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1. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol: UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Published
2024
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6. Caught between two states: The compromise in acclimation of photosynthesis, transpiration and mesophyll conductance to different amplitudes of fluctuating irradiance.

Author

Durand, Maxime, Zhuang, Xin, Salmon, Yann, and Robson, T. Matthew

Subjects
LEAF temperature, PLANT performance, ARABIDOPSIS thaliana, ACCLIMATIZATION, MAINTENANCE costs
Abstract

While dynamic regulation of photosynthesis in fluctuating light is increasingly recognized as an important driver of carbon uptake, acclimation to realistic irradiance fluctuations is still largely unexplored. We subjected Arabidopsis thaliana (L.) wild‐type and jac1 mutants to irradiance fluctuations with distinct amplitudes and average irradiance. We examined how irradiance fluctuations affected leaf structure, pigments and physiology. A wider amplitude of fluctuations produced a stronger acclimation response. Large reductions of leaf mass per area under fluctuating irradiance framed our interpretation of changes in photosynthetic capacity and mesophyll conductance as measured by three separate methods, in that photosynthetic investment increased markedly on a mass basis, but only a little on an area basis. Moreover, thermal imagery showed that leaf transpiration was four times higher under fluctuating irradiance. Leaves growing under fluctuating irradiance, although thinner, maintained their photosynthetic capacity, as measured through light‐ and CO2‐response curves; suggesting their photosynthesis may be more cost‐efficient than those under steady light, but overall may incur increased maintenance costs. This is especially relevant for plant performance globally because naturally fluctuating irradiance creates conflicting acclimation cues for photosynthesis and transpiration that may hinder progress towards ensuring food security under climate‐related extremes of water stress. Summary statement: We investigated photosynthesis acclimation and dynamics of leaf transpiration under specific light fluctuations in A. thaliana. The response was stronger for more intense fluctuations and showed a divergent response whereby photosynthesis is reduced but transpiration rose compared to steady light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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8. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., primary, Andrady, Anthony L., additional, Barnes, Paul W., additional, Busquets, Rosa, additional, Revell, Laura E., additional, Bornman, Janet F., additional, Aucamp, Pieter J., additional, Bais, Alkiviadis F., additional, Banaszak, Anastazia T., additional, Bernhard, Germar H., additional, Bruckman, Laura S., additional, Häder, Donat‐P., additional, Hanson, Mark L., additional, Heikkilä, Anu M., additional, Hylander, Samuel, additional, Lucas, Robyn M., additional, Mackenzie, Roy, additional, Madronich, Sasha, additional, Neale, Patrick J., additional, Neale, Rachel E., additional, Olsen, Catherine M., additional, Ossola, Rachele, additional, Pandey, Krishna K., additional, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, additional, Robinson, Sharon A., additional, Robson, T. Matthew, additional, Rose, Kevin C., additional, Solomon, Keith R., additional, Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., additional, Sulzberger, Barbara, additional, Wallington, Timothy J., additional, Wang, Qing‐Wei, additional, Wängberg, Sten‐Åke, additional, White, Christopher C., additional, Young, Antony R., additional, Zepp, Richard G., additional, and Zhu, Liping, additional

Published
2024
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12. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Haeder, Donat-P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkila, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P. Sulbaek, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing-Wei, Wängberg, Sten-Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors.image

Published
2024
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13. Environmental plastics in the context of UV radiation, climate change, and the Montreal Protocol

Author

Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Barnes, Paul W., Busquets, Rosa, Revell, Laura E., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Sulbæk Andersen, Mads P., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

There are close links between solar UV radiation, climate change, and plastic pollution. UV-driven weathering is a key process leading to the degradation of plastics in the environment but also the formation of potentially harmful plastic fragments such as micro- and nanoplastic particles. Estimates of the environmental persistence of plastic pollution, and the formation of fragments, will need to take in account plastic dispersal around the globe, as well as projected UV radiation levels and climate change factors.

Published
2024

14. Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol:UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel, Update 2023

Author

Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A.K., Andrady, Anthony L., Bornman, Janet F., Aucamp, Pieter J., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Banaszak, Anastazia T., Barnes, Paul W., Bernhard, Germar H., Bruckman, Laura S., Busquets, Rosa, Häder, Donat P., Hanson, Mark L., Heikkilä, Anu M., Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M., Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J., Neale, Rachel E., Olsen, Catherine M., Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K., Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E., Robinson, Sharon A., Robson, T. Matthew, Rose, Kevin C., Solomon, Keith R., Andersen, Mads P.Sulbæk, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J., Wang, Qing Wei, Wängberg, Sten Åke, White, Christopher C., Young, Antony R., Zepp, Richard G., and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.

Published
2024

21. Weaker photosynthetic acclimation to fluctuating than to corresponding steady UVB radiation treatments in grapevines.

Author

Su‐Zhou, Chenxing, Durand, Maxime, Aphalo, Pedro J., Martinez‐Abaigar, Javier, Shapiguzov, Alexey, Ishihara, Hirofumi, Liu, Xu, and Robson, T. Matthew

Subjects
GRAPES, VITIS vinifera, CABERNET wines, PHOTOSYSTEMS, RADIATION, ACCLIMATIZATION
Abstract

The effects of transient increases in UVB radiation on plants are not well known; whether cumulative damage dominates or, alternately, an increase in photoprotection and recovery periods ameliorates any negative effects. We investigated photosynthetic capacity and metabolite accumulation of grapevines (Vitis vinifera Cabernet Sauvignon) in response to UVB fluctuations under four treatments: fluctuating UVB (FUV) and steady UVB radiation (SUV) at similar total biologically effective UVB dose (2.12 and 2.23 kJ m−2 day−1), and their two respective no UVB controls. We found a greater decrease in stomatal conductance under SUV than FUV. There was no decrease in maximum yield of photosystem II (Fv/Fm) or its operational efficiency (ɸPSII) under the two UVB treatments, and Fv/Fm was higher under SUV than FUV. Photosynthetic capacity was enhanced under FUV in the light‐limited region of rapid light‐response curves but enhanced by SUV in the light‐saturated region. Flavonol content was similarly increased by both UVB treatments. We conclude that, while both FUV and SUV effectively stimulate acclimation to UVB radiation at realistic doses, FUV confers weaker acclimation than SUV. This implies that recovery periods between transient increases in UVB radiation reduce UVB acclimation, compared to an equivalent dose of UVB provided continuously. Thus, caution is needed in interpreting the findings of experiments using steady UVB radiation treatments to infer effects in natural environments, as the stimulatory effect of steady UVB is greater than that of the equivalent fluctuating UVB. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Published
2024
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23. Ozone depletion, ultraviolet radiation, climate change and prospects for a sustainable future

Author

Barnes, Paul W., Williamson, Craig E., Lucas, Robyn M., Robinson, Sharon A., Madronich, Sasha, Paul, Nigel D., Bornman, Janet F., Bais, Alkiviadis F., Sulzberger, Barbara, Wilson, Stephen R., Andrady, Anthony L., McKenzie, Richard L., Neale, Patrick J., Austin, Amy T., Bernhard, Germar H., Solomon, Keith R., Neale, Rachel E., Young, Paul J., Norval, Mary, Rhodes, Lesley E., Hylander, Samuel, Rose, Kevin C., Longstreth, Janice, Aucamp, Pieter J., Ballaré, Carlos L., Cory, Rose M., Flint, Stephan D., de Gruijl, Frank R., Häder, Donat-P., Heikkilä, Anu M., Jansen, Marcel A. K., Pandey, Krishna K., Robson, T. Matthew, Sinclair, Craig A., Wängberg, Sten-Åke, Worrest, Robert C., Yazar, Seyhan, Young, Antony R., and Zepp, Richard G.

Published
2019
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28. United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), Plastics in the environment in the context of UV radiation, climate change and the Montreal Protocol. 2023 Assessment Update of the UNEP Environmental Effects Assessment Panel

Author

Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, Zhu, Liping, Jansen, Marcel A. K, Andrady, Anthony L, Bornman, Janet F, Aucamp, Pieter J, Bais, Alkiviadis F, Banaszak, Anastazia T, Barnes, Paul W, Bernhard, Germar H, Bruckman, Laura S, Busquets, Rosa, Hader, Donat P, Hanson, Mark L, Heikkila, Anu M, Hylander, Samuel, Lucas, Robyn M, Mackenzie, Roy, Madronich, Sasha, Neale, Patrick J, Neale, Rachel E, Olsen, Catherine M, Ossola, Rachele, Pandey, Krishna K, Petropavlovskikh, Irina, Revell, Laura E, Robinson, Sharon A, Robson, T Matthew, Rose, Kevin C, Solomon, Keith R, Sulbaek Andersen, Mads P, Sulzberger, Barbara, Wallington, Timothy J, Wang, Qing-Wei, Wangberg, Sten-Ake, White, Christopher C, Young, Antony R, Zepp, Richard G, and Zhu, Liping

Abstract

This Assessment Update by the Environmental Effects Assessment Panel (EEAP) of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) considers the interactive effects of solar UV radiation, global warming, and other weathering factors on plastics. The Assessment illustrates the significance of solar UV radiation in decreasing the durability of plastic materials, degradation of plastic debris, formation of micro- and nanoplastic particles and accompanying leaching of potential toxic compounds. Micro- and nanoplastics have been found in all ecosystems, the atmosphere, and in humans. While the potential biological risks are not yet well-established, the widespread and increasing occurrence of plastic pollution is reason for continuing research and monitoring. Plastic debris persists after its intended life in soils, water bodies and the atmosphere as well as in living organisms. To counteract accumulation of plastics in the environment, the lifetime of novel plastics or plastic alternatives should better match the functional life of products, with eventual breakdown releasing harmless substances to the environment.

Published
2023

36. Freezing induces an increase in leaf spectral transmittance of forest understorey and alpine forbs

Author

Biología vegetal y ecología, Landaren biologia eta ekologia, Solanki, Twinkle, García Plazaola, José Ignacio, Robson, T. Matthew, Fernández Marín, Beatriz, Biología vegetal y ecología, Landaren biologia eta ekologia, Solanki, Twinkle, García Plazaola, José Ignacio, Robson, T. Matthew, and Fernández Marín, Beatriz

Abstract

Evergreen plants growing at high latitudes or high elevations may experience freezing events in their photosynthetic tissues. Freezing events can have physical and physiological effects on the leaves which alter leaf optical properties affecting remote and proximal sensing parameters. We froze leaves of six alpine plant species (Soldanella alpina, Ranunculus kuepferi, Luzula nutans, Gentiana acaulis, Geum montanum, and Centaurea uniflora) and three evergreen forest understorey species (Hepatica nobilis, Fragaria vesca and Oxalis acetosella), and assessed their spectral transmittance and optically measured pigments, as well as photochemical efficiency of photosystem II (PSII) as an indicator of freezing damage. Upon freezing, leaves of all the species transmitted more photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) and some species had increased ultraviolet-A (UV-A) transmittance. These differences were less pronounced in alpine than in understorey species, which may be related to higher chlorophyll degradation, visible as reduced leaf chlorophyll content upon freezing in the latter species. Among these understorey forbs, the thin leaves of O. acetosella displayed the largest reduction in chlorophyll (-79%). This study provides insights into how freezing changes the leaf optical properties of wild plants which could be used to set a baseline for upscaling optical reflectance data from remote sensing. Changes in leaf transmittance may also serve to indicate photosynthetic sufficiency and physiological tolerance of freezing events, but experimental research is required to establish this functional association.

Published
2022

42. Sunflecks in the upper canopy: dynamics of light-use efficiency in sun and shade leaves of Fagus sylvatica

Author

Durand, Maxime, Stangl, Zsofia R., Stangl, Zsofia Réka, Salmon, Yann, Burgess, Alexandra J., Murchie, Erik H., and Robson, T. Matthew

Subjects
Forest Science
Abstract

Sunflecks are transient patches of direct radiation that provide a substantial proportion of the daily irradiance to leaves in the lower canopy. In this position, faster photosynthetic induction would allow for higher sunfleck-use efficiency, as is commonly reported in the literature. Yet, when sunflecks are too few and far between, it may be more beneficial for shade leaves to prioritize efficient photosynthesis under shade. We investigated the temporal dynamics of photosynthetic induction, recovery under shade, and stomatal movement during a sunfleck, in sun and shade leaves of Fagus sylvatica from three provenances of contrasting origin. We found that shade leaves complete full induction in a shorter time than sun leaves, but that sun leaves respond faster than shade leaves due to their much larger amplitude of induction. The core-range provenance achieved faster stomatal opening in shade leaves, which may allow for better sunfleck-use efficiency in denser canopies and lower canopy positions. Our findings represent a paradigm shift for future research into light fluctuations in canopies, drawing attention to the ubiquitous importance of sunflecks for photosynthesis, not only in lower-canopy leaves where shade is prevalent, but particularly in the upper canopy where longer sunflecks are more common due to canopy openness.

Published
2022

45. Shoot methane emissions follow pronounced diurnal cycles that allow constraining aerobic methane production at the ecosystem-level

Author

Kohl, Lukas, primary, Tenhovirta, Salla, additional, Koskinen, Markku, additional, Putkinen, Anuliina, additional, Patama, Marjo, additional, Polvinen, Tatu, additional, Marmarella, Ivan, additional, Robson, T. Matthew, additional, Dominguez, Maria, additional, Adamczyk, Bartosz, additional, and Pihlatie, Mari, additional

Published
2022
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