorian-table), 7 by indirect, and 1 had no Information. 6 FCT/FCDB defined the nutrients, 9 expressed values per (100g/ edible portion). In order to asses a proper ingest in Ecuador, it is necessary to have an updated ecuadorian FCT, Ecuadorian-1965 shows few analyzed foods and, not updated analytic techniques. The authors recommend the usage of FCT-INCAP, due to its food list reflects similarities with ecuadorian foods. In addition, INCAP disposes of a FCDB in which ecuadorian recipes can be included.

To conform a frame of reference for the organization of the public health teaching in university degrees in Spain, in agreement with the directives of the European Space for Higher Education.Specific professional competencies in public health have been extracted from the Libros blancos published by the ANECA (National Agency of Quality Evaluation) for the degrees on medicine, pharmacy, nursing, human nutrition and dietetics, optics and optometry, veterinary, social work, occupational relations, teacher training, and environmental sciences. Following the framework proposed by the Working Group on professional competencies in public health in Spain, we have selected those competences that enable future professionals to participate in the development of the public health from their field of activity. We have also identified and correlated the specific competences of each degree with the corresponding activities and functions.All the studied degrees have competences in public health functions. The majority has also defined activities in community health analysis, design and implementation of health interventions and programmes, promotion of social participation and citizen's control of their own health.There is academic space for the multidisciplinary development of the public health in Spain beyond the health professions. The identification of the specific competencies of each degree related with activities on public health reveal what are the contents to be in included in each syllabus.

The Millennium Development Goals, and within these the Millennium Targets, constitute a working plan that strives to achieve basic goals within the field of health, eradicate poverty, and ensure compliance with basic human rights. Its scope of action represents a historic breakthrough as a step toward a possible global social policy, in which cooperation between the different sectors is essential for its efficiency. Due to its multidisciplinary nature, public health, as well as political epidemiology, can be used to help increase scientific knowledge in the field of health with respect to the Millennium Development Goals. Despite the opportunity that this international agreement provides, insufficient in-depth study has been carried out on the potential -mainly political- difficulties that could arise during its implementation. Therefore, a conceptual and methodological change is required so that concern does not simply center on social determinants of health but instead takes into consideration the political reasons behind them. To reduce inequality, not only must injustice be classified but effective ways must also be found to encourage institutions with political power to take part in this initiative.

ObjectiveTo explore policy options that public health specialists (PHS) consider appropriate for combating obesity in Europe, and compare their preferences with those of other stakeholders (non-PHS).DesignStructured interviews using multicriteria mapping, a computer-based, decision-support tool.SettingNine European countries.SubjectsA total of 189 stakeholders. Twenty-seven interviewees were PHS and non-PHS included food, sports and health sectors.MeasurementsA four-step approach was taken, i.e. selecting options, defining criteria, scoring options quantitatively and weighting the criteria to provide overall rankings of options. Interviews were recorded and transcribed to yield qualitative data.ResultsThe PHS concur with other stakeholders interviewed, as all emphasised the importance of educational initiatives in combating obesity, followed by policies to improve community sports facilities, introduce mandatory food labelling and controlling food and drink advertising. Further analyses revealed several significant differences. The non-PHS from the private sector ranked institutional reforms favourably; the PHS from non-Mediterranean countries supported the option of medicines to prevent obesity; and those PHS from Mediterranean countries endorsed the use of activity monitoring devices such as pedometers. As far as appraisal criteria were concerned, PHS considered efficacy and the economic impact on the public sector to be the most important.ConclusionThere is clear consensus among PHS and other stakeholders concerning the need for a package of policy options, which suggests that European-wide implementation could be successful. However, it would be advisable to avoid more contentious policy options such as taxation until future changes in public opinion.

Assessing the nutritional policy formulated in the 1996-2005 Colombian Food and Nutrition National Plan (FNNP) using key informants (KI), policy-makers and civil servants.A descriptive cross-sectional structured survey of 77 KI: 17 policy-makers and 60 civil-servants from PNAN.determinant food factors, the existence of a nutritional policy, assessing policies involved with food security and organisational variables implicit in the policies. A Position Index (PI) was constructed for quantifying KI assessment (0-0.33 = positive evaluation, 0.34-0.67 = partial/readjusted, 1 = 0.68-1= negative evaluation).79% of KI coincided in stating that there was a Nutritional Policy but that it should be readjusted (IP = 0.50 policy-makers, IP = 0.54 civil servants). KI did not agree about institutional coordination whilst policy-makers said that there was coordination between a reduced group of institutions, including themselves (IP = 0.33); civil servants said that there was no coordination between any of the institutions (IP = 0.75). They also said that the research strategy had been unsuccessful (IP = 0.73).Ten years after the Nutritional Policy was introduced into Colombia KI say that it should be readjusted. Strategies such as coordination and research could be optimised so that their objectives can be reached.