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1. Bicausal optimal transport for SDEs with irregular coefficients

Author

Robinson, Benjamin A. and Szölgyenyi, Michaela

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, Mathematics - Numerical Analysis, 60H10, 49Q22, 65C30, 60H35
Abstract

We solve constrained optimal transport problems in which the marginal laws are given by the laws of solutions of stochastic differential equations (SDEs). We consider SDEs with irregular coefficients, making only minimal regularity assumptions. We show that the so-called synchronous coupling is optimal among bicausal couplings, that is couplings that respect the flow of information encoded in the stochastic processes. Our results provide a method to numerically compute the adapted Wasserstein distance between laws of SDEs with irregular coefficients. We show that this can be applied to quantifying model uncertainty in stochastic optimisation problems. Moreover, we introduce a transformation-based semi-implicit numerical scheme and establish the first strong convergence result for SDEs with exponentially growing and discontinuous drift., Comment: 38 pages, 5 figures

Published
2024

5. Qualitatively Different Delay-Dependent Working Memory Distortions in People With Schizophrenia and Healthy Control Participants.

Author

Bansal, Sonia, Bae, Gi-Yeul, Robinson, Benjamin, Dutterer, Jenna, Hahn, Britta, Luck, Steven, and Gold, James

Subjects
Neuronal adaptation, Precision, Schizophrenia, Serial dependence, Short-term plasticity, Working memory, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Schizophrenia
Abstract

BACKGROUND: Impairments in working memory (WM) have been well documented in people with schizophrenia (PSZ). However, these quantitative WM impairments can often be explained by nonspecific factors, such as impaired goal maintenance. Here, we used a spatial orientation delayed response task to explore a qualitative difference in WM dynamics between PSZ and healthy control participants (HCs). More specifically, we took advantage of the discovery that WM representations may drift either toward or away from previous trial targets (serial dependence). We tested the hypothesis that WM representations would drift toward the previous trial target in HCs but away from the previous trial target in PSZ. METHODS: We assessed serial dependence in PSZ (n = 31) and HCs (n = 25) using orientation as the to-be-remembered feature and memory delays lasting from 0 to 8 seconds. Participants were asked to remember the orientation of a teardrop-shaped object and reproduce the orientation after a delay period of varying length. RESULTS: Consistent with prior studies, we found that current trial memory representations were less precise in PSZ than in HCs. We also found that WM for the current trial orientation drifted toward the previous trial orientation in HCs (representational attraction) but drifted away from the previous trial orientation in PSZ (representational repulsion). CONCLUSIONS: These results demonstrate a qualitative difference in WM dynamics between PSZ and HCs that cannot be easily explained by nuisance factors such as reduced effort. Most computational neuroscience models also fail to explain these results because they maintain information solely by means of sustained neural firing, which does not extend across trials. The results suggest a fundamental difference between PSZ and HCs in longer-term memory mechanisms that persist across trials, such as short-term potentiation and neuronal adaptation.

Published
2023

6. Anomaly Search Over Many Sequences With Switching Costs

Author

Ubl, Matthew, Robinson, Benjamin D., and Hale, Matthew T.

Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control, Computer Science - Robotics, Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract

This paper considers the quickest search problem to identify anomalies among large numbers of data streams. These streams can model, for example, disjoint regions monitored by a mobile robot. A particular challenge is a version of the problem in which the experimenter must suffer a cost each time the data stream being sampled changes, such as the time the robot must spend moving between regions. In this paper, we propose an algorithm which accounts for switching costs by varying a confidence threshold that governs when the algorithm switches to a new data stream. Our main contributions are easily computable approximations for both the optimal value of this threshold and the optimal value of the parameter that determines when a stream must be re-sampled. Further, we empirically show (i) a uniform improvement for switching costs of interest and (ii) roughly equivalent performance for small switching costs when comparing to the closest available algorithm., Comment: 6 pages, 4 figures

Published
2023

7. The Local Ledoit-Peche Law

Author

Latimer, Van and Robinson, Benjamin D.

Subjects
Mathematics - Statistics Theory, 60B20, G.3
Abstract

Ledoit and Peche proved convergence of certain functions of a random covariance matrix's resolvent; we refer to this as the Ledoit-Peche law. One important application of their result is shrinkage covariance estimation with respect to so-called Minimum Variance (MV) loss, discussed in the work of Ledoit and Wolf. We provide an essentially optimal rate of convergence and hypothesize it to be the smallest possible rate of excess MV loss within the shrinkage class., Comment: 12 pages

Published
2023

14. Quantum Interference and Contact Effects in Thermoelectric Performance of Anthracene-Based Molecules

Author

Hamill, Joseph M., Ismael, Ali, Al-Jobory, Alaa, Bennett, Troy L. R., Alshahrani, Maryam, Wang, Xintai, Akers-Douglas, Maxwell, Wilkinson, Luke A., Robinson, Benjamin J., Long, Nicholas J., Lambert, Colin, and Albrecht, Tim

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics
Abstract

We report on the single-molecule electronic and thermoelectric properties of strategically chosen anthracene-based molecules with anchor groups capable of binding to noble metal substrates, such as gold and platinum. Specifically, we study the effect of different anchor groups, as well as quantum interference, on the electric conductance and the thermopower of gold/single-molecule/gold junctions and generally find good agreement between theory and experiment. All molecular junctions display transport characteristics consistent with coherent transport and a Fermi alignment approximately in the middle of the HOMO/LUMO gap. Single-molecule results are in agreement with previously reported thin-film data, further supporting the notion that molecular design considerations may be translated from the single- to the many-molecule devices. For combinations of anchor groups where one binds significantly more strongly to the electrodes than the other, the stronger anchor group appears to dominate the thermoelectric behaviour of the molecular junction. For other combinations, the choice of electrode material can determine the sign and magnitude of the thermopower. This finding has important implications for the design of thermoelectric generator devices, where both n- and p-type conductor are required for thermoelectric current generation.

Published
2022

15. A regularized Kellerer theorem in arbitrary dimension

Author

Pammer, Gudmund, Robinson, Benjamin A., and Schachermayer, Walter

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 60G44, 60J60, 60H10, 60J25 (Primary) 60F99 (Secondary)
Abstract

We present a multidimensional extension of Kellerer's theorem on the existence of mimicking Markov martingales for peacocks, a term derived from the French for stochastic processes increasing in convex order. For a continuous-time peacock in arbitrary dimension, after Gaussian regularization, we show that there exists a strongly Markovian mimicking martingale It\^o diffusion. A novel compactness result for martingale diffusions is a key tool in our proof. Moreover, we provide counterexamples to show, in dimension $d \geq 2$, that uniqueness may not hold, and that some regularization is necessary to guarantee existence of a mimicking Markov martingale., Comment: 25 pages, 1 figure

Published
2022

16. Adapted Wasserstein distance between the laws of SDEs

Author

Backhoff-Veraguas, Julio, Källblad, Sigrid, and Robinson, Benjamin A.

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 60H10, 49Q22 (Primary), 60H35, 93E20 (Secondary)
Abstract

We consider the bicausal optimal transport problem between the laws of scalar time-homogeneous stochastic differential equations, and we establish the optimality of the synchronous coupling between these laws. The proof of this result is based on time-discretisation and reveals a novel connection between the synchronous coupling and the celebrated discrete-time Knothe--Rosenblatt rearrangement. We also prove a result on equality of topologies restricted to a certain subset of laws of continuous-time processes. We complement our main results with examples showing how the optimal coupling may change in path-dependent and multidimensional settings., Comment: Strengthened main results and added examples

Published
2022

17. SDEs with no strong solution arising from a problem of stochastic control

Author

Cox, Alexander M. G. and Robinson, Benjamin A.

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 60G44, 60H10 (Primary), 93E20 (Secondary)
Abstract

We study a two-dimensional stochastic differential equation that has a unique weak solution but no strong solution. We show that this SDE shares notable properties with Tsirelson's example of a one-dimensional SDE with no strong solution. In contrast to Tsirelson's equation, which has a non-Markovian drift, we consider a strong Markov martingale with Markovian diffusion coefficient. We show that there is no strong solution of the SDE and that the natural filtration of the weak solution is generated by a Brownian motion. We also discuss an application of our results to a stochastic control problem for martingales with fixed quadratic variation in a radially symmetric environment., Comment: 20 pages, 1 figure

Published
2022
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18. An Improvement on the Hotelling $T^2$ Test Using the Ledoit-Wolf Nonlinear Shrinkage Estimator

Author

Robinson, Benjamin D., Malinas, Robert, Latimer, Van, Morrison, Beth Bjorkman, and Hero, Alfred O.

Subjects
Mathematics - Statistics Theory
Abstract

Hotelling's $T^2$ test is a classical approach for discriminating the means of two multivariate normal samples that share a population covariance matrix. Hotelling's test is not ideal for high-dimensional samples because the eigenvalues of the estimated sample covariance matrix are inconsistent estimators for their population counterparts. We replace the sample covariance matrix with the nonlinear shrinkage estimator of Ledoit and Wolf 2020. We observe empirically for sub-Gaussian data that the resulting algorithm dominates past methods (Bai and Saranadasa 1996, Chen and Qin 2010, and Li et al. 2020) for a family of population covariance matrices that includes matrices with high or low condition number and many or few nontrivial -- i.e., spiked -- eigenvalues., Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, submitted to EUSIPCO 2022 conference

Published
2022

19. Optimal control of martingales in a radially symmetric environment

Author

Cox, Alexander M. G. and Robinson, Benjamin A.

Subjects
Mathematics - Probability, 93E20 (Primary) 60H10, 35D40, 49Q22 (Secondary)
Abstract

We study a stochastic control problem for continuous multidimensional martingales with fixed quadratic variation. In a radially symmetric environment, we are able to find an explicit solution to the control problem and find an optimal strategy. We show that it is optimal to switch between two strategies, depending only on the radius of the controlled process. The optimal strategies correspond to purely radial and purely tangential motion. It is notable that the value function exhibits smooth fit even when switching to tangential motion, where the radius of the optimal process is deterministic. Under sufficient regularity on the cost function, we prove optimality via viscosity solutions of a Hamilton-Jacobi-Bellman equation. We extend the results to cost functions that may become infinite at the origin. Extra care is required to solve the control problem in this case, since it is not clear how to define the optimal strategy with deterministic radius at the origin. Our results generalise some problems recently considered in Stochastic Portfolio Theory and Martingale Optimal Transport., Comment: 41 pages, 6 figure. Additional motivating example added, definitions and problem formulations clarified and simplified

Published
2021
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21. Access to and quality of elective care: a prospective cohort study using hernia surgery as a tracer condition in 83 countries

Author

Dönmez, A Eylül, Goswami, Aakansha Giri, Raheja, Aashna, Bhadani, Aayush, El Kady, Abd Elrahman Safwat, Alniemi, Abdalaziz, Awad, Abdalkarim, Aladl, Abdalla, Younis, Abdalla, Alwali, Abdallah, Khalil, Abdallah, Mansour, Abdallah, Elkhouly, Abdallah Mohamed, Rashad Temerik, Abdallah, Hasan, Abdallatef, Chied, Abdelhafid, Abdraba, Abdelhamid, Hrora, Abdelmalek, Abdelshafi, Abdelrahman, Alwali, Abdelrahman, Maraqa, Abdelrahman, Ghaffar, Abdul, Chekfa, Abdul Jabar, Al Balushi, Abdul Majeed, Quddus, Abdul, Hammadieh, Abdul Rahman, Muntaka, Abdul-Jalilu Mohammed, Asekun, Abdulazeez, Alshahrani, Abdulaziz, Jowharji, Abdulaziz, Alshukre, Abdulbaset, Khair Etareig, Abdulhafid, Abubakar Abdulkarim, Abdulhafiz, Ashiru, Abdulhafiz, Alailesh, Abdulhamid, Al-Mallah, Abdullah, Baydoun, Abdullah, Chaudhry, Abdullah, Askin, Abdullah Emre, Almutairi, Abdulmjeed, Belkhair, Abdulmunem, Abdllah, Abdulrahman, Alhammali, Abdulrahman, Basalim, Abdulrahman, Abouelnagah, Abdulrahman Galal Mohamed Mostafa, Ghazal, Abdulrahman, Mohammed, Abdulrahman, Qasem, Abdulrahman, Anadani, Abdulrazak, Jimoh, Abdulrazaq, Lawal, Abdulrazzaq Oluwagbemiga, Khaity, Abdulrhman, Lawal, Abdulwahab, Elzoubi, Abdurrahim Esseid, Sheshe, Abdurrahman Abba, Cetişli, Abdurrahman Furkan, Oyedele, Abeeb, Aljahdali, Abeer, Aboelnasr, Abeer Gamal Elsyed, Demessie, Abel, Bhargava, Abhilasha, Sonkar, Abhinav Arun, Bavaharan, Abhirame, Khan, Abid, Campbell, Abigail, Oyelekan, Abimbola Adeola Akintunde, Okunlola, Abiodun Idowu, Ojewuyi, Abiodun, Ekerin, Abiola, Saleh, Abobakr, Khairy, Abouelatta, Muthunayagam, Abraham Benjamin, Botha, Abraham, Teshome Sahilemariam, Abraham, Nawawi, Abrar, Muhammad, Abubakar Bala, Dahiru, Abubakar, Yahaya, Abubakar, Abdelmalik, Abubaker, Anuar, Abul Akmal Arif, Ousseini, Adakal, Leon -Del- Angel, Adalberto, Frankel, Adam, Gyedu, Adam, Lim, Adam, Lukáč, Adam, Peckham-Cooper, Adam, Sabbah, Adam, Varga, Adam, Sanou, Adama, Issaka, Adamu, Ningi, Adamu, Yeshitila, Addis, Yingess, Addisu, Olugbami, Adebayo, Moses, Damola-Okesiji, Adebola, Lawal, Adedayo, Ojo, Adedoyin, Hashmi, Adeel, Fakoya, Adegbolahan, Ishola, Adegoke, Abiodun, Adekunle, Ajayi, Adekunle, Mouffokes, Adel, Bonelli, Adele, Adekoya, Adeleke, Akeem Aderogba, Adeleke, Özcan, Adem, Ayoade, Ademidun, Adeyeye, Ademola, Agbaje, Ademola, Talabi, Ademola, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji, Adewumiya, Adesoji, Ademuyiwa, Adesoji O, Aderounmu, Adewale, Adisa, Adewale, Oke, Adewale, Ragab, Adham, Alzadjali, Adil, Baksi, Aditya, Jayapalan, Aditya, Md Yunos, Adnan, Pisanu, Adolfo, Salazar, Adolfo, Salinas Barragan, Adrian Alberto, Fox, Adrian, Stollberg, Adrian, Franco, Adriana, Neves, Adriana, Vricheva, Adriana, Hodonou, Adrien Montcho, Aghayeva, Afag, Liaquat, Affifa, Alsultan, Afnan, Morad, Afnan, Kalidis, Afroditi Angella, Gkouniaroudi, Agathi, Karakosta, Agathi, Lovi, Agbenya, Yevide, Agossou Barthélémy, Duro, Agustin, Rodriguez Gonzalez, Agustin, Tariq, Ahbala, Abaidalla, Ahmad, Abuhammad, Ahmad, Abuhantash, Ahmad, Mansour, Ahmad Adel, Ahmad Zaidi, Ahmad Al Hafeez, Alahmad Alismael, Ahmad, Alayed, Ahmad, Alfarwan, Ahmad, Alhaj, Ahmad, Ali, Ahmad, Alroobi, Ahmad, Alsheikh, Ahmad, Alusef, Ahmad, Alzu'Bi, Ahmad, Kayali, Ahmad Amir, Bouhuwaish, Ahmad, Doghaim, Ahmad, El-Sherbiney, Ahmad, Ghazal, Ahmad, Ramly, Ahmad Nasir, Raza, Ahmad, Qureshi, Ahmad Uzair, Arnaout, Ahmad Yamen, Abdelhamid, Ahmed, Abuthaher, Ahmed, Adel, Ahmed, Ahmayda, Ahmed, Al-Mouahhed, Ahmed, Alagha, Ahmed, Albalawi, Ahmed, Albhaisi, Ahmed, Alrifaee, Ahmed, Azam, Ahmed, Barakat, Ahmed, Al-Hajjaj, Ahmed Basim Abed, Dawoud, Ahmed, El Shamarka, Ahmed, El-Bastwesy, Ahmed, Elghrieb, Ahmed, Elkhalifa, Ahmed, Elmosalamy, Ahmed, Elshazli Mahmoud, Ahmed, Montaser, Ahmed G., Gbeadese, Ahmed, Haty, Ahmed, K. Ali, Ahmed, Awad, Ahmed K., Kedwany, Ahmed, Khalleefah, Ahmed, Abbas, Ahmed M., Allam, Ahmed M., Maher, Ahmed, Elsayed, Ahmed Mohamed, Mohamed Ibrahim Mohamed, Ahmed, Mostafa, Ahmed, Nabil, Ahmed, Nada, Ahmed, Ragheb, Ahmed, Abdelrahman, Ahmed Saber Mohamed, Sabry, Ahmed, Sakr, Ahmed, Elkhodary, Ahmed Salah, Shaheen, Ahmed, Ammar, Ahmed Siddique, Hameed, Ahmer, Akmercan, Ahmet, Aslan, Ahmet, Barcin, Ahmet, Ciftci, Ahmet Burak, Bozkurt, Ahmet Çağlar, Sarı, Ahmet Can, Yaşar, Ahmet Can, Develioğlu, Ahmet, Öztürk, Ahmet Mücteba, Sanli, Ahmet Necati, Rencuzogullari, Ahmet, Yildiz, Ahmet, Kaan, Ahmet Zahit, Toi, Ahouefa Chourika Sakinath, Aljamoudi, Aida, Cheung, Aiden Chak Kei, Gkoutoula, Aikaterini, Kalogeropoulou, Aikaterini, Sarafi, Aikaterini, Abo Al Shamat, Aiman, Sanon, Aimé Serge Titianma, Sanon, Aimée Florence, Hiller, Aimée, Costas-Chavarri, Ainhoa, Lombardero, Ainhoa, Fraile, Ainoa, Bojazyah, Aisha, Kamal, Aisha, Gill, Aisling, Hada, Aïssatou, Gulla, Aiste, Mačiulaitytė, Aistė, Sukumar, Aiswarya, Landaluce-Olavarria, Aitor, Sainz Lete, Aitor, Pal, Ajay Kumar, Malik, Ajaz Ahmad, Horiguchi, Akihiko, Kocaay, Akin Firat, Akinkuolie, Akinbolaji, Olabode, Akingunloye, Fadipe, Akinniyi, Akinmade, Akinola, Darkwa Boateng, Akosua, Appiah-Kubi, Akosua Yeboaa, Alkaseek, Akram, Kadamani Abiyomaa, Akram, Anand, Akshay, Oppong, Akua, Opoku-Agyapong, Akwasi, Asharaf, Al Ameen, Ahmed, Al Samoul, Andani, Al-Hassan Dasana, Alkharusi, Al-Salt, Abd Elsattar, Alaa, Alragheai, Alaa, Alsalahat, Alaa Atta, Hawarah, Alaa, Aldirani, Alaa Nasib, Shabkah, Alaa, Nixon Fulli, Alafi Francis, Nguyen, Alain, Mustafa, Alamin, Joseph, Alan, Huws, Alaw, Aregawi, Alazar Berhe, Sanchez Gallego, Alba, Torroella, Alba, Vazquez Melero, Alba, Dauksa, Albertas, Abreu Da Silva, Alberto, Brun-Peressut, Alberto, Barranquero, Alberto G, Gegúndez Simón, Alberto, Gerundo, Alberto, Navarrete-Peón, Alberto, Viacava, Alberto, Vilar, Alberto, Adam, Albushra Altayeb, Jarimba, Aldo, Johnson, Aleena, Nuñez Venzor, Alejandra, Gonzalez Ojeda, Alejandro, Romero De Diego, Alejandro, Karamarkovic, Aleksandar, Butyrskii, Aleksandr, Edmundson, Aleksandra, Sidorova, Aleksandra, Thomas, Alen, Tomazic, Ales, Giuliani, Alessandra, Iodice, Alessandra, Marano, Alessandra, Marello, Alessandra, Ongaro, Alessandra, Saba, Alessandra, Anastasi, Alessandro, Borello, Alessandro, Broglia, Alessandro, Carta, Alessandro, Finocchio, Alessandro, Francia, Alessandro, Iacomino, Alessandro, Izzo, Alessandro, Ottaiano, Alessandro, Spaziani, Alessandro, Strumia, Alessandro, Biancafarina, Alessia, D'Ignazio, Alessia, Davolio, Alessia, Morello, Alessia, Licciardello, Alessio, Mazzoni, Alessio, Wilkins, Alex, Arekhandia, Alexander, Barlas, Alexandros, Chamzin, Alexandros, Demetriou, Alexandros, Giakoustidis, Alexandros, Kozadinos, Alexandros, Kyriakidis, Alexandros, Sarakatsanos, Alexandros, Rojas, Alexei, Saridaki, Alexia, Litchinko, Alexis, Arnaud, Alexis P, Binder, Alf-Dorian, Yakubu, Alfa, Kavalakat, Alfie, Shamsutdinova, Alfiya, Alberico, Alfonso, Amendola, Alfonso, Sánchez-Terán, Alfonso Iván, Lapergola, Alfonso, Baiden Amissah, Alfred, Königsrainer, Alfred, Twumasi, Alfred, Alhebshi, Alhasan, Abbas, Ali, Abdul Rahman, Ali, Abidali, Ali, Abu Tair, Ali, Ahmad, Ali, Al Mukhtar, Ali, Sharq, Ali Al, Alloush, Ali, Amaigl, Ali, Kheirkhah Vakilabad, Ali Asghar, Bassma, Ali, Hacioglu, Ali Doruk, Elzanaty, Ali, Fani, Ali, Farsi, Ali, Ghummied, Ali, Hajali, Ali, Al Sharqi, Ali Hamed, Hammed, Ali, Hewari, Ali, Isler, Ali, Marouf, Ali, Uysal, Ali Mert, Murtada, Ali, Syed, Ali Naqi, Ozkomec, Ali, Sapmaz, Ali, Wassouf, Ali, Aldurssi, Alia, Polatbekov, Alibek, Caltagirone, Alice, Gori, Alice, Lim, Alicia, Bhatt, Alisha, Mohammed, Aljarrah, Maxwell, Allison, Kiyabayev, Almaz, Eltayeb, Almoutaz, Khamees, Almu'atasim, Abdalla, Alnazir, Pikarsky, Alon, Trigos Díaz, Alonso, A Elhars, Alshymaa, Alhaj Zain, Altayeb, Eltahir, Altayeb, Robin Valle De Lersundi, Alvaro, Sanad, Aly, Abdalhadi, Alya, Sparke, Alyssa, Maqsood-Shah, Amaal, Ali, Amal, Ouachhou, Amal, Ahmad, Aman, Kezze, Amana, Dawson, Amanda Caroline, Ali, Amani, Mohsen, Amani, Brar, Amanpreet, Dembele, Amara, Tansawet, Amarit, Obbeng, Ambe, Chiappini, Ambra, Davis, Amelia, Awidan, Amera, Tibude, Ameya, Shah, Ami, Hilder, Amie, Huremovic, Amila, Alamin, Amin, Egdeer, Amin, Gharib, Amin, Choudhary, Amin Mazhar, Amin, Amina, Ibrahim Hassan, Amina, Rashid, Amina, Patel, Aminah, Sebai, Amine, Asla, Amir, Ghanbari, Amir, Shweiki, Amir, Tursunovic, Amir, Aboshosha, Amira Abdelbadea Abdelhamed, Elbalal, Amira, Abdelhalim, Amira Ramadan, Gupta, Amit, Sinha, Amit, Al-Fandi, Amjad, Awwad, Amjad, Belaid, Amjad, Khatib, Amjad, Al-Zubeidy, Ammar, Niazi, Ammar, Zamareh, Ammar, Salam, Ammara, Ayodele, Amoda, Al Hammoud, Amr, Khouli, Amro, Crowe, Amy, Surkitt, Amy Louise, Alshiteewi, Amyirah, Alvarez Cuiñas, Ana, Cabral, Ana, Dupont, Ana, Faustino, Ana, Carreira-Marques, Ana Lúcia, Preto Barreira, Ana Lúcia, Minaya Bravo, Ana Maria, Pinheiro Pereira, Ana Marta, Minaya-Bravo, Ana, Lourenço, Ana Rita, Mateus Loureiro, Ana Rita, Sánchez Gollarte, Ana, Tvaladze, Ana, Veira, Ana, Perja, Ana-Maria, Dusabimana, Anaclet, Herewini, Anahera, Fatima, Anam, Zafar, Anam, Bangar, Anant, Kutma, Ananta, Mehta, Ananya, Alqerem, Anas, Jaber, Anas, Mourtzouni, Anastasia, Theochari, Anastasia, Zarafidou, Anastasia, Smyrnis, Anastasios, Tsechpenakis, Anastasios, Zakaria, Andee Dzulkarnaen, Cardoso Almeida, Andre, Pita, André, Torbey, André, Abreu, Andrea, Barberis, Andrea, Bartalini Cinughi De Pazzi, Andrea, Belli, Andrea, Sironi, Andrea Carlo, Damigella, Andrea, Manetti, Andrea, Mingoli, Andrea, Natili, Andrea, Police, Andrea, Razzore, Andrea, Scacchi, Andrea, Vazquez Fernandez, Andrea, Luzzi, Andrea-Pierre, Brosin, Andreas, Efstathiou, Andreas, Kirschniak, Andreas, Panagakis, Andreas, Pilavas, Andreas, Scheiwiller, Andreas, Skarpas, Andreas, Chitul, Andrei, Trif, Andrei, Ferreira, Andreia, Silva, Andreia, Subocius, Andrejus, Cembellin, Andres, García Marín, Andrés, Ang, Andrew, Gray, Andrew, Li, Andrew, Skreka, Androniki-Maria, Abdul Rahim, Andy Adib, Bhangu, Aneel, Moncy, Aneena, Mwanjoka, Anganile, Fernández Camuñas, Ángel, De Jesús Gil, Ángela, Molero, Ángela, Sultana, Angela, Suárez Álvarez, Angeles Anabel, Nava Franco, Angelica Magaly, Autiak Ayii Chol, Angelo, Serao, Angelo, Nikolaou, Angelos I., Hassanin, Angham, Evans, Angharad, Vu, Anh, Lala, Anil Kumar, Luther, Anil, Sundaram, Anil, Cerovac, Anis, Abgeko, Anita Eseenam, Agbeko, Anita Eseenam, Sharma, Anju, Gupta, Ankit, Jain, Ankit, Attili, Ann, Alecci, Anna, D'Amore, Anna, Domenech Plana, Anna, Gut, Anna Eleonora, John, Anna, Lareida, Anna, Pesce, Anna Lisa, Paspala, Anna, Sharp, Anna, Victor, Anna, Comandatore, Annalisa, Olsen, Annelisse, Yiallourou, Anneza, Loizou, Annita, Sharma, Anshuman, Asare Twumasi, Anthony, Davor, Anthony, Tabiim, Anthony Jagri, Lin, Anthony, Szpytko, Anthony, Walfor, Anthony, Oosterkamp, Antje, Kachi, Antoine, Khoneisser, Antoine, Bediako Bowan, Antoinette, Sumbaev, Anton, Deserra, Antonello, Punzengruber, Antonia, Thanasa, Antonia, Azzinnaro, Antonio, Castaldi, Antonio, Curado Soriano, Antonio, García Domínguez, Antonio, Lai, Antonio, Martinez German, Antonio, Masciandaro, Antonio, Miele, Antonio, Pesce, Antonio, Ramírez Beas, Antonio, Ramos Bonilla, Antonio, Ramos-De la Medina, Antonio, Zerbinati, Antonio, Athanasiou, Antonios, Panagidis, Antonios, Vezakis, Antonios, Pilavas, Antonis, Boynes, Antony, Mishra, Anurag, Singh, Anurag, Appukuttan, Anuraj, Alhamadi, Anwaar, Gusibat, Anwar, Seidu, Anwar Sadat, Fuertes Muñoz, Anyely Nataly, Abbas, Aoss, Shanker, Aparajeya, Balta, Apostolia, Panagopoulos, Apostolis, Roslani, April, Tahir, Aqsa, Hernández, Araceli, Roumieh, Aram, Pinto, Arbey, Khanduri, Archana, Isik, Arda, Dhinakar, Arelly Samuel Paul, Ioannidis, Argyrios, Tsiaka, Ariadni, Balconi, Arianna, Petrungaro, Arianna, Narin, Arif Emir, Plastiras, Aris, Papadopoulos, Aristeidis, Kontokostopoulos, Aristeidis-Panagiotis, Bang, Aristide, Nikitaras, Aristotelis, Akiba, Arit, Jindal, Arjun, Bedzhanyan, Arkady, Fajardo, Arlene, Antinori, Armando, Galvan, Armando, Belarmino, Armin, Mustafa, Arooba, Mathew, Arpit, Pillai, Arpit, Alrababah, Arqam, Shoker, Arran, Hai, Arrham, Anand, Arun, Bhatti, Arun, Nair, Arun, Prasath S V, Arun, Krishna, Arunachalam, Sinha, Arvind, Abdulnabi, Arwa, Aboumedian, Arwa, Faisal, Arwa, Haidar, Arwa, J, Arya, Ahmed, Asaad, Choudhry, Asad, Albager, Asawer, Jha, Ashesh Kumar, Chhabra, Ashish, Choudhrie, Ashish, Gupta, Ashish, Kumar, Ashish, Tirkey, Ashish, Oommen, Ashok Ninan, Al-Bahla, Ashraf, Bakri, Ashraf, Maghrabi, Ashraf, Mahendran, Ashuvini, Kumar, Ashwani, Das, Asish, Eisa, Assem, Comella, Assia, Shanmugalingam, Aswin, Boztaş Demir, Asya Eylem, Zubillaga-Mares, Asya, Altawaiha, Ata'O Allah, Mitsala, Athanasia, Katsiou, Athanasia-Faidra, Bakalis, Athanasios, Marinis, Athanasios, Migdanis, Athanasios, Soumpasis, Athanasios, Syllaios, Athanasios, Tampakis, Athanasios, Çakmak, Atil, Rahman, Atiqur, Suroy, Atul, L'Hostis, Audrey, Parseliunas, Audrius, Ali, Aun, Rakotondrainibe, Aurelia, Goliath, Austin, Arustamyan, Avetik, Sukhdev Jadhav, Avinash, Chaudhary, Awais, Kumar, Awanish, Denz, Axel, Al Kaddah, Aya, Alaqtash, Aya, Ehab, Aya, Essamei, Aya, Kelzia, Aya, Farrag, Ayatallah, Myintmo, Aye Myat, Bibi, Ayesha, Iqbal, Ayesha, Irshad, Ayeza, Sinjab, Ayham, Izgiş, Aylin, Almugaddami, Ayman Adel Yousuf, Albatanony, Ayman, Ayeni, Ayodeji, Williams, Ayooluwa, AbuNemer, Ayoub, Benmansour, Ayoub, Nidali, Ayoub, Vig, Ayushi, Emran, Ayyah, Abbas, Azadar, Ekpeti, Azuka, Janjua, Azwa, Fathi, Azza, Alzahrani, Azzah, Rehmani, Babar, Ayoade, Babatunde A, Mustapha, Babatunde, L, Badareesh, Alsharari, Bader, Balaravi Pillai, Balakavitha, Balagobi, Balasingam, Mohamad, Balqees, Ibrahim, Bana, Ali, Bandar, Alqahtani, Bandar, Paul, Banderembako, Yigit, Banu, Révérien, Banziriyubusa, Dweik, Bara', Yacoub, Bara', Alzoubi, Baraa, Chkir, Baraa, M.J. Alhaj, Baraa, Binda, Barbara, Carvalho, Bárbara, Demurtas, Barbara, Dieck, Bárbara, Freire, Bárbara, Gama, Bárbara, Habrat, Barbara, Tinoco, Bárbara, Hernandez Cervantes, Barbara Yordanis, East, Barbora, Maguire, Barry, Mckay, Bartholomew, Żaczek, Bartłomiej, Dawud, Bashar, Allbakosh, Bashir, Yunusa, Bashir, Aminu, Bashiru, Ibi, Bashkim, D'Souza, Basil, Alazabi, Basma, Algettawi, Basma, Sharaf Eldin, Basma, Hameed, Basmah Hilal, Abboud, Bassam, Al Soudi, Bassam, Fahmy, Bassam, Ranjous, Batoul, Bereket Araya, Batseba, Eyduran, Batuhan, Alsaid, Bayan, Guerra, Bayron, Markowska, Beata, De Zolt Ponte, Beatrice, Robertson-Jones, Beatrice, Sperotto, Beatrice, Cordeiro, Beatriz, Cuneo, Beatriz, De Andrés-Asenjo, Beatriz, Louro, Beatriz, Estraviz, Begoña, Khan, Belawl, Abdennour, Belkadi, Calcaño, Bellanirys, Kigwe, Ben, Boakye, Benedict, Ağca, Bengi, Togay, Bengü, Esposito, Beniamino, Chiman, Benjamin Guarken, Lulham-Robinson, Benjamin, Martin, Benjamin, Peter, Bennett, Özcan, Berkay, Seshie, Bernard Kofi, Maanikuu, Bernard, Lopes Patrício, Bernardo, Khattab, Besher, Johnson, Bethan, Mcdermott, Bethany, Neall, Bethany, Wang, Betty, Roopavathana. S, Beulah, Fosh, Beverley, Sarang, Bhakti, Sv, Bharath, R Budihal, Bhargavi, Devkaran, Bhavesh, Van Zyl, Bianca, Kharga, Bikram, Al-Sarireh, Bilal, Ali, Bilal, Duman, Bilgesu, Baca, Bilgi, Down, Billy, Mengesha, Birhanu, Owusu Ansah, Bismark, Radja, Bitour, Sime, Bizuneh, Capdevila Vilaró, Blanca, Izedomi, Blessing Ohikhuare, Hao, Bo Zhen, Nimako, Boateng, Phakathi, Boitumelo, Sehgal, Boney, Cakpo, Boniface, Alrayes, Bourhan, Mao, Boyuan, Bogdan-Gabriel, Bratu, Bengaly, Bréhima, Williams, Brielle, Cismasiu, Brigitta, Helou, Brigitte, Davies, Brooke, Arya, Brundha, Cirillo, Bruno, Nardo, Bruno, Pinto, Bruno, Scotto, Bruno, Vieira, Bruno, Kadir, Bryar, Albaihani, Bshaer, Calik, Bulent, Citgez, Bulent, Celik, Burak, Azhar, Burhansyah, Alshaikh, Bushra, Kum, Büşra, Killoran, Callie, Nwachukwu, Callistus, Hidalgo Salinas, Camila, Brasset, Camille, Bertoglio, Camillo Leonardo, Vasquez Maya, Camilo, Zapata Syro, Camilo, Akgün, Can, Yurttas, Can, Semeraro, Candy, Lategan, Carina, Boven, Carine, Uwakunda, Carine, Leal Ferrandis, Carla, Margiani, Carla, Piras, Carla, Samojeden, Carla, Vitiello, Carla, Feo, Carlo V., Bôto, Carlos, Roman Ortega, Carlos Fernando, Ferreras García, Carlos, Figueiredo, Carlos, García-Salas, Carlos, González, Carlos, González Baez, Carlos, Gracia-Roche, Carlos, Guijarro Moreno, Carlos, Hernandez Diaz, Carlos, Ferrero, Carlos Ignacio, Perez Rivera, Carlos J, Jezieniecki, Carlos, Pérez - Padrón, Carlos Josué, León-Espinoza, Carlos, Nuño-Guzmán, Carlos M., Macedo Cardoso De Oliveira, Carlos, Shiraishi Zapata, Carlos, Yanowsky-Gonzalez, Carlos, Sorrentino, Carmen, Tung, Carmen, Cardoso, Carolina, Chavarría Noya, Carolina, Coutinho, Carolina, Korzin, Carolina, Maya, Carolina, Moreno-Licea, Carolina, Panis, Carolina, Righetti, Carolina, Silva, Carolina, Soares-Aquino, Carolina, Golliez, Caroline, Chiam, Carolyn, Kamphues, Carsten, Rahantasoa Finaritra, Casimir Fp, Assis, Catarina, Henriques, Catarina, Quintela, Catarina, Rio Ferreira, Catarina, Rolo Santos, Catarina, Rodrigues, Catarina S., Allmer, Caterina, Bradshaw, Catherine Jane, Rukundo, Cédric, Seneza, Celestin, Raphael, Celine, Guldogan, Cem Emir, Bilir, Cemal, Hacıalioğlu, Cemal, Ersavas, Cenk, Özkan, Cenk, Huaroto Landeo, Cesar Fernando, Ginesta, Cesar, Infante, César, Pastás, César, Ciubotaru, Cezar, Narayan, Chanchal, Mahakalkar, Chandrashekhar, Floros, Charalampos, Demiri, Charikleia, Chatzinikolaou, Charito, Dempers, Charl, Ansah Larbi, Charles, Banka, Charles, Cini, Charles, Dally, Charles, Doku, Charles, Ntow-Boahen, Charles Kwaku, Nicholson Jr., Charles, Cornwell, Charlotte, Stennard, Charlotte, Lionel, Charre, Azmat, Chaudhary Ehtsham, Nyampinga, Chelsea, Tandup, Cherring, Agarwal, Chetan, Parmar, Chetan, Pun, Chetna, Un, Chi Wen, Baars, Chiara Anne, Celano, Chiara, Fumagalli, Chiara, Marafante, Chiara, Zandonella, Chiara, Nwanmah, Chibueze, Osuigwe, Chidimma, Nwokoro, Chigbundu, Nwosu, Chikaodili, Nwosu, Chimdiebele Daisy, Lim, Chin Kent, Ónyeka, Chinonso, Uche, Chisom, Jamieson-Grigg, Chloe, Ong, Chon Sum, Alphonse, Chris, Bode, Chris, Varghese, Chris, Carrillo Sarango, Christian, Esteo Verdu, Christian, Krautz, Christian, Mosca, Christian, Nimbona, Christian, Nikolaou, Christina, Wiesner, Christina, Kloppers, Christo, Kourouniotis, Christoforos, Seiler, Christoph, Knee, Christopha, Mpirimbanyi, Christophe, Aboah, Christopher, Amah, Christopher, Cheong, Christopher, Harmston, Christopher, Leung, Christopher, Seet, Christopher, Smart, Christopher, Chouliaras, Christos, Damaskos, Christos, Doudakmanis, Christos, Kaselas, Christos, Limas, Christos, Ntagkas, Christos, Papazacharias, Christos, Stefanou, Christos, Thrasyvoulou, Christos, Tsalikidis, Christos, Karagianni, Chrysanthi, Kolla, Chrysoula-Christina, Ugwunne, Chuka, Ilo, Chukwudi, Nwegbu, Chukwuemeka, Onwuzu, Chukwuka, Weadick, Ciara, De Martino, Ciro, Donohoe, Claire, Gutierrez De La Rosa, Clara Elena, Florián Villa, Clara Marcela, Petcu, Clara Teodora, Cecconi, Claudia, Banal, Claudine, Brandi, Claudio, Hossu, Claudiu, Onuoha, Clement, Osime, Clement, Shelton, Clifford, Fuentes Orozco, Clotilde, Adumah, Collins, Dina, Constantin, Nastos, Constantinos, Aguero, Coral, Markin, Coretta, Hoogerboord, Cornelis, Da Lio, Corrado, Saviello, Cosimo, Bezede, Cosmin, Distefano, Costanza, Elliot-Wilson, Courtney, Bokossa, Covalic, Lupercio Figueroa, Cristian Israel, Riboni, Cristiana, Meola, Cristiano, Costa, Cristina, Gas, Cristina, Larotonda, Cristina, Soddu, Cristina, Vacca, Cristina, Vera Mansilla, Cristina, Li, Crystal, Agbonrofo, Cynthia, Akli-Nartey, Cynthia, Molewa, Cynthia, Nelly Rosine, Cyuzuzo Ngwije, Rega, D., Koike, Daisuke, Wickramasinghe, Dakshitha, Clarke, Damian, Fry, Damian, Hannedige, Damsadie, Powell, Dan-Beck, Kasasbeh, Dana, Samardali, Dana, Sharl Ajami, Dani, Badran, Dania, Adjei, Daniel, Muhie, Daniel Ahmed, Pérez Muñoz, Daniel Alejandro, Alifoe, Daniel, Aparicio-López, Daniel, Baños Méndez, Daniel, Cristian, Daniel, Eaton, Daniel, Gero, Daniel, Makary, Daniel, Montwedi, Daniel, Muñoz, Daniel, Patterson, Daniel, Reim, Daniel, Agbley, Daniel Yao Dodzie, Patiño García, Daniela Cristina, Di Pietrantonio, Daniela, Pais, Daniela, Rosado, Daniela, Tavares, Daniela, Alberti, Daniele, Fusario, Daniele, Massaro, Daniele, Paglione, Daniele, Pironi, Daniele, Kurochka, Daniil, Centonze, Danilo Corrado, Hackner, Danilo, Herrera, Danilo, Amangaliyev, Daniyar, Silva-Cano, Danny Wladimir, Chaudhry, Daoud, Palmisano, Dario, Ribero, Dario, Vukosav, Dario, Misca, Darius, Lowen, Darren, Rattray, Darren, Walia, Darshanjit Singh, Maan, Darvesh, Muyenzi, Daryle, Verdi, Daunia, Bardsley, David, Reyes Rodríguez, David Estuardo, Fra Corral, David, Garcia López De Goicoechea, David, Gavit, David, Gómez, David, Idowu, David, Konkin, David, Labadah, David Kplorla Kekeli, Liu, David, Merlini, David, Mitchell, David, Moro-Valdezate, David, Osifo, David, Proud, David, Ridder, David, Gobatti, Davide, Muschitiello, Davide, Pertile, Davide, Zulian, Davide, Mengiste, Dawit, Mikami, Dean, Mohanty, Debajyoti, Chatterjee, Debarghya, Komolafe, Deborah Olaitan, Scotto Di Carlo, Deborah, Wright, Deborah, Rahme, Deema, Talreja, Deep Parkash, Jain, Deepak, Rajput, Deepak, Singh, Deepak, Anbu, Deepika, Ibrahim, Dena, Phom, Denchu, Hili, Denise, Osei, Dennis Broni, Daary, Dennis, Kyeremeh, Dennis, Shen, Dennis, Uymaz, Derya Salim, Cianflocca, Desiree, Ashitey, Desmond, Evripidou, Despo, Papageorgouli, Despoina, Kaushal, Devesh, Abeysirigunawardana, Dewmi, Dugar, Dharmendra, Mallik, Dhiraj, Ghosh, Dhruva, Houmran, Diaa, Abdulrahman, Diala, Pantoja Pachajoa, Diana Alejandra, Cardona Gomez, Diana Catalina, Fenner, Diana, Gonzalez, Diana Samantha, Siriwardena, Diana, Garcés Palacios, Diana Sofía, Stoian, Diana, Zuikyte, Diana, Sosa Méndez, Dianne Alitzá, Wickramarathna, Dickson, Mutter, Didier, Palma Portillo, Diego Andrés, Chavez Fernandez, Diego, Córdova García, Diego, Enjuto, Diego, Giulitti, Diego, Sasia, Diego, Visconti, Diego, Yiğit, Dilara, George, Dilip, Rabaia, Dima, Georgiev, Dimitar, Hadzhiev, Dimitar, Alexandrou, Dimitrios, Balalis, Dimitrios, Giakoustidis, Dimitrios, Manatakis, Dimitrios K., Korkolis, Dimitrios, Lytras, Dimitrios, Massaras, Dimitrios, Moris, Dimitrios, Politis, Dimitrios, Sampanis, Dimitrios, Schizas, Dimitrios, Tsiardas, Dimitrios, Vardakostas, Dimitrios, Kotsaris, Dimitris, Khattab, Dina Hesham, M. Awad, Dina, Alrokh, Dina Sami, Schippers, Dina, Waleed, Dina, Salinovic, Dinko, Gonçalves Múrias Gomes, Diogo Miguel, Silva, Diogo, Vaz Acosta, Diogo, Morton, Dion, Panagopoulos, Dionisios, Kelgiorgi, Dionysia, Dellaportas, Dionysios, Prevezanos, Dionysios, Joshi, Dipti, Ozal, Direm, Yigit, Direnc, Chimkaomasiri, Divine, Jabbar, Diya, Nepogodiev, Dmitri, Belekar, Dnyanesh, Abdalaziz, Doaa, Abunemer, Doaa, Attia, Doaa, Elkafrawy, Doaa, Dimitrov, Dobromir, Pignatelli, Domenica, Merlicco, Domenico, Soriero, Domenico, Zerbo, Domenico, Atouguia, Domingas, Fairbrass, Dominic, T. Enti, Donald, Venskutonis, Donatas, Rukavina, Dora, Caruso, Dorena, Herappe, Dorihela, Lee, Dorinda Norbetha, Ofosuhene, Doris, Hajela, Apoorva, Badwan, Basem, Kulkarni, Datta, Dhawan, Deep, Dhillon, Jeevanjit, Mehmood, Manzer, Mahmood, Namrah, Nikam, Narendra, Ramchandani, Radhakrishna, Thind, Ravinder Singh, Riazhussain, D Hafiz, Maqsood, Saliha, Alalawi, Yousef, Tyagi, Harshdeep, Kshirsagar, Shivani, Ahmed, Hisham, Juan Carlos, Luna Cydejko, Kone, Dramane, Omar, Duaa, Alves, Duarte Gil, Subasinghe, Duminda, Ommi, Durgesh, Joshiba, Durshney, Chakarov, Dzhevdet, Arkoh, Ebenezer Ameyaw, Frimpong-Manso, Ebenezer, Ada, Ece, Lincango, Eddy P., Lozada Hernandez, Edgard Efren, Hodžić, Edin, Di Marco, Edith, Baccalini, Edoardo Andrea, Baldini, Edoardo, González Marín, Eduardo, Gutierrez, Eduardo, Sepúlveda, Eduardo, Dainius, Edvinas, Zhang, Edward, Yenli, Edwin Mwintiereh Ta-Ang, Antoniou, Efstathios, Kapasakis, Efstathios, Baili, Efstratia, Poulios, Efthymios, Kubiliute, Egle, Osaze, Ehioghae, Afeikhena, Ehis, Elshennawy, Eiad, Athanasopoulou, Eirini, Synekidou, Eirini, Ekaladze, Eka, Tampaki, Ekaterini Christina, Adam, Elaf, Adel Hamdoun Aziz, Elaf, Yousuf, Elamin, Gialamas, Eleftherios, Spartalis, Eleftherios, Bedzhanyan, Elen, Toma, Elena Adelina, Daukšaitė, Elena, Desiato, Elena, Dvivedi, Elena, Hadzhieva, Elena, Martí Cuñat, Elena, Montalbán Martínez, Elena, Montanari, Elena, Signaroli, Elenasofia, Efremidou, Eleni, Gavriil, Eleni, Karakeke, Eleni, Mavrodimitraki, Eleni, Papamattheou, Eleni, Jose, Elenza, Cianci, Eleonora, Ciccioli, Eleonora, Daleva, Eleonora, Locci, Eleonora, Lori, Eleonora, Silanos, Eleonora, Ayala, Elí, Bankart, Eliana, Brolese, Eliane, Efstathiou, Elias, Salloum, Elias, Colak, Elif, Terzi, Elif Didem, Ametefe, Elikem, Cagigal Ortega, Elima Pilar, Donnarumma, Elio, Mina, Elisa, Reitano, Elisa, Wallner, Elisabeth, Moggia, Elisabetta, Betz, Elise, Kontis, Elissaios, Anestiadou, Elissavet, Gimson, Eliza, Lun, Elizabeth, Fraser, Elizabeth, Li, Elizabeth, Torres De Anda, Elizabeth Magaly, Murphy, Elizabeth Mary Ann, O'Connell, Elizabeth, Redondo, Elizabeth, Lun, Elizabeth Weng Yan, Francis, Ella, Haiden, Elmar, Hamed, Elmonzir, Alkhalifa, Elmustafa, Dexter, Eloise, Daketsey, Elorm, Setsoafia, Elorm, Mohamed, Elsagad, Mohammed, Elsamoual, Hegab, Elsayed, Ay, Elvin, Adinolfi, Elvira, Mbanzabugabo, Elvis, Chin, Elynn, Ahmed, Emad Ali, Younes, Eman, Basile, Emanuela, Gessa, Emanuela, Pontecorvi, Emanuele, Romairone, Emanuele, Hatangimana, Eméry, Ndizeye, Emile, Ciofic, Emilia, Dijan, Emilio, López-Negrete Cueto, Emilio, Baker, Emily, Reid, Emily, Schmidt, Emily, Alić, Emir, Bičakčić, Emir, Agbowada, Emma, Colton, Emma, Downing, Emma, Haege, Emma, O'Neill, Emma, Roussos, Emmanouel, Nachelleh, Emmanuel Aadereyir, Adebunmi, Emmanuel, Obiesie, Emmanuel Ahuizechukwu, Akakpo, Emmanuel Bismark, Konlan, Emmanuel Dammigu Francis, Nwangwu, Emmanuel Ifeanyi, Kafui Ayodeji, Emmanuel, Ofori, Emmanuel Owusu, Spanoudakis, Emmanuel, Abate, Emmanuele, Balik, Emre, Bozdağ, Emre, Bozkurt, Emre, Karabulut, Emre Cagri, Ozoran, Emre, Tunçcan, Emre, Tuzuner, Emre, Halilović, Emsad, Alabed, Enaam, Zidan, Enas, Hodžić, Enes, Aybar, Engin, Yildirim, Engin Okan, Wong, Enoch, Yhoshu, Enono, Bisogno, Enrica, Andolfi, Enrico, Ferri, Enrico, Potenza, Enrico, Spalice, Enrico, Volpin, Enrico, González, Enrique, Downes, Eoin, Gallo, Erdachew, Kamer, Erdinc, Naidoo, Eressa, Erginöz, Ergin, Bara, Eric, Irungu, Eric, García-Villegas, Eric Yusif, Mazzotta, Erica, Monati, Erica, Chan, Erick, Gómez Mejía, Erika, Dylja, Eris, Somuncu, Erkan, Yavuz, Erkan, Begunić, Ernes, Margelis, Ernest, Osei, Ernest Owusu, Saitoglou, Ertzan, Agastra, Ervis, Mazumdar, Eshan, Soyer Güldoğan, Esra, Abu Siam, Esra'A, Abdelbaset, Esraa, Abdu, Esraa, Adel Mahmod Sultan, Esraa, Nubi Mohamed, Esraa Gamal, Abuobaida Banaga Hag El Tayeb, Essam Eldien, Ali, Essraa, Page-Taylor, Estelle, Marra, Ester, Garcia Santos, Esther Pilar, Elsheikh, Ethar, Unal, Ethem, Tan, Eugene, De Leo, Eugenio, Borges, Eva, Gáspár, Éva, Ruiz-Daum, Eva, Apostolopoulos, Evaggelos, Samara, Evangelia, Barkolias, Evangelos, Fradelos, Evangelos, Hopping, Eve, Romo Ascencio, Evelia Veronica, Sosa Ferreira, Ever David, Shestakov, Evgenii, Tyurina, Evgenya, Hristova, Evguenia, Efthymiou, Evripidis, Tokidis, Evripidis, Harrison, Ewen, Dontoh, Ewurama Akroma, Mansour, Eyad, Yeshialem, Eyosiyas, Dabbagh, Ezeddin, Amer, Ezzeldin, Manasci, Fabiana, Gomes, Fabio, Medas, Fabio, d'Acapito, Fabrizio, Vassallo, Fabrizio, Haddad, Fadi, Elhabishi, Fadwa, Akhtar, Fahad, Tauheed, Fahad, Al Abbood, Fahd, Gareb, Fahed, Ghazali, Fairuz, Alnazawi, Faisal, Ondago, Faith, Rasoaherinomenjanahary, Fanjandrainy, Wiese, Fanny, González Ponce, Fanny Yesenia, Georgiades, Fanourios, Ali, Farah, Galley, Fareeda, Huda, Farhanul, Amir, Farhat Naaz, Ashraf, Fariha, Alfarsi, Faris, Ayasra, Faris, Ali, Farman, Mahmoud, Faten, Aliskander, Fater, Tahir Lwdie, Fathea, Buyuker, Fatih, Aguilar Del Castillo, Fátima, Mohammed Daoud, Fatima Ahmed, Alowjaly, Fatima, Oni, Fatima, Rauf, Fatima, Elkhafeefi, Fatimah, Hourri, Fatine, Monib, Fatma A., Alshreef, Fatma, Benghalbon, Fatma, Ntirenganya, Faustin, Ashraf, Fauziyah, Chahrour, Fayez, Ahmad, Fazal, Parray, Fazlul Qadir, Philips, Febi, Campus, Federica, Di Marco, Federica, Ferraina, Federica, Frongia, Federica, Maffeis, Federica, Natali, Federica, Pederiva, Federica, Scolari, Federica, Tofani, Federica, Marin, Federico Alberto Niccolò, Biolchini, Federico, Cappellacci, Federico, Corronca, Federico, Mazzola, Federico, Suldrup, Federico, Nyarko, Felicia, Casas J, Felipe, Zapata, Felipe, Aigner, Felix, Alakaloko, Felix, Amoako, Felix, Camacho, Felix, Hammett, Felix, Kuubetersob B. N, Felix, Alahmad, Feras, Alnimri, Feras, Haddad, Feras, Gool, Ferhana, Castro, Fernanda, Diaz, Fernanda, Lucero, Fernanda, Vovola, Fernanda, Mahnic, Fernando, Mercado Sanchez, Fernando, Prieto La Noire, Fernando, Soggiu, Fiammetta, Tsige, Fikreab, Brzeszczyński, Filip, Rudisch, Filip, Valente Costa Pinto, Filipa, Ramalho De Almeida, Filipe, Banchini, Filippo, Palomino Escalante, Fiorella, Fadzlullah, Fitri, Terefe, Fitsum, Sulo, Fjorenta, Ciccarone, Flavia, Tirelli, Flavio, Krämer, Florian, Grama, Florin, Spanos, Foivos, Solimene, Folco, Akinwande, Foluso, Osman, Forzia, Stefou, Foteini, Kyramargios, Fotios, Stavratis, Fotios, Alassani, Fousseni, Ascari, Francesca, Cammelli, Francesca, D'Agostino, Francesca, Tropeano, Francesca Paola, Peters, Francesca, Ré, Francesca, Brucchi, Francesco, Casti, Francesco, Coratti, Francesco, Ferrara, Francesco, Floris, Francesco, Izzo, Francesco, Maffei, Francesco, Palmieri, Francesco, Pata, Francesco, Porcelli, Francesco, Selvaggi, Francesco, Velluti, Francesco, Mulita, Francesk, Bello, Francis, Caiquo, Francis, Dossou, Francis, Eshun, Francis Junior, Opoku Twene, Francis, Tierenye, Francis, Quayson, Francis William, Romo Rosales, Francisco David, Ibañez Ortiz, Francisco, León Frutos, Francisco Javier, Redondo Calvo, Francisco Javier, Silva Rivera, Francisco Javier, Barbosa Camacho, Francisco José, Bujalance Cabrera, Francisco Manuel, Ruescas, Francisco, Irakiza, Franck Fanon, Corvatta, Franco, Pascual, Franco Raúl, Roviello, Franco, Roodt, Francois, Gyamfi, Frank Enoch, Olaniru, Frank, Owusu, Frank, Bader, Franz G., Anzinger, Franz-Xaver, Agbodo, Fred David Anku, Ris, Frederic, Agbemafoh, Frederick Mawuli, Afonso, Frederico, Nazareth, Frederico, Berrevoet, Frederik, Hounde, Fréjus, Demiral, Furkan, Hassooni, Furqan Ridha Hassooni, Kafa, Gabi, Cárdenas Rivera, Gabriel, Ntwari, Gabriel, Szydlo Shein, Gabriel, Ambriz González, Gabriela, Nita, Gabriela Elisa, Bellio, Gabriele, Moitzi, Gabriele, Urdang, Gabriella, Marom, Gad, Gallo, Gaetano, Luglio, Gaetano, Poillucci, Gaetano, Singh, Gagandeep, Saletta, Gaia, Abouelnagah, Galal, Yarovenko, Galina, Kazobinka, Gallina, Ahmed, Gamal Mutwakil Gamal, Rahman, Ganiyu Adebisi, Smith, Garett, Pillai, Gargi, Saxena, Garima, Gbessi, Gaspard, Nkunguzi, Gaston, Jalal, Gaurav, Chillarge, Gauri, Singh, Gautam, Mevognon, Gedeon, Getachew, Gedion, George, Gejoe, De La Peña González, Gema, Martínez Izquierdo, Gema, Grande, Gennaro, Birikorang, Geoffrey, Weber, Georg F., Singer, Georg, Ansong, George, Bashour, George, Brown, George Darko, Hneino, George, Kavalieratos, George, Kenchadze, George, Nagy, George, Pappas Gogos, George, Skroubis, George, Waiyaki, George, Cox, Georgia, Zeringa, Georgia, De Wee, Georgin, Hart, Georgina, Bekakos, Georgios, Fragulidis, Georgios, Kapogiannatos, Georgios, Karakaidos, Georgios, Kokkinos, Georgios, Kostoulas, Georgios, Koukoulis, Georgios, Peros, Georgios, Rados, Georgios, Tsoulfas, Georgios, Verras, Georgios-Ioannis, Berger, Geraint, Adoro, Gerard Ayuka, Chamoso Mialdea, Gerardo, Palmieri, Gerardo, Procaccini, Gerardo, Steenkamp, Gerhard, Viscido, Germán Rodrigo, Dajti, Gerti, Alemayehu, Getachew, Seyfu, Gezachew, Birqeeq, Ghada, Alsheikh, Ghadeer, Alrayyes, Ghaith, El Hunjul, Ghalib Nashaat, Zaza, Ghayath, Matroud, Ghazlah, Alhadwah, Ghena, Maltinti, Gherardo, Awais, Ghina, Shamsi, Ghina, Calini, Giacomo, Carganico, Giacomo, Zanus, Giacomo, Canu, Gian Luigi, Mendiola, Gian, Ibero Casadiego, Giana Pamela, Cocorullo, Gianfranco, Baronio, Gianluca, Pellino, Gianluca, Zanni, Gianluca, Poto, Gianmario Edoardo, Gravante, Gianpiero, Aduroja, Gideon, Almogy, Gidon, Bond-Smith, Giles, Natchagande, Gilles, Bechara, Gio, Brachini, Gioia, Riccioli, Giordana, Ercolani, Giorgio, Farris, Giorgio, Giraudo, Giorgio, Mammolo, Giovanna, Pavone, Giovanna, Sgarzini, Giovanna, Aprea, Giovanni, Fonsi, Giovanni Battista, Boroni, Giovanni, De Angeli, Giovanni, De Palma, Giovanni Domenico, Emiliani, Giovanni, Grava, Giovanni, Guercio, Giovanni, De Carlo, Giulia, Del Corpo, Giulia, Duranti, Giulia, Galatioto, Giulia, Grassi, Giulia, Graziano, Giulia, Marini, Giulia Maria Francesca, Munzi, Giulia, Tarantino, Giulia, Borda-Luque, Giuliano, Pellicano', Giuseppe Antonino, Canonico, Giuseppe, Carollo, Giuseppe, Ietto, Giuseppe, Palomba, Giuseppe, Pascarella, Giuseppe, Salamone, Giuseppe, Sica, Giuseppe, Sorrentino, Giuseppe, Orlando, Giuseppina, Pignata, Giusto, Pisarevi, Givi, Akcakoca, Gizem, Owusu, Godfred, Yohanna Abrak, Godwin, Kurtoglu, Gokalp Kagan, Kurtoglugk, Gokalp Kagan, Alıcı, Gökhan, Kurtoglu, Goktug Mert, Delgado Hernandez, Gonzalo, Augustin, Goran, Bhat, Gowhar Aziz, Sundaram Venkatesan, Gowtham, Chang, Grace, Eke, Grace, Lee, Grace, Massarra, Grace, Travaglini, Grazia, Scialandrone, Grazisa, Stavrou, Gregor A., Di Franco, Gregorio, Charalambous, Gregory, Christodoulidis, Gregory, Kouraklis, Gregory, Goodwin, Gregory Richard, Devidze, Grigol, Fialho, Guilherme, Santos, Guilherme, Cabezudo, Guillermo, García-Santos, Guillermo, Pou, Guillermo, Romero Reyna, Guillermo, Yanowsky-Reyes, Guillermo, Ozyuksel, Gul, Karadeniz Cakmak, Guldeniz, Kucuk, Gultekin Ozan, Bulbuloglu, Guney Cem, Sarp, Guray, Kaur, Gurleen, Nibogora, Guy Darcy, Hamdan, Gymar, Ogundipe, Habeeb, Yunes, Habib, Ayesh, Hadeel, Al Atassi, Hadi, Jalilehvand, Hadis, Masalma, Hafez, Jafarkhan, Hafis, Shahid, Hafiz Huzaifa, Younus, Hafsa, Al-Derume, Hail, Shames, Haitam, Mimouni, Haithem Ahmed, Aldare, Hajar, Odah Bashi, Hajar Omar, Abusnina, Hajer, Altounsi, Hajir, Qayum, Hajra, Baysal, Hakan, Bolukbasi, Hakan, Yigitbas, Hakan, Alkhatib, Hala, Afzal, Haleema, Mftah, Halima, Oyinlola, Halimah, Tümer, Haluk, Dolo, Hamadoun, Braham, Hamdi, Ozsahin, Hamdi, Abu-Arish, Hamdoon, Al-Aamri, Hamed, Fadlalmola, Hammad Ali, Abu Obead, Hamza, Al-Fahel, Hamza, Al-Zoubi, Hamza, Asaad, Hamza, Ejaz, Hamza, Jaber, Hamza, Bhatti, Hamza Waqar, Mohammadi Sardoo, Hamzeh, Farhat, Hana, Idheiraj, Hanadi, Zwaraa, Hanady, Al Sohabi, Hanan, Basharat, Hanan, Said, Hanan, Al-Abdallat, Haneen, Foad, Haneen, Daaboul, Hanen, Al Qadhi, Hani, Elhallaq, Hani, Alhusaini, Hanin, Lidbetter, Hannah, Reilly, Hannah, Moya- Ambriz, Hannia Betzabeth, Lederhuber, Hans, Fehrer, Hans-Jörg, Xiao, Haotian, Iswariah, Harish, Kaur, Harmeena, Cheema, Harnoor Kaur, Foda, Haroun, Chauhan, Harpreet, Kaur, Harpreet, Sagar, Harry, Unwin, Harry, Kaur, Harsharan, Panga, Harshavardhan, Gupta, Harshit, Prabhakar, Harshit Kumar, Anand, Harshitha, Pahwa, Harvinder Singh, Abbadi, Hasan, Amoudi, Hasan, Zaini, Hasan Hadi Zaini, Škiljo, Hasan, Miyasika, Hasangi, Altabbaa, Hashem, Haj Freej, Hasn, Abdelazim, Hassan, Habiba, Hassan, Kamal, Hassan, Sabir, Hassan, Zaigham, Hassan, Pehlivan, Hatice, Telci, Hatice, Abuobaida, Hayat, Tetley, Heather, Taher, Heba, Aguado López, Héctor, Askarpour, Hedyeh, Sherif Farouk Ahmed Hassan, Heidi, Devesa, Helena, Arbogast, Helmut, Nuñez Del Barrio, Henar, Abiyere, Henry, Delacave, Henry, Rice, Henry E., Pleass, Henry, Bradly, Hera, Islam, Heraa, Lule, Herman, Abozied, Hesham, Le Roux, Hettie, Hamdar, Hiba, Yaghmour, Hiba, Bileid Bakeer, Hibah, Al Miskry, Hilal, Ulman, Hilmican, Abdoun, Hind, Essalim, Hind, Yonekura, Hiroshi, Kato, Hiroyuki, Amin-Tai, Hizami, Kynaston, Holly, Pérez Baca, Honorio De Jesús, Irfan Khan, Hoor, Amir, Hosam, Elghadban, Hosam, Elfeki, Hossam, Wain, Howard, Adjei, Hubert, Dąbrowski, Hubert, Novák, Hubert, Alzuhd, Huda, Capote, Hugo, Gomez-Fernandez, Hugo, Stark, Hugo, Willy-Chidire, Hulda, Aouagbe Behanzin, Hulrich, Oneizah, Humam M.A., Dalati, Husam, Ebied, Husam, Mahajna, Husam, Ahmad, Husnain, Altawati, Husni, Adi, Hussam, Albalawi, Hussam, Alfakeer, Hussein, Embarek, Hussein, Ibrahim, Hussein, Malkawi, Hussein, Ekwuazi, Hyginus, Psilopatis, Iason, Wasiu, Ibitowa, Kereet, Ibraheem M., Suleiman, Ibrahem, Fortune, Ibrahim, Aburumman, Ibrahim, Adel, Ibrahim, Adham, Ibrahim, Ali, Ibrahim, Arnaout, Ibrahim, Çakır, Ibrahim, Suleiman, Ibrahim Eneye, Fagiri, Ibrahim, Hajmohammed, Ibrahim, Özata, ıbrahim Halil, Kandil, Ibrahim, Ahmed, Ibrahim Mutwakil Gamal, Tagreda, Ibrahim, Garzali, Ibrahim Umar, Nadi, Ibtihal, Ogundele, Ibukunolu, Pius Ogolekwu, Idoko, Shariff, Idriss, Jakaityte, Ieva, Abdullah, Ifra, Babajimi-Joseph, Igbagbolere, Guirguis, Ihab, Orji, Iheanyi, Okoro, Iheanyichukwu, Ahmed, Ihsan, Obianyo, Ijeoma, Njere, Ike, Ugwueke, Ikechukwu, Nzenwa, Ikemsinachi C, Zerrouq, Ikram, Clementi, Ilaria, Neri, Ilaria, Yavuz, Ilayda Esma, Hoxhaj, Ilda, Fakhradiyev, Ildar, R Fakhradiyev, Ildar, Gomatos, Ilias, Fidoshev, Iliya, Gouazar, Iltimass, Alnimer, Imad, Boudis, Imad Eddine, Boumakhlouf, Imad Eddine, Abdalla, Iman, Herrero, Imanol, Osman, Imoro, Nasser, Inas, Singh, Indra, P S, Induchoodan, Borges Da Costa, Inês, Colaço, Ines, Lourenço, Inês Mariana, Mogárrio, Inês, Königsrainer, Ingmar, Ahmed, Intezar, Hamdun, Intisar Hisham Said, Tanase, Ioan, Bokos, Ioannis, Contis, Ioannis, Demiris, Ioannis, Gerogiannis, Ioannis, Gogoulis, Ioannis, Karatsolis, Ioannis, Katsaros, Ioannis, Kozadinos, Ioannis, Margaris, Ioannis, Maroulis, Ioannis, Papaconstantinou, Ioannis, Siannis, Ioannis, Sougkas, Ioannis, Spyridakis, Ioannis, Tierris, Ioannis, Tsakiridis, Ioannis, Imihteev, Ion, Negoi, Ionut, Chatzis, Iosif, Shahbaz, Iqra, Didier, Irabishohoje, Pipia, Irakli, Parwaiz, Iram, Durán Sánchez, Iran Irani, Norman, Irena, Bakaweri, Irenaeus Nutumie, Santos, Irene, Mylona, Irene Chrysovalanto, De Haro Jorge, Irene, Cervera, Iria, Dajti, Irida, Datji, Irida, Matache, Irina Mihaela, Russo, Iris Shari, Aremu, Is'haq Ishola, Amankwaa, Isaac, Caitens, Isaac, Esparza Estrada, Isaac, Mubezi, Isaac, Gascon Ferrer, Isabel, Serrano, Isabel, Dong, Isabella, Mondi, Isabella, Serfontein, Isabella, Rakshit, Ishani, Kyei, Ishmael, Murshed, Ishraq, Cabrera, Ishtar, Abo Elhagag, Islam, Alsoubie, Ismael, Lawani, Ismail, Bilgin, Ismail Ahmet, Cholah, Ismail, Hamzaoglu, Ismail, Lawani, Ismaïl, Maharem, Israa, Shehadeh, Israa, Hagbevor, Israel, Bahikoro, Issa Wendpouiré, Laopeamthong, Issaree, Mikulic, Iva, Bacic, Ivan, Rakvin, Ivan, Separovic, Ivan, Vidić, Ivan, Conversano, Ivana, Mrazkova, Ivana, Yotsov, Ivelin, Ilieva, Ivelina, Ćoza, Ivo, Ali, Iyad, Aljada, Iyad, Hussein, Iyad, Tesfahun, Iyasu, Sadiq, Izzah, Martinez Martin Del Campo, J Francisco, Mackenzie, Jack, Maida, Jack Vittorio, Kaippally, Jacob, Montero García, Jacobo, Andreuccetti, Jacopo, Martellucci, Jacopo, Secchi, Jacopo, Van Niekerk, Jacques, Saunders, Jada, Duffield, Jaime A., Tavares-Ortega, Jaime Alberto, Orozco-Perez, Jaime, Mihanovic, Jakov, Woleský, Jakub, Bryan, James, Bundred, James, Cui, James, Glasbey, James, Casella Mariolo, James Rossario, Suliman, Jamil, Mohammad Mohammad, Jamiu, Bolanowski, Jan, Goedeke, Jan, Grosek, Jan, Moravik, Jan, Ringers, Jan, Roman, Jan, Chew, Janae, Maritz, Jancke, Martin, Janet, Velkoski, Jaqueline, Wong, Jason, García-Quijada, Javier, Tk, Jayakumar, Siby, Jayas, Mcnab-Hand, Jaymee, Gusa, JB, Gusa, Jean Bosco, Allen, Jean Claude, Mbonicura, Jean Claude, Rugambwa, Jean Paul, Jordaan, Jean- Jacques, Razafindrahita, Jeannie Ba, Do, Jee Eun, Senavirathna, Jeewantha, Kalyanapu, Jeffrey A, Chan, Jeffrey, Ofori, Jeffrey, Otote, Jeffrey, Akiely, Jehad, Cassiano Neves, Jelena, Gillingham, Jemima, Herrera Batres, Jenifer Olga María, Ezeh, Jennifer, Okei, Jennifer, Vu, Jennifer, Guevara, Jenny, Siu, Jenny, Rolinger, Jens, Skaff, Jeolle, Uys, Jernelle, Makama, Jerry Godfrey, Barklimore, Jessica, Dei-Asamoa, Jessica, Jahjah, Jessica, Jones, Jessica, Ng, Jessica, Ricardo, Jéssica, Schembri Higgans, Jessica, You, Jessica, Annan, Jessie, Aguilar, Jesus Antonio, Pizarro Lozano, Jesús, Lim, Jia Hui, Zhu, Jiang, Wang, Jianxue, Abbasy, Jibran, Ugwu, Jideofor, Rathod, Jignesh, Albalushi, Jihan, Najajra, Jinan, Fu, Jing Hui, Tefay, Joan Sia Tan, Domingues, Joana Cristina, Simoes, Joana FF, Figueiredo, Joana, Fontaínhas, Joana, Frazão, Joana, Marques Antunes, Joana, Simoes, Joana, Marx, Joanna Naemi, Dias-Ferreira, João, Fernandes, João, Mendes, João, Pinho, João, Ribeiro, João, Vaz, João, Dominguez, Joaquina, Abutu John, Job, Chen, Joe Jun Qiao, Enaholo, Joel, Alaji, Joelle, Miller, Johanna, Binder, Johannes, Daleku, John, Katogiritis, John, Khoury, John, Anyorigiya, John Noah, Reilly, John, Abebrese, John Tabiri, Ahale, Johnny Lordson, Tabora-Zepeda, Johnny, Barrutia Leonardo, Jon, Demma, Jonathan Abraham, Hong, Jonathan, Chejfec-Ciociano, Jonathan Matias, Oppong, Jonathan, Quansah, Jonathan, Sutcliffe, Jonathan, Taiwo, Jones, Nyamekye - Baidoo, Joojo, Prat-Ortells, Jordi, Dongmo, Jordy, Kleeff, Jorg, Jimenez Flores, Jorge Alberto, Pellecer Cano, Jorge Bernardo, Chóliz, Jorge, Giubi Bobeda, Jorge Eduardo, Escartin, Jorge, Febré, Jorge, Gass, Jörn-Markus, Calvache, Jose A, Guzman Barba, Jose Aldo, Gutiérrez Gómez, José Alonso, Calvache, Jose Andres, Acevedo Parrales, José Danilo, Orozco Navarro, José Esteban, Viñas, José Federico, Gomez, José, Goncalves-Nobre, Jose Guilherme, Valenzuela, José Ignacio, Garcia Galocha, Jose Luis, Rodicio Miravalles, Jose Luis, Faylona, Jose Macario, Alvarez Hernandez, Jose Manuel, De Francisco Rios, Jose Mario, Martin Fernandez, Jose, Michel, José, Carlos, José Miguel, Mondino, Jose, Vieira De Sousa, José Pedro, Asturias Luna, José Rodrigo, Hernández, Jose Rodrigo, García, José Sebastian, Galea, Joseph, Hwang, Joseph, Leong, Joseph, Yorke, Joseph, Psaila, Josephine, Walshaw, Josephine, Ampadu, Joshua, Linker, Joshua, Ng-Kamstra, Joshua, Olorunfunmi, Joshua, Mavrek, Josip, Miskovic, Josip, Petric, Josipa, Avakoudjo, Josue, Al Karmi, Joud, Fahed, Joud, Suleiman Hadidi, Joudd, Alkharish, Joul, Juloski, Jovan, Vaitekūnas, Jovydas, Wang, Joyce, Flores Prado, Juan Armando, Beltrán De Heredia, Juan, Garcia Vera, Juan Carlos, Molina Marin, Juan David, Gonzalez Aboytes, Juan Eduardo, Ulloa Robles, Juan Jose, Blas Laina, Juan Luis, Carranza Rosales, Juan Manuel, Morales, Juan, Naranjo Fernández, Juan Ramón, Al Daradkah, Jude, Aseme, Jude, Ede, Jude, Kahn, Judith, Lindert, Judith, Deeb, Judy, Mühlhäusser, Julia, Sidorovskaia, Julia, Carrizo, Julian, Napoli, Juliana, Pereira-Macedo, Juliana, Ribeiro, Juliana, De Deken, Julie, Nnoli, Juliet, Paredes, Julieta, Zevallos-Quiroz, Julio Cesar, Gonzalez Garcia, Julio, Adjei, Julius, Olaogun, Julius, Kutkevičius, Juozas, Metzger, Jürg, Košir, Jurij Aleš, Kosir, Jurij, Seyi-Olajide, Justina, Zajac, Justyna Karolina, Dhima, Jyoti, Dhiman, Jyoti, Shreyas, K, Türker, Kadir Yağız, Lee, Kai, Khutsishvili, Kakhi, Yu, Kam Keung Auston, Das, Kamala, Özdoğan, Kamil, Reddy, Kamireddy Madana Raghava, Kabulov, Kamran, Nahar, Kamrun, Rajaratnam, Kanapathippillai, Wijesinghe, Kanchana, Sevnaran, Kapil, Khalil, Karam, Singh, Karanbir, Fayed, Kareem, Booyse, Karien, Geiger-Timm, Karin, Maharaj, Karl, Bhutia, Karma, Richter, Karolina, Komorowska, Katarzyna, Urbańska, Katarzyna, Waddell, Kate, Kambouri, Katerina, Tata, Katerina, Richetti, Katharina, Griffin, Katherine, McKenzie, Katherine, Tambudze, Katherine, Hall, Katheryn, Chu, Kathryn, Theodoropoulou, Katina, Kröning, Katrin, Bozada-Gutiérrez, Katya, Raghuwanshi, Kaustubh, J B, Kavitha, Ahmed Ibrahim, Kefah, Bwala, Kefas John, Iles, Kelly, Jasso García, Kelvin, Oğur, Kemal, Fretwell, Kenneth, Oluchukwu, Kenneth, Onyekachi, Kenneth, Voon, Kenneth, Oderoha, Kevin Ewomazino, Nieto Yrigoin, Kevin, Quispe De La Roca, Kewin, Anaam, Khadega, Bensmain, Khadija, Shwail, Khadija, Akter, Khadiza, Sawaftah, Khaled Ahmad, Shamiyah, Khalid Adnan, Bhatti, Khalid, Mohammed, Khalid Miftah Ghuraybeel, Ayyoub, Khalil, Cholah, Khalil, Rahman, Khandakar Rezwanur, Abdulrahman, Khawla, Al-Shami, Khayry, Hayat, Khizar, Al Hinai, Khulood, Taghavi, Kiarash, Shodunke, Kikelomo, Abo Zaal, Kinaz, Ewool, Kingsley, Gaikwad, Kiran, Shemyatovsky, Kirill, Dey, Kirsty Elaine, Mishra, Kirti Kumar, Rathod, Kirtikumar J, Senanayake, Kithsiri Janakantha, Noguchi, Kiyonari, Kordeni, Kleoniki C., Dembele, Klétigui Samuel, Spassov, Kolyo, Khalid, Komal, Petrenko, Konstantin, Bekiaridou, Konstantina, Rekouna, Konstantina, Athanassiou, Konstantinos, Avgerinos, Konstantinos, Bouchagier, Konstantinos, Bouliaris, Konstantinos, Bramis, Konstantinos, Iliakopoulos, Konstantinos, Kontzoglou, Konstantinos, Ntatsis, Konstantinos, Pavlopoulos, Konstantinos, Perivoliotis, Konstantinos, Polychronopoulos, Konstantinos, Giannakopoulos, Konstantinos S., Zakkas, Konstantinos, Zapsalis, Konstantinos, Koumarelas, Konstantinos-Eleftherios, Mori, Krinal, Ooi, Krisada, Ascencio Diaz, Kriscia Vanessa, Jasaitis, Kristijonas, Nieuwenhuys, Kristin, Atherton, Kristy, Smith, Kristy, Sharma, Kruti, Jaffry, Kumail, Lehmann, Kuno, Ayad, Kusay, Luthra, Kush Kumar, Nanayakkara, Kushan, Agbedinu, Kwabena, Oduro-Boateng, Kwaku Boakye, Boakye-Acheampong, Kwame, Sim, Kwang Kiat, Yalley, Kwekuma, Collins, Kyeremeh, Muscat, Kyle, Hofmann, Kyra, Lambri, Kyriaki, Bananis, Kyriakos, Nassim, Kyrillos, Allan, Lachlan, Codina Corrons, Laia, Hijazein, Laith, Moolla, Laith, Sweidan, Laith, Rai, Lajpat, Devi, Lakshmi, Fountoulis, Lampros, Andreski, Lara, Bonello, Lara, Rodrigues Madeira, Lara, Tafesh, Lara, Yasin, Lara, Martinez, Laura, Fortuna, Laura, Peña Balboa, Laura Gabriela, García-Zambrano, Laura, Bolaños, Laura Isabela, Jiménez, Laura, Lely, Laura, Ortega Lechuga, Laura, Rossi, Laura, Rubin, Laura, Ruiz-Villa, Laura, Sequi, Laura, Sahan, Laura-Ann, Johnstone, Lauren, Monteiro, Lauren, Abdullahi, Lawal Barau, Jovcheski, Lazo, Siragusa, Leandro, Kang, Leannedra, Elgebaly, Leenah, Mansour, Lefteris, Robine-Durnell, Lélia, Bray, Lemuel Davies, Mohammed, Lena, Licari, Leo, Onyebulu, Leonard, Chieng, Leonard Ron, Solaini, Leonardo, Chardalias, Leonidas, Fountarlis, Leonidas Ilias, Van Den Hil, Leontine, Tapia Moral, Leopoldo, Petashvili, Leri, Heeren, Letícia, Laface, Letizia, Niyidukunda, Lewis, Barnard, Liam, Torres Bavestrello, Lidice Veronica, Hasan, Lilav, Dyab, Lima, Venclauskas, Linas, Beukes, Linda, Gabellini, Linda, Liepa, Linda, Zeng, Lingjuan, Dubs, Linus, Rampersad, Lisa, Catozzi, Livio, Castro, Lizeth, Milic, Ljiljana, Shawesh, Lobna, Anyanwu, Lofty-John, Khalifa, Lojina, Cheng, Lok Pong, Manoj Joshua, Lokavarapu, Shammas, Lora, Fuentes Rivera Lau, Lorena, Rodríguez Gómez, Lorena, Capello, Lorenzo, Epis, Lorenzo, Fatucchi, Lorenzo Maria, Rende, Lorenzo, Ripamonti, Lorenzo, Ackam, Louis, Moniz, Lourenço, Bains, Lovenish, Alriyami, Lubna, Alokshi, Lubnah, Martinek, Lubomir, Tulinsky, Lubomir, Samison, Luc, Lo Piccolo, Luca Benedetto, Cardinali, Luca, Nespoli, Luca Carlo, Casingena, Luca, Degrate, Luca, Bonomo, Luca Domenico, Morelli, Luca, Ottaviani, Luca, Resca, Luca, Scaravilli, Luca, Schiavone, Luca, Theuil, Luca, Casalduero, Lucas, Lee, Lucas D., Granero, Lucas, Caram, Lucas Jose, Barni, Lucia, Cidade Costa, Luciana, Paredes, Luciana, Poggi, Luciano, Marquez, Lucila, Garciandia, Lucio, Taglietti, Lucio, Pramod, Ludiya, Stella, Ludovica, Carbone, Ludovico, Bracciano, Luigi, Cobellis, Luigi, Conti, Luigi, Fedele, Luigi, Ragazzini, Luigi, Simonelli, Luigi, Verre, Luigi, Flores Chávez, Luis Adrián, Rea Bocanegra, Luis Alberto, Pelayo Orozco, Luis Ángel, Asensio Gomez, Luis, Bravo, Luis, Flores Chávez, Luis Manuel, Poggi, Luis, Cabezudo, Luis Ramón, Sante Serna, Luis, Tallon-Aguilar, Luis, Talé-Rosales, Luis-Fernando, Chantada, Luisa, Moreira, Luísa, Hasan, Lujain, M Mheidat, Lujain, Eisner, Lukas, Gantner, Lukas, Havranek, Lukas, Majerčák, Lukáš, Pánči, Lukáš, Nawacki, Łukasz, Adagrah Aniakwo, Luke, Bromley, Luke, Green, Luke, Paterson, Luke, Peters, Luke, Abdur-Rahman, Lukman, Omomeji, Lukman, Amosu, Lukmon, Kolongi, Lungushinga Christopher, Bin Aizan, Luqman Naim, Imchen, Lurong, Chang, Lydia, Mukamazera, Lydie, Katsiaras, Lykoyrgos, Al-Boukhari, Lynn, Chong, Lynn, Karydakis, Lysandros, Peris, M. Roosindu, Cancelas, Mª Dolores, Kariem, Maahir, Amoako-Boateng, Mabel, Alshamikh, Mabroukah, Ishak, Mabruok, Narayanan, Machingal, Matyja, Maciej, Walędziak, Maciej, Zounon, Mack-Arthur, Trindade, Madalena, Shahid, Madeeha, Kelly, Madeleine, Bajwa, Madiha, Bowles, Madison, Roussos, Madison, Sampaio-Alves, Mafalda, Manfredini, Magda, Kołomańska, Magdalena, Redynk, Magdalena, Farooq, Maham, Ali, Mahamudu Ayamba, Rodha, Mahaveer Singh, Alsalawi, Mahdi, Lodha, Mahendra, Sethi, Mahesh Kumar, Khalil, Mahfoud, Singh, Mahima, Abdualqader, Mahmmoud yehia, Abdelhafez, Mahmood, Sersarah, Mahmood, Abdelreheem, Mahmoud, Abu Al Amrain, Mahmoud, Barbarawi, Mahmoud, Diab, Mahmoud, Eissa, Mahmoud, ElFiky, Mahmoud, Elmesalmi, Mahmoud, Elmousili, Mahmoud, Fahmy, Mahmoud, Faisal, Mahmoud, Jabal, Mahmoud, Saad, Mahmoud M., Mahafdah, Mahmoud, Marei, Mahmoud Marei Abdelaziz, Mostafa, Mahmoud, Reda, Mahmoud, Zahran, Mahmoud, Suleman, Mahmowd, Genç, Mahmut Salih, Haghighat Ghahfarokhi, Mahta, Abubakar, Maimuna, Haimona, Mairarangi, Camuera, Maite, H. Oweidat, Majd, Mansour, Majd, Kalabić, Majda, MohammedAli, Majdeddin, Abu Daoud, Majdi, Almahjoub, Majdolin, Bilfaqirah, Majed, Yigah, Makafui, Akkawe, Malak, Dery, Malcolm, West, Malcolm, Rius, Malena, Nandasena, Malith, Aljarawn, Mallak, Masaaod, Mallak, Manangi, Mallikarjuna, Windsouri, Mamadou, Battili, Mamata, Rakotonaivo, Mamisoa Judicaël, Benghazi, Manaji, Al-Dhaheri, Manal, Almaqrahi, Manal, Katif, Manal, Alshami, Manar, Ibrahim, Manar, Ramazanov, Manas, Kaur, Mandeep, Agrawal, Manish Kumar, Pathak, Manish, Aggarwal, Manisha, Chandrasegaram, Manju, Anandan, Manoj, K S D, Manoj Kishan Lal, Kumar, Manoj, Sarda, Manoj, K B, Manojkumar, Jokubauskas, Mantas, Moreno Gonzales, Manuel Arturo, Cruz, Manuel, Diez Alonso, Manuel, Garcia, Manuel, Perez, Manuel, Mosquera Paz, Manuel Santiago, Cammelli, Manuela, Mercurio, Manuela, Singh, Manvinder, Taamreh, Manwa, Canals Sin, Mªpilar, Carbonell Pradas, Mar, Nunes, Mara, Sawaftah, Marah Ahmad, Khalil, Maram, Schneider, Marcel André, Steffani, Marcella, Pisano, Marcello, Doniquian, Marcelo Alejandro, Martínez Bareiro, Marcelo Nicolás, Pagani, Marcelo, Scortechini, Marcelo, Carvalho, Márcia, Sánchez Audelo, Marco Antonio, Brizzolari, Marco, Ceresoli, Marco, De Prizio, Marco, Amisano, Marco Francesco, Gramellini, Marco, Marcianò, Marco, Mariani, Marco, Milone, Marco, Montagna, Marco, Piccino, Marco, Santos, Marco, Dyer, Marcus, Kang, Marcus, Mahadi, Mardhiana, Zawadzki, Marek, Yinusa, Margaret, Bernardo, Margarida, Nunes Luís, Margarida, Gambelli, Margherita, Flint, Margot, Aggelidou, Maria, Bequis, Maria Agustina, Sotiriou, Maria Aikaterini, Ñañez, Maria Alejandra, Tahir, Maria Ambreen, Gascón Domínguez, María Ángeles, Asimakidou, Maria, Mourato, Maria Beatriz, Blanco, Maria, Christou, Maria, Coronas Soucheiron, Maria, Pignanelli, Maria Costanza, Kalaydjian, María Cristina, Martí-Ejarque, Maria del Mar, Olmedo Reinoso, María Del Mar, Cebollero, María Del Pilar, Derattani, Maria, Gama Caldeira, Maria Do Carmo, Drogouti, Maria, Gonzalez-Gonzalez, Maria Elena, Muñoz Fernández, María Elena, Muriel, María Emilia, Duran, María Eugenia, Zarate Casas, María Fernanda, Florou, Maria, Piacentini, Maria Gaia, Seixo, Maria Inês, Bellini, Maria Irene, Peña Soria, Maria Jesús, Martínez, María José, Medina, Maria José, Rueda Medécigo, María José, Karakeke, Maria, Kausar, Maria, Kyriazi, Maria, Marqueta De Salas, Maria, Modolo, Maria Marta, Mateu, Maria, Mavri, Maria, El Ghoul Miliotou, Maria Melina, Moreno Gijon, Maria, Papadoliopoulou, Maria, Proclamà, Maria Pia, Picciochi, Maria, Reis, Maria, Rennis, Maria, D'Anna, Maria Rosa, Ruffoli, Maria, Ruiz Soriano, María, Sánchez Ramirez, Maria, Sánchez-Rubio, María, Schüler, Maria, Sotiropoulou, Maria, Barrio Renteria, Maria Teresa, Tsopozidi, Maria, Vasconcelos, Maria, Facchino, Maria Vittoria, Wikar, Maria, Aguilera-Arevalo, Maria-Lorena, Abdu, Mariam, Asarbakhsh, Mariam, Elmiesiry, Mariam, Ashong, Marian Esi, Gomes, Mariana, Capuano, Marianna, Lill, Marianne, Nieto Galvan, Mariano, Osso, Mariasara, Olivos, Maricarmen, Sacdalan, Marie Dione, Weber, Marie-Christin, Gonzalez, Marijose De Cristo, Ferreira, Marília, Infantes Ormad, Marina, Kouliou, Marina Nektaria, Ransome, Marina, Vicario Bravo, Marina, Cuesta Argos, Mario, Faletar, Mario, Giuffrida, Mario, Lainez Escribano, Mario, Pacilli, Mario, Pannullo, Mario, Rodriguez-Lopez, Mario, Trejo-Avila, Mario, Merrakos, Marios, Tello Jimenez, Marisol, Kalisvaart, Marit, Quaunine, Marium, Perera, Mariyan, Harris, Mark, Youssef, Mark Melad Thabet, Peter, Mark, Philipp, Mark, Portelli, Mark, Jesudason, Mark Ranjan, Sammut, Mark, Tomlinson, Mark, Zammit Vincenti, Mark, Despotidis, Markos, Albertsmeier, Markus, Quante, Markus, Löffler, Markus W., Gurung, Markush, Gumsheimer, Marlena, Benamrouche, Maroua, Chaccour, Maroun, Ahmed, Marriam, Farooqui, Marryam Riaz, Angelini, Marta, Ortega Escudero, Marta, Martin Gimenez, Marta Pilar, Reia, Marta, Scricciolo, Marta, Caramantin Obando, Martha Maria, Gosselink, Martijn, Bertrand, Martin, Dum, Martin, Kajic, Martin, Karamanliev, Martin, Kyereh, Martin, Lucchini, Martin, Schön, Martin, Morna, Martin Tangnaa, Binda, Martina, Ceolin, Martina, Martorana, Martina, Zambon, Martina, Shams, Marvi, Alansary, Marwa, Alnuwayli, Marwa, Khalifa, Marwa, Bahnacy, Marwan, Iqreewi, Marway, Nnabagulanyi, Mary, Saleem, Marya, Alhimyar, Maryam, Kamal, Maryam, Masood, Maryam, Razaq, Maryam, Siddique, Maryam, Lazo Ramírez, Maryzela, Edeeb, Masaoud, Solkar, Maseera, Adetoyi, Mashood, Adeniyi, Caccetta, Massimiliano, Casati, Massimiliano, Veroux, Massimiliano, Dugo, Massimo, Bevanda, Mateo, Santillan, Mateo, Mietła, Mateusz, Pryt, Mateusz, Muir, Mathew, Bei, Matilda, McGuinness, Matt, Aulicino, Matteo, Castrovillari, Matteo, Filardo, Matteo, Palmeri, Matteo, Pisano, Matteo, Rottoli, Matteo, Gjoka, Mattheus, Binks, Matthew, Corcos, Matthew, Kwon, Matthew, Maybury, Matthew, Sammut, Matthew, Tutton, Matthew, Watson, Matthew, Biebl, Matthias, Janda, Matthias, Maak, Matthias, Wichmann, Matthias, Berselli, Mattia, Gritti, Mattia, Molteni, Mattia, Pacilli, Maurizio, Favoriti, Mauro, Garino, Mauro, Podda, Mauro, Santarelli, Mauro, Alfaid, Mawada, Albert, Mawadri Jimmy Isaac, Oyortey, Mawuenyo Attawa, Enßlin, Max, Berlet, Maximilian, Brunner, Maximilian, Kießler, Maximilian, Scheiterle, Maximilian, Sohn, Maximilian, Busch, Maximiliane, Perkins, Maya, Sabboh, Maya, Badkur, Mayank, Okudero, Mayowa, Mohamedshafee, Maysoon, Al-Juaifari, Maytham Aqeel, Elesseily, Mazen, Mohammad, Mazen, Nikberg, Maziar, Jean Claude, Mbonicura, Şermet, Medeni, Chisthi, Meer, Luthra, Meera, Sulciner, Megan, Kaple, Meghali, Bhat, Meghana, Koç, Mehmet Ali, Avci, Mehmet Alperen, Kizilkaya, Mehmet Celal, Kara, Mehmet Emin, Ozcelik, Mehmet Faik, Ozsoy, Mehmet Sait, Zaigham, Mehreen, Mesfin, Mekdelawit, Kalender, Mekselina, Mellado Tellez, Mel Paul, González De Miguel, Melania, Farrugia, Melanie, Theodoridou, Melanie, Barcelona, Melden Darrell, Aktas, Melik Kagan, Fernández Zurita, Melissa Andrea, Bautista, Melissa, Park, Melissa, Rodríguez-Ordoñez, Melissa-Zohemia, Yashar, Meltem, Worku, Mengistu, Al-Fraijat, Meran, Estaire Gómez, Mercedes, Shoshkova, Meri Danailova, Kruščica, Merima, Tanal, Mert, Çuhadar, Merve, Tokocin, Merve, Agyapong, Meshach Manu, Erkaya, Metincan, Okechukwu, Mgbako, Adinku, Michael, Bickford, Michael, Ediale, Michael, Issa, Michael, Konstantinidis, Michael K., Lie, Michael, M. Nathan, Michael, Maclean, Michael, Nortey, Michael, Pellen, Michael, Pham, Michael, Pitiakoudis, Michael, Singh, Michael Prodip, Spartalis, Michael, Van Der Colf, Michael, Wilson, Michael, Billis, Michail, Karanikas, Michail, Papamichail, Michail, Vailas, Michail, Kisielewski, Michał, Kusiński, Michał, Nycz, Michał, Święch, Michał, Fagbayimu, Micheal, Adamina, Michel, Fiogbe, Michel, Prudhomme, Michel, Angelucci, Michela, Campanelli, Michela, Cricrì, Michele, Grande, Michele, Manigrasso, Michele, Scopelliti, Michele, George, Michelle, Mozel, Michelle, Galasyuk, Mick, Chevallay, Mickael, Giuliano, Micol, Dobón Rascón, Miguel Ángel, Fernandez Romero, Miguel Angel, García Ureña, Miguel Ángel, Zaragoza Mendieta, Miguel Ángel, Bejarano Serrano, Miguel, Brito, Miguel, Calderon, Miguel, Jurado Román, Miguel, Palas, Miguel, Li Valencia, Miguel Roberto, Sebastián-Mendoza, Miguel-Julián, Muresan, Mihai-Stefan, Slavchev, Mihail, Agapov, Mikhail, Milentijević, Milica, Catterall, Millie, Stjepanovic, Milos, Doss, Mina, Natey, Mina, Aikins, Minas, Mattis, Minca, Ekanayake, Minoli Tharushika, Tora, Mir Mehrab Sharmin, Alsharayri, Mira, Shalaby, Mira, Boras, Miran, Riba Martínez, Mireia, Mogiatti, Mirella, Salibašić, Mirhan, Biancu, Miriam, Cappiello, Miriam, Koschke, Miriam Luise, Sadek, Mirna, Szura, Miroslaw, Horga, Miruna, Dason, Mishael, Tayyab, Mishal, Imirski, Mitko, Pejović, Mladen, Tabaza, Mo'Ath, Alneasan, Moaaz, Shalkamy, Moamen, Issa, Moammad Issa, Erfan, Moatasem, Ewedah, Moataz, Srour, Moayad, Beletachew, Moges, Abbas, Mohamad, Farho, Mohamad Ali, Marawy, Mohamad Kher, Klib, Mohamad, Morjan, Mohamad, Sawas, Mohamad Nabhan, Elghriani, Mohamed Abdelbaset Masoud, Abdelmaboud, Mohamed, Abdelmaksoud, Mohamed, Abdullahi, Mohamed, Abo Abdo, Mohamed, Ahmed, Mohamed, Ahmoud, Mohamed, Al Sayed, Mohamed, Suliman, Mohamed Almouafaq, Alsori, Mohamed, Altajouri, Mohamed, Assalhi, Mohamed, Berrakkouch, Mohamed, Elnour, Mohamed, Abdelsalam, Mohamed Elsayed Elaraby Abdelrahim, Elsayed Metwally, Mohamed, Hajalamin, Mohamed, Kamal Matter, Mohamed, Khaled, Mohamed, Kouta, Mohamed, Masoud, Mohamed, Almihashhish, Mohamed Miftah, Mokhtar, Mohamed, Mostafa, Mohamed, Yassin, Mohamed Musa, Bouhafs, Mohamed Nedjmeddine, Herdan, Mohamed Omar, Omer, Mohamed, Osman, Mohamed, Zaazou, Mohamed, Zahed Abdalla, Mohamed, Melouane, Mohamed-Sami, Abed, Mohammad, Sawaftah, Mohammad Ahmad Mohammad, Al-Masri, Mohammad, Al-Qannas, Mohammad, Ali-Hassanzadeh, Mohammad, Yunus, Mohammad Alif, Aloulou, Mohammad, Alrantisi, Mohammad, Araydah, Mohammad, Bani Hani, Mohammad, Barakat, Mohammad, Durrani, Mohammad, Khan, Mohammad Faisal, Dwikat, Mohammad Fuad, Hasan, Mohammad, Nabhan, Mohammad Hassan, Hijazi, Mohammad, Abu Albahrain, Mohammad Karam, Barakat, Mohammad Mounzer, Mubarak, Mohammad, Omar, Mohammad, Pourfridoni, Mohammad, Mslmani, Mohammad Rabee, Salah, Mohammad, Tanashat, Mohammad, Yahmad, Mohammad, Elmujtaba, Mohammed, Abd Al-Fattah, Mohammed, Abdelkabir, Mohammed, Abosedra, Mohammed, Sarker, Mohammed Abu Kawsar, Abudabbous, Mohammed, Abuwarda, Mohammed, Elgak, Mohammed Ahmed, Al Hinai, Mohammed, Al Zebda, Mohammed, Al-Shehari, Mohammed, Alharthi, Mohammed, Ali, Mohammed, Ismael Alamin, Mohammed Ali, Alqadasi, Mohammed, Alshanwani, Mohammed, Alshehri, Mohammed, Asaad, Mohammed, Bashir, Mohammed, Bohlala, Mohammed, Meghaizerou, Mohammed El Amine, Albanna, Mohammed Emad Hashem, Ghunaim, Mohammed, Goga, Mohammed, Hajhamad, Mohammed, Hamada Takrouney, Mohammed, Hammoda, Mohammed, Hamoud Almahly, Mohammed, Muragi, Mohammed, Mohammed, Mohammed Mustafa Hassan, Obaid, Mohammed, Omar, Mohammed, Said, Mohammed, Salah, Mohammed, Saleh Khatab, Mohammed, Aliyu, Mohammed Salele, Shakhshir, Mohammed, Sheriff, Mohammed, Tageldin, Mohammed, Abdelfattah, Mohanad, Daher, Mohanad, Lotfy, Mohanad, Alqedrh, Mohannad, Nasani, Mohannad, Mohd Shah, Mohd Shahrulsalam, Madany, Mohie El-Din Mostafa, Mobolaji-Ojibara, Mojisola, Nkogatse, Moleseng, Alazabi, Mona, Gupta, Money, Bogdan, Monica, Guerrero, Monica, Noguez Castillo, Monica, Gureh, Monika, Kacem, Montasser Jamaleddine, Tarar, Moosa Feroze, Seto, Morel, Steinruecke, Moritz, Edena, Morrison, Abdulsalam, Moruf, Abdelhadi Suliman Adam, Mosab, Saleh, Mosab, Anati, Mosaikah, Dokurugu, Moses Abdulai, Agunloye, Moses, Ibadin, Moses, Momoh, Moses, Abdelkarim, Mostafa, Kamar, Mostafa, Kotb, Mostafa, Mahran, Mostafa, Mohamad Amin, Mostafa, Shalaby, Mostafa, Waseem, Mostafa, Almaletti, Motasem, Saifi, Motaz, Tsuruta, Motohisa, Agbadebo, Mouhamed, Arnaout, Moumen, Ojo, Moyosoluwa, Sharma, Mrthyunjayani, Azzuz, Muad Mohamed Ramadan, Haj Hussein, Mudar, Ameen, Muftiat Omolola, Nkoronko, Mugisha, Fitri, Muhamad, Abdullah, Muhammad, Bashir, Muhammad Ahmad, Sadiq, Muhammad Ahmad, Ahmed, Muhammad, Ali, Muhammad, Al-Yusuf, Muhammad Ali, Haider, Muhammad Aliyan, Alshaar, Muhammad, Mirza, Muhammad Bilal, Che Yaacob, Muhammad, Daniyan, Muhammad, Elzayat, Muhammad, Butt, Muhammad Faizan, Sadiq, Muhammad Hamza, Chishti, Muhammad Haris, Ismail, Muhammad Izzat Shufphi, Kashif, Muhammad, Khalid, Muhammad, Mansoor Iqbal, Muhammad, Bin Khalid, Muhammad Moaz, Rafique, Muhammad Nouman, Raheem, Muhammad, Khalid, Muhammad Saud, Usama, Muhammad, Usman Malik, Muhammad, Saqib, Muhammad Waleed, Elhadi, Muhammed, Ateş, Muhammed Ikbal, Demirpolat, Muhammed Taha, Ergenç, Muhammer, Bello, Muideen, Kulimbet, Mukhtar, Nyirenda, Mulinda, Taeme, Mulugeta, Denini, Muna, Aziz, Munazzah, Yahaya, Mundashiru, Eugene, Muneza, Amadu, Munira, Chauhan, Munish, Acar, Murat, Teressa, Murti, Dauphin, Muryango, Arafat, Musa, Althomali, Musab, Rayzah, Musaed, Husain, Musharraf, Tolani, Musliu Adetola, Abu Jayyab, Mustafa, Al-Attraqchi, Mustafa, Kara, Mustafa Alper, Seker, Mustafa Ege, Gün, Mustafa, Hamed, Mustafa, Mehanny, Mustafa, Oncel, Mustafa, Sabri Massadi, Mustafa, Uyanik, Mustafa Safa, Uzunoglu, Mustafa Yener, Abdullahi, Mustapha, Saidani, Mustapha, Nofal, Mutaz, San, Myat, Ishak, Myrna, Keramida, Myrto D., Nik Burhanuddin, N.M. Syahrin, Talat, Nabila, Shehata, Nada, Alasbahi, Nadeen, Marcos, Nádia, Al Amri, Nadiah, Absy, Nadine, Parker, Naeelah, Lindi, Naeimah, Omer, Nafisa, Papadogianni, Nafsika, Rawal, Nagendra, Ismaiel, Nahar, Ben Hasan, Najat, Albahloul, Najla, Gokhare Viswanath, Nakul, Srinivas, Namitha, Christian, Nana Ama, Obuobi, Nana Kwame Asare, Beharry, Naomi, Yousefzadeh Kandevani, Naser, Alnamari, Nashwan, Oyelowo, Nasir, Oloko, Nasirudeen, Alzerwi, Nasser, Mosbah, Nasser, Shulman, Nastassia, Andrade, Natacha, Boumas, Natacha, Cobeño Tamayo, Natalia, Barrera Lopez, Natalia Guadalupe, Palamara, Natalia, Blencowe, Natalie, Marzouqa, Natalie, Blencowe, Natalie S, Salgadoe, Natalie, Techapongsatorn, Nathakorn, Paez, Nathaly, Ekwo, Nathan, Saini, Navdeep, Malik, Naveed Akhtar, Sharma, Naveen, Kumar, Navin, Chaudhry, Navneet Kumar, Karimbocus, Nawaaz, Rasool, Nazeerah, Lodhi, Nazia, Kavak, Nazli, Ildephonse, Ndayiragije, Diomede, Nduwimana, Bayleyegn, Nebiyou S., S.Bayleyegn, Nebiyou, Jović, Nediljko, Mosleh, Neebal, Aruldas, Neerav, Kapur, Neeti, Paul Sigamony, Negine Paul, Karthikeyan, Neha, Tabatabaian, Nelia, Affram, Nelson, Agboadoh, Nelson, Tran, Nelson, Lalovic, Nenad, Agugua-Obianyo, Nene, Kullab, Nermen, Lahmer, Nesrin, Raiq, Neven, Soldo, Neven, Spiteri, Neville, Chen, Nevin, Al Rabadi, Nezar, Christian, Ngarambe, Cabrel, Ngongang Ngansop, Leonelle Lore, Nguefack Noudem, Furbetta, Niccolò, Ensor, Nicholas, Tsantikos, Nick, Seeger, Nico, Cillara, Nicola, Eardley, Nicola, Petrarota, Nicola, Tartaglia, Nicola, Feijoo, Nicolas, Finocchiaro, Nicole, Koter, Nicole, De Santis, Nicolò, Fabbri, Nicolò, Schiavon, Nicolò, Tamini, Nicolò, Sharma, Nidhi, Sánchez Fuentes, Nieves, Solomon, Nigus, Bugdayci, Nihat, Lekiashvili, Nika, Gupta, Nikhil, Narain, Nikhil, Uttam, Nikita, Kłos, Nikola, Ververidis, Nikolaos Adrianos, Arkadopoulos, Nikolaos, Dimitrokallis, Nikolaos, Garmpis, Nikolaos, Gouvas, Nikolaos, Kalampokis, Nikolaos, Kopanakis, Nikolaos, Kydonakis, Nikolaos, Machairas, Nikolaos, Memos, Nikolaos, Michalopoulos, Nikolaos, Mathioudakis, Nikolaos Nestor, Roukounakis, Nikolaos, Stamos, Nikolaos, Tasis, Nikolaos, Tsakiridis, Nikolaos, Vlachakos, Nikolaos, Zampitis, Nikolaos, Kouzakos, Nikolas, Börner, Nikolaus, Dimitriou, Nikoletta, Dafnios, Nikos, Banerjee, Niladri, Klammer, Nils, Maharjan, Nima, Rabai, Nimah, Oscar, Nimpaye, Harrison, Nina, Kheyrbek, Nina, Kansakar, Nirajan, Bhat, Nisar, Krishnappa, Nischal, Pahuja, Nisha, Paul Ambrose, Nitin, Renovat, Niyongabo, Musawa, Nizar, Nwanne, Njideka, Steve, Nkurunziza, Chidumije, Nnaemeka, Nwafulume, Nnaemeka, Celestine, Nnamani, Duru, Nnamdi, López Bernal, Noelia Esthela, Laquatra, Noemi, Pasqua, Noemi, Awwad, Noor Al-Deen, Ali, Nora, Hielscher, Nora, Trabulsi, Nora, Hüser, Norbert, Muñoz Montes, Norberto, Eshak, Norma-Sol, Rajab, Nosaiba, Lahnaoui, Nouhaila, Ouachou, Nouhaila, Ali, Nour, Dadoush, Nour, Fazili, Noureen, Theophile, Ntahompagaze, Ntanzi, Ntuthuko, Bibila, Nubia Samuel, Alwaer, Nuhay, Naabo, 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Ismail, Srraa, Zourntou, Stamatina-Emmanouela, Nwabuoku, Stanley Emeka, Ideh, Stanley, Charitonos, Stavria, Liapis, Stavros Chrysovalantis, Faber, Stefan, Piccioni, Stefania Angela, Romano, Stefania, Silvestre, Stefania, Jarmusch, Stefanie, Soelling, Stefanie, Cardelli, Stefano, Chaifouroosh Mamagany, Stefano, Corso, Stefano, Basso, Stefano Maria Massimiliano, Megna, Stefano, Bitsianis, Stefanos, Tsatsos, Stefanos, Morales, Steffanía, Gerdes, Stephan, Göller, Stephanie, Hanna, Stephanie, Tabiri, Stephen, Agana, Stephen, Theivendran, Stephen Arthur, Kache, Stephen, Knight, Stephen R, Smith, Stephen, Stonelake, Stephen, Wrenn, Stephen, Gopaul, Steven, Vederaki, Styliani, Kapiris, Stylianos, Kykalos, Stylianos, Hlaing, Su Su, Chia, Su Yin Denise, Abu Khousa, Suad, M. Udwan, Suad, Raul, Subrat, Chase, Suchita, Nair, Sudharrshan, Joseph, Sudhir, Singh, Sudhir Kumar, Singh, Sudhir, Timmalah, Suhaylah, Alsuwiyah, Suhir, Thalgaspitiya, Sujeewa Priyantha Bandara, Sellahewa, Sujeewa, Neogi, Sujoy, Burger, Sule, Polat, Süleyman, Alkadi, Sulman, Asiri, Sultan, Otho, Sumaira, Mewa Kinoo, Suman, Ebrahim, Sumayyah, Tontus, Sumeyya, Midya, Sumit, Thuraisamy Sarma, Sundaramoorthy Iyer, Payyanur Thotan, Sundeep, Kumar Venkatappa, Sunil, Techapongsatorn, Suphakarn, Kaur, Supreet, Jp, Supritha, Tan, Suqi, Djote, Surafel Mulatu, Surendran, Suraj, Singh, Surendra, Chilaka, Suresh, Lee, Susan, Henriques, Susana, Giridaran, Suseendirarajah, Achugatla, Sushma, Kumar, Suvam, Brincat, Svetlana, Deshpande, Swati, Batista, Sylvia, Akharaekpanya, Tachporn, Moges, Tadesse Girma, Türkmen, Taha Berkay, Alhaj Hasan, Taima, Alshawabkeh, Taima', Majed, Taima', Lawal, Taiwo Akeem, Ibiyeye, Taiye Taibat, Rashid, Tajamul, Košir Božič, Tajda, Mohammed, Tajudeen, Khewater, Talal, Abelman, Talia, Al Barhi, Tamadher, Mogne, Tamiris, Salazar-Lorenzana, Tania Abril, Akter, Tania, Gómez Sanz, Tania, Motiwala, Tanmay, Valizadeh Elizeh, Tanya, Almahdi, Tanzeel, Albushary, Tanzel Alrahman, Abdulrahman, Taofeeq, Finlay, Tara, Chouari, Tarak, Awad, Tarek, Sabra, Tarek, M. Abubasheer, Tareq, Alhusban, Tariq, Yılmaz, Tarık Emre, Aloqaili, Tasneem, Aldirawi, Tayef, Karahasanoğlu, Tayfun, Gülşen, Taygun, Jemal, Tebarek, Nadeem, Tehmina, Singh, Tejinder Paul, Alinger, Temsula, Longkumer, Temsutoshi, Lo, Terence, Gimenez Maurel, Teresa, Uprak, Tevfik Kıvılcım, Petropoulou, Thalia, Rawther, Thampi, Techapongsatorn, Thawin, Manickam, Thendral, Padioti, Theodora, Kozonis, Theodoros, Sidiropoulos, Theodoros, Tsirlis, Theodoros, Theodosopoulos, Theodosios, Hessou, Thierry Kinnongni, Uiyapat, Thitapon, Agyen, Thomas, Harris, Thomas, Hugh, Thomas J, Jorgensen, Thomas W., Theivendrampillai, Thrshegan, Pham, Thuy Vy, Branco, Tiago, Nagwamutse, Tijjani Nasiru, Tony V, Tina, Devabalan Koil, Titus, Pilia, Tiziana, Abdulmola, Tmador Mahmed Ali, Oyeyemi, Tobiloba, Kebede, Tolera, Ibarra-Hurtado, Tomás Ramón, Reichelt, Tomas, Gach, Tomasz, Stefura, Tomasz, Wojewoda, Tomasz, Soric, Tomislav, Risteski, Toni, Tridip, Tridip Dutta Baruah, Yotsov, Tsanko, Doma Bhutia, Tshering, Girma, Tsion, Kwan, Tsun Yu, Ivanov, Tsvetomir, Iahmo, TT, Ashkar, Tuleen, Mabogoane, Tumi, Olobatoke, Tunde, Sholadoye, Tunde T., Mishra, Tushar Subhadarshan, Parker, Tyla, Ezomike, Uchechukwu, Dilibe, Uchenna, Kumbhar, Uday, Una, Uduak-Abasi, Grossi, Ugo, Ezidiegwu, Ugochukwu, Edith, Ugwuoke, Daspal, Ujjwal, Kalu, Ukoha Agwu, Dietz, Ulrich, Ronellenfitsch, Ulrich, Wirth, Ulrich, Abdullah, Umar, Rivolta, Umberto, Jayarajah, Umesh, Kanyan Kassim, Umu-Hera, Govindan, Unnikrishnan, Fernandes, Urânia, Akram, Usman, Mohammed Bello, Usman, Omara, Usra, Naidoo, Uvarasen, Mahendravarman, Vaishnaivy, Negoita, Valentina Madalina, Mariottini, Valentina, Murzi, Valentina, Zucchini, Valentina, Agbakwuru, Valentine, Armenta Tapia, Valeria Estefania, Gentilino, Valerio, Borgogni, Vanessa, Ng, Vanessa, Wolfschluckner, Vanessa, Silvestri, Vania, Žufić, Vanja, Gunasaegaram, Varman, Kamalathevan, Vasan, Pillay, Vasanthan, Neykov, Vasil, Kalles, Vasileios, Mousafeiris, Vasileios, Papadopoulos, Vasileios, Tsaousis, Vasileios, Tselepidis, Vasileios, Vougas, Vasileios, Georgilaki, Vasiliki, Nikolaou, Vasiliki, Themelidi, Vasiliki, Manchev, Vassil, Ioannou, Veatriki, Jha, Vedant Shekhar, Dragisic, Vedran, Sutharshan, Vengadasalam, Alonso, Veronica, Brocco, Veronica, Ongil Rodríguez, Verónica, Schirinzi, Veronica, Budyakova, Veronika, Naunova, Vesna, Panduro-Correa, Vicky, Ruiz López, Víctor Andrés, Bill, Victor, Dassah, Victor, Gonzabay, Víctor Eduardo, Etwire, Victor, Modekwe, Victor, Serna-Alarcon, Victor, De Donato, Victor Ugo, Duque Mallén, Victoria, Liu, Victoria, Sharma, Vidushi, Kumar, Vijaya, Muralidharan, Vijayaragavan, Kakotkin, Viktor, Enemuo, Vincent, Kudoh, Vincent, Osoka, Vincent, Siepaal, Vincent, Granata, Vincenza, Dinuzzi, Vincenza Paola, Lizzi, Vincenzo, Ricchiuti, Vincenzo, Mosca, Vinicio, Kanna D, Vinoth, Nair, Vipin Venugopal, Ledda, Virginia, Michael, Vishal, Singh, Vishavdeep, Govindasamy, Vishendran, Kollengode, Viswanathan V, Giordano, Vittoria, Morinelli, Vittoria, Lin, Vivian, Cuk, Vladica, Cijan, Vladimir, Çalik, Volkan, Bakshi, Vrushank, Ten, Vyacheslav, Ratheesh, Vysakh, Alsado, Wael, Mayo, Wafik, Yang, Wah, Rehman, Wajeeh Ur, Abbas, Walaa, Al-Khyatt, Waleed, Mabood, Waleed, Santucci, Walter, Yew, Wan Ting, Tahir, Warda, De Silva, Warusha Dhammika Dulantha, Wijenayake, Wasantha, Almadhoun, Waseem J.N., Alhroub, Wasef, Ebrahim, Wesam, Jabłoński, Wiktor, Krawczyk, Wiktor, Bhatti, William, Lai, William Kwan Ho, Petrushnko, Wilson, Afedo, Wisdom, Kasetsermwiriya, Wisit, Serednicki, Wojciech, Wysocki, Wojciech, Zerefa, Wondwossen Amtataw, Vagena, Xanthoula, Tarrado, Xavier, Papazarkadas, Xenofon, Po, Xiang Yuen, Ouadi, Yacine, Myla, Yacob, Haido, Yacoub, Hasan, Yafea, Karataş, Yağmur, Carpio Colmenares, Yahaira, Galvañ Félix, Yaiza, Balogun, Yakub Lekan, Maktabi, Yaman, Nerabani, Yaman, Fulgence, Yamuremye, De Silva, Yannick, Asar, Yara, Samer Morsy, Yara, Ghaleb, Yasameen Saif Saeed Mohammed, Vashishth, Yash, M S, Yashas, Manickchund, Yashoda, Sakaray, Yashwant, Kara, Yasin, Tosun, Yasin, Zwain, Yasir, Farag, Yasmeen, Jedidi, Yasmine, Seada, Yasmine, Aldebasi, Yasser, Ashour, Yasser, Badr, Yassin, Sarpong, Yaw, Alawneh, Yazan, Aung, Yee Lay, Orabi, Yehia, Lam, Yick Ho, Şen, Yigit Kaan, Koyluoglu, Yilmaz Onat, Huang, Yining, Mintz, Yoav, Perez, Yocarli, Chamara, Yohan, Melkamu, Yohannes, Maestre González, Yolanda, Dean, Yomna, Metaferia, Yonas Yilma, Malki, Yosra, Mohamed, Younis, A. Omar, Yousef, Alhammoud, Yousef, Allaoua, Yousef, Tanas, Yousef, El Okazy, Youssef, Kerolous, Youssef, Mohamed, Youssef, Al-Junaidi, Youssuf, Lakdawala, Yousuf, Lu, Yuann, Asano, Yukio, Altinel, Yuksel, Aktimur, Yunus Emre, Fishman, Yuri, Kudryavcev, Yurii, Tandoğan, Yusuf Iskender, Razafimandimby, Yves Michaël, Adofo-Asamoah, Yvonne, Şenol, Zafer, Odeh, Zahra, Benamrouche, Zahra Rayane, Alkhaier, Zahraa, Al-Sheikh Ali, Zaid, Zaher, Zain Aldin, Alnajjar, Zaina, Al-Balushi, Zainab, Alkhuzaie, Zainab, Khraim, Zakaria, Toutounji, Zakaria, Djama, Zakarya, Farraj, Zamil, Shah, Zamir Ahmad, Khan, Zara, Khan, Zarnigar, Abo Alarous, Zayn Alabden, Asaad, Zaynab, Demetrashvili, Zaza, Lorenc, Zbigniew, Brekalo, Zdrinko, Hannouneh, Zein Alabdin, Robertson, Zelda, Bady, Zeyad, Durna, Zeynep, Wong, Zhen Yu, Fozo, Zien Alabdin, Klib, Zienab, Chin, Ziling, Tamou, Zime Farid, Johnson, Zina, Shabello, Ziyad, Orzeszko, Zofia, Aljalabi, Zohal, Al-Azher El-Hamel, Zohour, Karampotaki, Zoi Rafaila, Valera Sanchez, Zoraida, Matkovic, Zoran, Azhar, Zubair, Qureshi, Zubaria, Correa López, Zulema Margarita, Balciscueta, Zutoia, Musilová, Zuzana, Katusic, Zvonimir, Osama, Zyad, and Dauksa, Zygimantas

Published
2024
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22. Multi-frequency nonlinear ultrasonic diffuse imaging for material and defect characterisation

Author

Robinson, Benjamin D., Drinkwater, Bruce, and Croxford, Anthony

Subjects
Ultrasonics, Nonlinear Imaging, Kissing Bonds, Diffuse Field, NDT
Abstract

Advances in ultrasonic nonlinear imaging techniques have increased the detectability of fatigue cracks during earlier stages of formation. This thesis explores the novel nonlinear ultrasonic diffuse energy imaging (NUI) technique used for non-destructive testing (NDT). In contrast to current linear methods the NUI method is able to image tightly closed crack tips and quantify the degree of nonlinearity present in the defect without the need for mechanical scanning or complicated bespoke set-ups. More specifically, unlike nonlinear coherent methods the NUI method is able to resolve nonlinear closed crack tips without the need for coherent reflections from damage, meaning the orientation of the crack tips is not required and the method can be extended to classical nonlinearity induced by lattice anharmonicity and dislocations. A sensitivity analysis of the NUI technique is first explored to establish the sensitivity profile of the method and further understand the detectability of nonlinear features in materials. This is achieved through experimental and simulated data, and explores the influence of attenuation and transmission frequency on detectability of nonlinear features. Consistent sensitivity over the frequency transmission range investigated is observed and is attributed to the competing effects of increased attenuation and nonlinearity as frequency increases. The knowledge of the sensitivity profile is then used to investigate a multi-view diffuse method to allow optimisation of the position of the sensitivity profile used to detect the nonlinear feature. This is only effective at 5 MHz where a nonlinear feature is detected very close to the array which is otherwise undetectable using the existing single-view NUI technique. Further optimisations of the NUI technique are investigated. Firstly, a multi-frequency adaptation is explored and compares the sensitivity of the NUI technique using varying transmission frequencies and receiving at different frequency components (low, sub-harmonic, fundamental and second harmonic). The most effective configuration is transmitting at 5 MHz and receiving at the low frequency and the second harmonic component. A phase metric is also investigated in an attempt to reduce the diffuse field dependency of this method. The results show some reduction in sensitivity to the diffuse field, suggesting there is some benefit to computing the proposed phase metric over the current energy metric. The optimisation of the diffuse time parameters is investigated and a phase coherence metric is established to process full matrix capture (FMC) data and determine the time in which ultrasonic energy has homogenised in the material. The results suggest the metric converges when the field is diffuse and is tested with the experimental performance of the NUI technique in imaging a crack tip. Finally, using the optimisations proposed in this thesis the detection of classical nonlinearity (lattice anharmonicity and dislocations) is investigated on dog-bone samples subjected to loading from a 4-point bending jig. This study concludes that the NUI method requires further optimisation to detect lower-level classical nonlinearity.

Published
2022

23. Impaired Filtering and Hyperfocusing: Neural Evidence for Distinct Selective Attention Abnormalities in People with Schizophrenia

Author

Hahn, Britta, Robinson, Benjamin M, Kiat, John E, Geng, Joy, Bansal, Sonia, Luck, Steven J, and Gold, James M

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Psychology, Behavioral and Social Science, Neurosciences, Schizophrenia, Mental Health, Clinical Research, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Brain Disorders, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Mental health, Attention, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Cognitive, functional magnetic resonance imaging, fusiform face area, parahippocampal place area, psychosis, Cognitive Sciences, Experimental Psychology, Biological psychology, Cognitive and computational psychology
Abstract

Although schizophrenia is classically thought to involve impaired attentional filtering, people with schizophrenia (PSZ) exhibit a more intense and more exclusive attentional focus than healthy control subjects (HCS) in many tasks. To resolve this contradiction, this functional magnetic resonance imaging study tested the impact of attentional control demands on the modulation of stimulus-induced activation in the fusiform face area and parahippocampal place area when participants (43 PSZ and 43 HCS) were looking for a target face versus house. Stimuli were presented individually, or as face-house overlays that challenged attentional control. Responses were slower for house than face stimuli and when prioritizing houses over faces in overlays, suggesting a difference in salience. Blood-oxygen-level-dependent activity reflected poorer attentional selectivity in PSZ than HCS when attentional control was challenged most, that is, when stimuli were overlaid and the task required detecting the lower-salience house target. By contrast, attentional selectivity was exaggerated in PSZ when control was challenged least, that is, when stimuli were presented sequentially and the task required detecting the higher-salience face target. These findings are consistent with 2 distinct attentional abnormalities in schizophrenia leading to impaired and exaggerated selection under different conditions: attentional control deficits, and hyperfocusing once attention has been directed toward a stimulus.

Published
2022

24. High-Dimensional Covariance Shrinkage for Signal Detection

Author

Robinson, Benjamin D., Malinas, Robert, and Hero III, Alfred O.

Subjects
Mathematics - Statistics Theory
Abstract

In this paper, we consider the problem of determining the presence of a given signal in a high-dimensional observation with unknown covariance matrix by using an adaptive matched filter. Traditionally such filters are formed from the sample covariance matrix of some given training data, but, as is well-known, the performance of such filters is poor when the number of training data $n$ is not much larger than the data dimension $p$. We thus seek a covariance estimator to replace sample covariance. To account for the fact that $n$ and $p$ may be of comparable size, we adopt the "large-dimensional asymptotic model" in which $n$ and $p$ go to infinity in a fixed ratio. Under this assumption, we identify a covariance estimator that is asymptotically detection-theoretic optimal within a general shrinkage class inspired by C. Stein, and we give consistent estimates for conditional false-alarm and detection rate of the corresponding adaptive matched filter.

Published
2021

26. Fisher-Rao distance on the covariance cone

Author

Wells, Joseph, Cook, Mary, Pine, Karleigh, and Robinson, Benjamin D.

Subjects
Mathematics - Statistics Theory, Mathematics - Differential Geometry, 62B11
Abstract

The Fisher-Rao geodesic distance on the statistical manifold consisting of zero-mean p-dimensional multivariate Gaussians appears without proof in several places (such as Steven Smith's "Covariance, Subspace, and Intrinsic Cramer-Rao Bounds"). In this paper, we give a proof using basic Riemannian geometry.

Published
2020

27. Space-Time Adaptive Detection at Low Sample Support

Author

Robinson, Benjamin D., Malinas, Robert, and Hero III, Alfred O.

Subjects
Electrical Engineering and Systems Science - Signal Processing
Abstract

An important problem in space-time adaptive detection is the estimation of the large p-by-p interference covariance matrix from training signals. When the number of training signals n is greater than 2p, existing estimators are generally considered to be adequate, as demonstrated by fixed-dimensional asymptotics. But in the low-sample-support regime (n < 2p or even n < p) fixed-dimensional asymptotics are no longer applicable. The remedy undertaken in this paper is to consider the "large dimensional limit" in which n and p go to infinity together. In this asymptotic regime, a new type of estimator is defined (Definition 2), shown to exist (Theorem 1), and shown to be detection-theoretically ideal (Theorem 2). Further, asymptotic conditional detection and false-alarm rates of filters formed from this type of estimator are characterized (Theorems 3 and 4) and shown to depend only on data that is given, even for non-Gaussian interference statistics. The paper concludes with several Monte Carlo simulations that compare the performance of the estimator in Theorem 1 to the predictions of Theorems 2-4, showing in particular higher detection probability than Steiner and Gerlach's Fast Maximum Likelihood estimator., Comment: 13 pages, 3 figures

Published
2020
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28. Positive operator-valued measures and densely-defined operator-valued frames

Author

Robinson, Benjamin, Moran, Bill, and Cochran, Doug

Subjects
Mathematics - Functional Analysis, 42C15
Abstract

In the signal-processing literature, a frame is a mechanism for performing analysis and reconstruction in a Hilbert space. By contrast, in quantum theory, a positive operator-valued measure (POVM) decomposes a Hilbert-space vector for the purpose of computing measurement probabilities. Frames and their most common generalizations can be seen to give rise to POVMs, but does every reasonable POVM arise from a type of frame? In this paper we answer this question using a Radon-Nikodym-type result., Comment: 9 pages, submitted to the Rocky Mountain Math Journal

Published
2020

29. Mapping nanoscale dynamic properties of suspended and supported multi-layer graphene membranes via contact resonance and ultrasonic scanning probe microscopies

Author

Mucientes, Marta, McNair, Robert, Peasey, Adrian, Shao, Shouqi, Wengraf, Joshua, Lulla, Kunal, Robinson, Benjamin J., and Kolosov, Oleg

Subjects
Physics - Applied Physics, Condensed Matter - Materials Science
Abstract

Graphene (GR) remarkable mechanical and electrical properties - such as its Young's modulus, low mass per unit area, natural atomic flatness and electrical conductance - would make it an ideal material for micro and nanoelectromechanical systems (MEMS and NEMS). However, the difficulty of attaching GR to supports coupled with naturally occurring internal defects in a few-layer GR can significantly adversely affect the performance of such devices. Here, we have used a combined contact resonance atomic force microscopy (CR-AFM) and ultrasonic force microscopy (UFM) approach to characterise and map with nanoscale spatial resolution GR membrane properties inaccessible to most conventional scanning probe characterisation techniques. Using a multi-layer GR plate (membrane) suspended over a round hole we show that this combined approach allows access to the mechanical properties, internal structure and attachment geometry of the membrane providing information about both the supported and suspended regions of the system. We show that UFM allows the precise geometrical position of the supported membrane-substrate contact to be located and provides indication of the local variation of its quality in the contact areas. At the same time, we show that by mapping the position sensitive frequency and phase response of CR-AFM response, one can reliably quantify the membrane stiffness, and image the defects in the suspended area of the membrane. The phase and amplitude of experimental CR-AFM measurements show excellent agreement with an analytical model accounting for the resonance of the combined CR-AFM probe-membrane system. The combination of UFM and CR-AFM provide a beneficial combination for investigation of few-layer NEMS systems based on two dimensional materials.

Published
2020

30. Oculomotor Inhibition and Location Priming in Schizophrenia

Author

Bansal, Sonia, Gaspelin, Nicholas, Robinson, Benjamin M, Hahn, Britta, Luck, Steven J, and Gold, James M

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Mental Health, Schizophrenia, Neurosciences, Brain Disorders, Mental health, Cognition Disorders, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Saccades, oculomotor inhibition, priming, selective attention, cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, Cognitive Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Applied and developmental psychology, Clinical and health psychology, Cognitive and computational psychology
Abstract

Schizophrenia is widely thought to involve elevated distractibility, which may reflect a general impairment in top-down inhibitory processes. Schizophrenia also appears to involve increased priming of previously performed actions. Here, we used a highly refined eye-tracking paradigm that makes it possible to concurrently assess distractibility, inhibition, and priming. In both healthy control subjects (HCS, N = 41) and people with schizophrenia (PSZ, N = 46), we found that initial saccades were actually less likely to be directed toward a salient "singleton" distractor than toward less salient distractors, reflecting top-down suppression of the singleton. Remarkably, this oculomotor suppression effect was as strong or stronger in PSZ than in HCS, indicating intact inhibitory control. In addition, saccades were frequently directed to the location of the previous-trial target in both groups, but this priming effect was much stronger in PSZ than in HCS. Indeed, PSZ directed gaze toward the location of the previous-trial target as often as they directed gaze to the location of the current-trial target. These results demonstrate that-at least in the context of visual search-PSZ are no more distractable than HCS and are fully capable of inhibiting salient-but-irrelevant stimuli. However, PSZ do exhibit exaggerated priming, focusing on recently attended locations even when this is not beneficial for goal attainment. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).

Published
2021

31. Democracy

Author

Robinson, Benjamin Lewis, Wallenhorst, Nathanaël, editor, and Wulf, Christoph, editor

Published
2023
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34. Giving all energy stakeholders a voice : developing a theoretical framework for the uptake and sustained use of improved/clean biomass energy technologies

Author

Robinson, Benjamin L.

Subjects
TJ807 Renewable energy sources
Abstract

Achieving Sustainable Development Goal 7 - to ensure universal access to affordable, reliable and modern energy services by 2030 - represents a considerable challenge. Currently, 40% of the global population do not have access to sustainable energy sources, and instead rely on burning biomass (wood, dung, agricultural waste) to satisfy their energy needs. Despite a long history of energy technology for poverty-alleviation across the globe many interventions fail at persuading end-users to continue using such technologies beyond an initial adoption phase. Whilst many champion sustainable energy solutions, most implementation and evaluation approaches do not consider long term sustained use. As a result, many end-user-orientated energy solutions, such as Improved Cookstoves (ICS), fall out of use once project partners depart. These failures often reflect the fact that energy-focused development initiatives are shaped by increasingly complex technologies rather than social methodologies that prioritise understanding end-user priorities and the complex contextual barriers to sustained use. The global energy context is echoed in the focus country of this research Nepal. Nepal has a long history of International Development assistance, yet 65.8% of rural households still use firewood as their primary source of energy. Unfortunately, whilst 94% of Nepal's population has access to electricity (The World Bank, 2018), the supply is often unstable and the infrastructure not suitable for households to rely on electricity for their cooking needs (Clements et al., 2020). This results in only 29% of the population having access to clean cooking fuels and technologies (The World Bank, 2018). In addition to these objective factors, I have an established network of International Development energy contacts that could facilitate an easy and effective working environment across Nepal. In this research I design, develop and present a novel qualitative implementation or delivery model, the Technology Implementation Model for Energy (TIME), for practitioners and policymakers that focuses on refining three core areas of energy technology implementation; to rethink how impact is defined, to understand differences between practitioner perception and end-user reality, and to champion a co-produced approach with all key stakeholders in the energy value chain or system. TIME is the first energy technology implementation model to blend Social Enterprise, Appropriate Technology, behavioural change models utilised in the Water, Hygiene and Sanitation (WASH) and Health sectors, and International Development planning tools. This method promotes a values-driven approach centred around co-production, ownership, use of resources and equality. In addition, I focus on evaluating the Nepali biomass ICS sector in two parts, the first using the Market Map Tool and second, using TIME. The results of which have been published at Robinson et al. (2021b) and Robinson et al. (2021a) respectively. The application of these tools leads to insights into the sector such as, the role of 'stacking' ICS (using multiple energy fuels/technologies simultaneously), the impact of demand and supply side incentives, and policy changes to increase the sustained use of ICS.

Published
2021

35. Antisaccade Deficits in Schizophrenia Can Be Driven by Attentional Relevance of the Stimuli.

Author

Bansal, Sonia, Gaspar, John M, Robinson, Benjamin M, Leonard, Carly J, Hahn, Britta, Luck, Steven J, and Gold, James M

Subjects
Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Behavioral and Social Science, Schizophrenia, Clinical Research, Eye Disease and Disorders of Vision, Mental health, Adult, Attention, Cognitive Dysfunction, Cues, Female, Humans, Inhibition, Psychological, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Saccades, inhibitory control, schizophrenia, antisaccade, attention, hyperfocusing, attention/hyperfocusing, Medical and Health Sciences, Psychology and Cognitive Sciences, Psychiatry
Abstract

The antisaccade task is considered a test of cognitive control because it creates a conflict between the strong bottom-up signal produced by the cue and the top-down goal of shifting gaze to the opposite side of the display. Antisaccade deficits in schizophrenia are thought to reflect impaired top-down inhibition of the prepotent bottom-up response to the cue. However, the cue is also a highly task-relevant stimulus that must be covertly attended to determine where to shift gaze. We tested the hypothesis that difficulty in overcoming the attentional relevance of the cue, rather than its bottom-up salience, is key in producing impaired performance in people with schizophrenia (PSZ). We implemented 3 versions of the antisaccade task in which we varied the bottom-up salience of the cue while holding its attentional relevance constant. We found that difficulty in performing a given antisaccade task-relative to a prosaccade version using the same stimuli-was largely independent of the cue's bottom-up salience. The magnitude of impairment in PSZ relative to control subjects was also independent of bottom-up salience. The greatest impairment was observed in a version where the cue lacked bottom-up salience advantage over other locations. These results indicate that the antisaccade deficit in PSZ does not reflect an impairment in overcoming bottom-up salience of the cue, but PSZ are instead impaired at overcoming its attentional relevance. This deficit may still indicate an underlying inhibitory control impairment but could also reflect a hyperfocusing of attentional resources on the cue.

Published
2021

37. Non-Asymptotic Connectivity of Random Graphs and Their Unions

Author

Bjorkman, Beth, Hale, Matthew, Lamkin, Thomas, Robinson, Benjamin, and Thompson, Craig

Subjects
Mathematics - Optimization and Control
Abstract

Graph-theoretic methods have seen wide use throughout the literature on multi-agent control and optimization. When communications are intermittent and unpredictable, such networks have been modeled using random communication graphs. When graphs are time-varying, it is common to assume that their unions are connected over time, yet, to the best of our knowledge, there are not results that determine the number of finite-size random graphs needed to attain a connected union. Therefore, this paper bounds the probability that individual random graphs are connected and bounds the same probability for connectedness of unions of random graphs. The random graph model used is a generalization of the classic Erdos-Renyi model which allows some edges never to appear. Numerical results are presented to illustrate the analytical developments made., Comment: 16 pages, 5 figures. arXiv admin note: text overlap with arXiv:1703.07804

Published
2019

38. Scale-up of room-temperature constructive quantum interference from single molecules to self-assembled molecular-electronic films

Author

Wang, Xintai, Bennett, Troy L. R., Ismael, Ali, Wilkinson, Luke A., Hamill, Joseph, White, Andrew J. P., Grace, Iain M., Albrecht, Tim, Robinson, Benjamin J., Long, Nicholas J., Cohen, Lesley F., and Lambert, Colin J.

Subjects
Condensed Matter - Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics, Quantum Physics
Abstract

The realization of self-assembled molecular-electronic films, whose room-temperature transport properties are controlled by quantum interference (QI), is an essential step in the scale-up QI effects from single molecules to parallel arrays of molecules. Recently, the effect of destructive QI (DQI) on the electrical conductance of self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) has been investigated. Here, through a combined experimental and theoretical investigation, we demonstrate chemical control of different forms of constructive QI (CQI) in cross-plane transport through SAMs and assess its influence on cross-plane thermoelectricity in SAMs. It is known that the electrical conductance of single molecules can be controlled in a deterministic manner, by chemically varying their connectivity to external electrodes. Here, by employing synthetic methodologies to vary the connectivity of terminal anchor groups around aromatic anthracene cores, and by forming SAMs of the resulting molecules, we clearly demonstrate that this signature of CQI can be translated into SAM-on-gold molecular films. We show that the conductance of vertical molecular junctions formed from anthracene-based molecules with two different connectivities differ by a factor of approximately 16, in agreement with theoretical predictions for their conductance ratio based on constructive QI effects within the core. We also demonstrate that for molecules with thiol anchor groups, the Seebeck coefficient of such films is connectivity dependent and with an appropriate choice of connectivity can be boosted by ~50%. This demonstration of QI and its influence on thermoelectricity in SAMs represents a critical step towards functional ultra-thin-film devices for future thermoelectric and molecular-scale electronics applications.

Published
2019

39. Increased Repulsion of Working Memory Representations in Schizophrenia

Author

Bansal, Sonia, Bae, Gi-Yeul, Frankovich, Kyle, Robinson, Benjamin M, Leonard, Carly J, Gold, James M, and Luck, Steven J

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Mental Illness, Serious Mental Illness, Schizophrenia, Clinical Research, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Mental Health, Mental health, Adult, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Schizophrenic Psychology, Young Adult, lateral inhibition, recurrent excitation, cognitive impairment, schizophrenia, working memory
Abstract

Computational neuroscience models propose that working memory (WM) involves recurrent excitatory feedback loops that maintain firing over time along with lateral inhibition that prevents the spreading of activity to other feature values. In behavioral paradigms, this lateral inhibition appears to cause a repulsion of WM representations away from each other and from other strong sources of input. Recent computational models of schizophrenia have proposed that reduction in the strength of inhibition relative to strength of excitation may underlie impaired cognition, and this leads to the prediction that repulsion effects should be reduced in people with schizophrenia spectrum disorders (PSZ) relative to healthy control subjects (HCS). We tested this hypothesis in 2 experiments measuring WM repulsion effects. In Experiment 1, 45 PSZ and 32 HCS remembered the location of a single object relative to a centrally presented visual landmark and reported this location after a short delay. The reported location was repelled away from the landmark in both groups, but this repulsion effect was increased rather than decreased in PSZ relative to HCS. In Experiment 2, 41 PSZ and 34 HCS remembered 2 sequentially presented orientations and reported each orientation after a short delay. The reported orientations were biased away from each other in both groups, and this repulsion effect was again more pronounced in PSZ than in HCS. Contrary to the widespread hypothesis of reduced inhibition in schizophrenia, we provide robust evidence from 2 experiments showing that the behavioral performance of PSZ exhibited an exaggeration rather than a reduction of competitive inhibition. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Published
2020

40. Refining the Empirical Constraints on Computational Models of Spatial Working Memory in Schizophrenia

Author

Gold, James M, Bansal, Sonia, Anticevic, Alan, Cho, Youngsun T, Repovš, Grega, Murray, John D, Hahn, Britta, Robinson, Benjamin M, and Luck, Steven J

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Psychology, Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Schizophrenia, Neurosciences, Mental health, Humans, Memory, Short-Term, Mental Recall, Models, Theoretical, Computational model, Distractor effects, E-I balance, Precision, Working memory, Biological psychology, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

BackgroundImpairments in spatial working memory (sWM) have been well documented in schizophrenia. Here we provide a comprehensive test of a microcircuit model of WM performance in schizophrenia that predicts enhanced effects of increasing delay duration and distractors based on a hypothesized imbalance of excitatory and inhibitory processes.MethodsModel predictions were tested in 41 people with schizophrenia (PSZ) and 32 healthy control subjects (HCS) performing an sWM task. In one condition, a single target location was followed by delays of 0, 2, 4, or 8 seconds. In a second condition, distractors were presented during the 4-second delay interval at 20°, 30°, 40°, 50°, or 90° from the original target location.ResultsPSZ showed less precise sWM representations than HCS, and the rate of memory drift over time was greater in PSZ than in HCS. Relative to HCS, the spatial recall responses of PSZ were more repelled by distractors presented close to the target location and more attracted by distractors presented far from the target location. The degree of attraction to distant distractors was correlated with the rate of memory drift in the absence of distractors.ConclusionsConsistent with the microcircuit model, PSZ exhibited both a greater rate of drift and greater attraction to distant distractors relative to HCS. These two effects were correlated, consistent with the proposal that they arise from a single underlying mechanism. However, the repulsion effects produced by nearby distractors were not predicted by the model and thus require an updated modeling framework.

Published
2020

41. Increased Influence of a Previously Attended Feature in People With Schizophrenia

Author

Leonard, Carly J, Robinson, Benjamin M, Hahn, Britta, Gold, James M, and Luck, Steven J

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Clinical Research, Mental Health, Behavioral and Social Science, Schizophrenia, Brain Disorders, Neurosciences, Mental health, Adult, Attention, Cognition, Female, Humans, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Neuropsychological Tests, Reaction Time, Schizophrenic Psychology, Visual Perception, priming, attention, schizophrenia, Cognitive Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Applied and developmental psychology, Clinical and health psychology, Cognitive and computational psychology
Abstract

Everyday functioning requires the appropriate allocation of visual attention, which is achieved through multiple mechanisms of attentional guidance. Traditional theories have focused on top-down and bottom-up factors, but implicit learning from recent experience ("selection history") also has a substantial impact on attentional allocation. The present experiment examined the influence of intertrial priming on attentional guidance in people with schizophrenia and matched control subjects. Participants searched for a color pop-out target, which switched randomly between a red target among blue distractors and a blue target among red distractors. We found that performance on the current trial was more influenced by the previous-trial target color in people with schizophrenia than in control subjects. Moreover, this implicit priming effect was greater in individuals with lower working memory capacity (as measured in a separate task). These results suggest that intertrial priming has an exaggerated impact on attentional guidance in people with schizophrenia and that this is associated with other aspects of impaired cognition. Overall, these results are consistent with the hyperfocusing hypothesis, which proposes that a single underlying attentional abnormality may explain a range of atypical effects across perception, attention, and cognition in schizophrenia. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Published
2020

42. People with schizophrenia show enhanced cognitive costs of maintaining a single item in working memory

Author

Gold, James M, Bansal, Sonia, Gaspar, John M, Chen, Shuo, Robinson, Benjamin M, Hahn, Britta, and Luck, Steven J

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Biomedical and Clinical Sciences, Psychology, Schizophrenia, Neurosciences, Mental Health, Behavioral and Social Science, Brain Disorders, Clinical Research, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Aetiology, Mental health, Adult, Attention, Case-Control Studies, Cognition, Cognitive Dysfunction, Female, Humans, Male, Memory Disorders, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Photic Stimulation, Reaction Time, Schizophrenic Psychology, Young Adult, Cognitive impairment, reaction time, working memory, Public Health and Health Services, Psychiatry, Clinical sciences, Biological psychology, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

BackgroundWorking memory (WM) deficits are seen as a core deficit in schizophrenia, implicated in the broad cognitive impairment seen in the illness. Here we examine the impact of WM storage of a single item on the operation of other cognitive systems.MethodsWe studied 37 healthy controls (HCS) and 43 people with schizophrenia (PSZ). Each trial consisted of a sequence of two potential target stimuli, T1 and T2. T1 was a letter presented for 100 ms. After delays of 100-800 ms, T2 was presented. T2 was a 1 or a 2 and required a speeded response. In one condition, subjects were instructed to ignore T1 but respond to T2. In another condition, they were required to report T1 after making their speeded response to T2 (i.e. to make a speeded T2 response while holding T1 in WM).ResultsPSZ were dramatically slowed at responding to T2 when T1 was held in WM. A repeated measures ANOVA yielded main effects of group, delay, and condition with a group by condition interaction (p's < 0.001). Across delays, the slowing of the T2 response when required to hold T1 in memory, relative to ignoring T1, was nearly 3 times higher in PSZ than HCS (633 v. 219 ms).ConclusionsWhereas previous studies have focused on reduced storage capacity, the present study found that PSZ are impaired at performing tasks while they are successfully maintaining a single item in WM. This may play a role in the broad cognitive impairment seen in PSZ.

Published
2020

46. Stochastic control problems for multidimensional martingales

Author

Robinson, Benjamin A., Cox, Alexander, and Shardlow, Tony

Abstract

We study a stochastic control problem for continuous multidimensional martingales, motivated by recent developments in robust finance and martingale optimal transport. In a radially symmetric environment, we explicitly construct the solution to this problem under mild regularity conditions. We consolidate some ideas from the theory of viscosity solutions of PDEs, which we then apply to solve our problem. Under a particular growth condition on the cost function, we solve the control problem in the two-dimensional case by proving that a weak solution of a certain SDE generates a Brownian filtration. We prove non-existence of strong solutions of this SDE and a related SDE, building on ideas from the study of Tsirelson's equation. These results lead us to conjecture that there is a gap between a Markov formulation of the control problem and a strong and weak formulation. Finally, we draw a connection to two further control problems. We characterise each of these problems in terms of viscosity solutions of a Monge-Ampère equation, similar to that which arises in the classical theory of optimal transport.

Published
2020

49. Cortical hyperactivation at low working memory load: A primary processing abnormality in people with schizophrenia?

Author

Hahn, Britta, Bae, Gi-Yeul, Robinson, Benjamin M, Leonard, Carly J, Luck, Steven J, and Gold, James M

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Schizophrenia, Neurosciences, Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Clinical Research, Aetiology, 2.1 Biological and endogenous factors, Mental health, Adult, Cerebral Cortex, Female, Humans, Magnetic Resonance Imaging, Male, Memory, Short-Term, Middle Aged, Young Adult, Working memory, fMRI, Hyperactivation, Neural inefficiency, Hyperfocusing, Biological psychology, Clinical and health psychology
Abstract

A frequent finding when studying substrates of working memory (WM) deficits in people with schizophrenia (PSZ) is task-induced hyperactivation relative to healthy control subjects (HCS) when WM load is low. Hyperactivation accompanying similar performance is commonly attributed to cognitive deficits rendering relatively easy operations more resource-consuming. To test if hyperactivation at low load really is secondary to cognitive impairment in PSZ, we re-analyzed functional MRI data showing left posterior parietal cortex (PPC) hyperactivation in PSZ when holding a single color-item in WM. In subgroups matched for the number of items successfully stored in WM (K) by excluding the highest-performing HCS and lowest-performing PSZ, performance was almost identical across all set sizes (1-7). While BOLD activation at the larger set sizes did not differ between groups, PSZ still robustly hyperactivated left PPC when a single item had to be maintained. The same pattern was observed in subgroups matched for model-based estimates of WM capacity or attentional lapse rate. Given that in the K-matched subsamples PSZ performed as well as HCS even in the most challenging load conditions and that no BOLD signal difference was seen at high loads, it is implausible that PSZ over-recruited WM-related neural structures because they were more challenged by maintaining a single item in WM. Instead, the findings are consistent with a primary schizophrenia-related processing abnormality as proposed by the hyperfocusing hypothesis, which suggests that an abnormally narrow but intense focusing of processing resources is central to many aspects of impaired cognition in PSZ.

Published
2020

50. Failures in Top-Down Control in Schizophrenia Revealed by Patterns of Saccadic Eye Movements

Author

Bansal, Sonia, Robinson, Benjamin M, Leonard, Carly J, Hahn, Britta, Luck, Steven J, and Gold, James M

Subjects
Biological Psychology, Cognitive and Computational Psychology, Psychology, Eye Disease and Disorders of Vision, Behavioral and Social Science, Clinical Research, Basic Behavioral and Social Science, Mental Health, Brain Disorders, Schizophrenia, Neurosciences, Mental health, Adult, Attention, Executive Function, Eye Movement Measurements, Female, Humans, Male, Middle Aged, Psychomotor Performance, Saccades, Visual Perception, guided visual search, saccadic eye movements, schizophrenia, top-down control, Cognitive Sciences, Clinical Psychology, Applied and developmental psychology, Clinical and health psychology, Cognitive and computational psychology
Abstract

Successful execution of many behavioral goals relies on well-organized patterns of saccadic eye movements, and in complex tasks, these patterns can reveal the component processes underlying task performance. The present study examined the pattern of eye movements in a visual search task to provide evidence of attentional control impairments in people with schizophrenia (PSZ). We tested PSZ(N = 38) and nonpsychiatric control subjects (NCS, N = 35) in a task that was designed to stress top-down control by pitting task goals against bottom-up salience. Participants searched for either a low-contrast (nonsalient) or a high-contrast (salient) target among low- and high-contrast distractors. By examining fixations of the low- and high-contrast items, we evaluated the ability of PSZ and NCS to focus on low-salience targets and filter out high-salience distractors (or vice versa). When participants searched for a salient target, both groups successfully focused on relevant, high-contrast stimuli and filtered out target-mismatched, low-contrast stimuli. However, when searching for a nonsalient target, PSZ were impaired at efficiently suppressing high-contrast (salient) distractors. Specifically, PSZ were more likely than NCS to fixate and revisit salient distractors, and they dwelled on these items longer than did NCS. The results provide direct evidence that PSZ are impaired in their ability to utilize top-down goals to overcome the prepotent tendency to focus attention on irrelevant but highly salient information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Published
2019

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