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The lymphoid src kinase pp56lck has been shown to be essential for the induction of different T lymphocyte responses, including CD4-mediated enhancement of Ag-induced T cell activation, early T cell differentiation, induction of IL-2 production, and cytotoxicity. It is assumed that pp56lck acts on these processes by phosphorylating substrates. However, it has been recently reported that the NH2 regulatory domain is sufficient to mediate CD4 accessory function. In this report we address the contribution of the regulatory and catalytic domains of pp56lck to another function of this enzyme independent of CD4: TCR-induced IL-2 production. Two pp56lck mutants lacking either the entire catalytic domain or the entire NH2 regulatory domain were generated, and their abilities to trigger transactivation of the TCR-regulated nuclear factor of activated T cells (NF-AT) region of the IL-2 promoter were compared. Only the catalytic, but not the NH2 regulatory, domain of pp56lck was able to induce NF-AT region transactivation on its own and to cooperate with other intracellular signals to trigger this response. Moreover, the catalytic domain of pp56lck was able to induce IL-2 cytokine production to an extent similar to that of wild-type pp56lck. We conclude that different domains of the pp56lck molecule contribute to regulate distinct biologic functions. In fact, while the NH2 regulatory domain is sufficient to mediate CD4 accessory function, we show here that the catalytic domain of pp56lck is sufficient for induction of IL-2 production, mimicking TCR ligation., This work was supported by the CICyT, Pharmacia, Consejo Superiro de Investigaciones Científicas, and the José Carreras International Foundation.

WOS: 000284552500008 In this study, experimental deformation results (that is beam deflection and slip between layers) of steel-concrete-steel sandwich beams (double skin composite beam - DSC) are compared with full and partial interaction theories. The flexibility of shear stud connectors on both tension and compression faces is taken into account in the partial interaction analysis including the influence of frictional forces between the concrete and external steel plates at the supports and load points. Quasi-static test results on DSC beams are compared with the theoretical solutions based on partial interaction theory assuming realistic material and shear connector properties. The comparison of results indicates that the proposed theoretical method shows good correlation with real behaviour and may be reliably used for the analysis of simply supported DSC beams. European Coal and Steel Community; Steel Construction Institute; Cardiff University of Wales This research was funded by the European Coal and Steel Community, The Steel Construction Institute and Cardiff University of Wales.

WOS: 000286430600010 Steel-concrete-steel sandwich beam (double skin composite beam - DSC) experimental results including axial forces in steel plates and shear forces between the layers are compared with full and partial interaction theories. The flexibility of shear stud connectors on both tension and compression faces are taken into account in the partial interaction analysis including the influence of frictional forces between the concrete and external steel plates at the supports and load points. Quasi-static test results on DSC beams are compared with the theoretical solutions based on partial interaction theory assuming realistic material and shear connector properties. The comparison of results indicates that the proposed theoretical method shows good correlation with real behaviour and may be reliably used for the analysis of simply supported DSC beams. European Coal and Steel Community; Steel Construction Institute; Cardiff University of Wales This research was funded by the European Coal and Steel Community, The Steel Construction Institute and Cardiff University of Wales.

Margaret Fuller's visit to Italy as a correspondent for the New York Tribune at the time of the 1848 revolutions gave her a unique perspective on them, not only as a feminist intellectual but also as a commentator on the American relationship with revolutionary Europe. In her Tribune writings she addressed issues at once more partisan and more global than those she had covered inside the United States, including the political condition of Italy as a subject state under Austrian imperial control, and as an object of ridicule by many American observers, and the condition of American slavery. Italian peoples and slaves, in her mind, were, like women, oppressed by a transatlantic patriarchy whose prejudices allowed only for white males to enjoy political independence. Fuller called for American support for the Roman republic, but her sympathies did not reflect the thrust of American opinion. Many Americans did not believe Italians were capable of maintaining republican self-government, which was different, they alleged, from their own version, part of the inheritance of the American Revolution. That heritage conferred a unique American revolutionary 'exceptionalism'. For these Americans, the 1848 revolutions provided evidence that Europe was impulsive, reactionary and flawed; they saw in them confirmation of the superiority of American race relations and democratic society. After her death in 1850, the American Civil War would confirm Fuller's implicit sense that the United States and Europe were more alike than many Americans of her generation believed or realized. Her critique of American attitudes to the prospect for democracy in Italy provides perspective on the ambiguity of American global leadership today.

[No abstract available]