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Recognizing the importance of timing in efforts to drive institutional change, this study examined how actors engage in "temporal institutional work" in their attempts to disrupt inequitable institutions in sport. A qualitative case study was conducted on football (soccer) in Australia wherein significant gender equity reforms have been enacted. The findings revealed how the temporal activities of entraining (e.g., capitalizing on external interventions), constructing urgency (e.g., through advocacy), and enacting momentum (e.g., through consensus-based leadership) allowed actors to exploit a time-sensitive window of opportunity for change, quickly foster a perception of irreversibility that structural change would occur, and generate synchronicity with broader reforms. Inspired by the breakthroughs in Australian football, this research highlights temporal-based strategies for combating gender inequity in sport. Theoretically, this study extends research on institutional work in sport by illuminating the key role that timing norms play during institutional change. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A central issue within sport management is the extent to which the field should develop a distinctive theoretical knowledge base. This paper empirically investigates the connectedness within (intrafield) and between (interfield) management and sport management disciplines in one specific knowledge domain—institutional theory. We utilized a database of 188 sport-related institutional studies and conducted a citation network analysis of the aggregated reference lists from these articles. We argue that the fields of management and sport management act like "ships in the night." That is, as the field of sport management has become more distinctive, the field is becoming less connected with general management literature and contemporary theoretical discussions. Potential implications for sport management scholarship and understanding the nature of the field are discussed, along with how it may be possible (if desired) to bridge the gap between sport and management research. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aim: Evidence suggests there has been an increase in anabolic‐androgenic steroid (AAS) use among women, driven by the evolving landscape of women's participation in sport. However, the extent of use is unknown. This systematic review aimed to estimate the prevalence of women's AAS use. Method: We conducted a systematic review of peer‐reviewed articles in English, focusing on AAS use among women aged 18 and above. We excluded grey literature and studies that measured doping through some form of analysis (e.g. urine or hair). Searched databases were MEDLINE, CINAHL, PsycINFO, SocINDEX, SPORTDiscus, Embase and Cochrane Library. Titles and abstracts for all articles were screened, followed by full‐text assessment and data extraction of included articles by multiple authors for accuracy. The pooled prevalence of lifetime use was determined using a random effects model and the risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute Prevalence Critical Appraisal Tool. Results: Based on 18 studies, participant numbers averaged 669 per study (median = 189; range = 16 to 7051). The overall pooled AAS use prevalence was 4% (95% confidence interval [CI] = 2–9%) with high heterogeneity overall (I2 = 95%). In the subgroup analysis, AAS use prevalence was 16.8% (95% CI = 11.0–24.9%, I2 = 44%) in the bodybuilder subgroup, 4.4% (95% CI = 1.2–15.1%, I2 = 93%) in athletes/recreational gym user subgroup, and 1.4% (95% CI = 0.4–4.7%, I2 = 96%) in the general population/other subgroup. Meta‐regression demonstrated significantly higher AAS use in bodybuilders compared with the other subgroup (P = 0.011). Conclusion: Anabolic‐androgenic steroid use among women appears to be substantially higher among bodybuilders and athletes/recreational gym users than the general female population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Institutional theory has generated considerable insight into fundamental issues within sport. This study seeks to advance Washington and Patterson's review by providing an empirical review of institutional theory in sport. We follow Arksey and O'Malley's scoping review protocol to identify 188 sport-related institutional studies between 1979 and 2019. Our review provides evidence regarding the state of institutional scholarship within sport via an analysis of authorship, year, journal, methodology, method, study population, and use of institutional constructs (legitimacy, isomorphism, change, logics, fields, and work). Rather than a hostile takeover or a joint venture proposed in Washington and Patterson's review, the relationship between fields is more aptly described as a diffusion of ideas. By developing an empirical review of institutional studies in sport, we hope to expedite the diffusion of ideas between the two fields and work toward realizing the collective benefits any future joint venture may bring. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this article was to develop a theoretical framework to aid the current understanding of social change practice. Drawing on concepts from institutional theory, the authors proposed and applied a theoretical framework to investigate social change at the intersection of gender and sexuality inclusion in Australian cricket. Qualitative techniques (interviews and document analyses) were utilized to investigate the trajectory of lesbian inclusion in Australian cricket over time. Starting from the perspective that institutional arrangements can be exclusionary (or biased) toward certain groups in society, this research investigated how the actions of institutional entrepreneurs can create more inclusive institutional arrangements. Theoretical and practical implications for future research are discussed. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Professional team sports organizations (PTSOs) are highly influential in our society. They can both positively and negatively shape the public discourse around responsible norms of behavior. The purpose of this article is to describe and critically review the literature on PTSOs' corporate social responsibility (CSR) to develop a comprehensive understanding of current and future research directions in the field. Our analysis reviewed articles on CSR within PTSOs and identified publication year; geographical dispersion; journal type; sports contexts; social issues investigated; research approaches and methods; and how CSR was conceptualized, defined, and theoretically supported. The findings indicate that CSR within PTSOs has primarily been investigated in community programs, using qualitative research methods and pragmatically conceptualizing CSR on the basis of return on investments to the organization in European and North American contexts. Our discussion provides a critical review of the literature before outlining avenues for future research and practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Community sport organisations face increasing pressure from stakeholders to devote resources to activities that help them appear as being socially responsible actors in society. This study extends the concept of social responsibility from the corporate sport domain to investigate the relative importance of social responsibilities for community sport clubs. Items were developed from the Global Reporting Initiative and International Standards Organisation guidance on socially responsible organisations. A three-wave Delphi study was conducted internationally with 33 sport management academics and 23 national sport organisation managers. This study found that community sport clubs are primarily responsible for enhancing sport participation, creating a safe and inclusive environment, and ensuring the club is economically and legally sound. It is concluded that for sport clubs to be socially responsible organisations, their focus should be on fulfilling obligations that meaningfully impact their community, before devoting scarce resources to activities beyond their immediate capacity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]