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Purpose The use of allografts in primary anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) is increasing although they are still supposed to be associated to greater risk of re-rupture due to a slower and less efficient graft maturation. The aim of this prospective randomized controlled study was to compare the graft maturation after ACLR with allograft and autograft by MRI at 6- and 12-month follow-up and integrate these data with the functional and clinical results observed at 6-, 12- and 60-month follow-up. Methods Fifty patients with indication to primary ACLR were randomly and equally divided into hamstring autograft or allograft tendon groups. The graft maturation was measured at 6- and 12-month follow-up by the SNQ score and other radiological parameters on MRI scans. Clinical and functional recovery was evaluated by Lysholm score, Visual Analogues Scale, Tegner activity scale and modified Cincinnati knee rating system at 6, 12 and 60 months after surgery to estimate the predictive value of the radiological parameters for clinical outcomes. Return-to-sport (ACL-RSI) was measured 60 months after surgery. Results Three patients had retear of the neo-ligament (two from Auto group and one from Allo group). All the clinical/functional parameters significantly improved over time, with no statistically significant difference between the groups. At 6 months, the SNQ value was significantly higher in the Auto than in the Allo group (12.9 vs 7.9, p = 0.038), but at 12 months they were comparable (9.8 vs 10.4). The 6-month SNQ values did not correlate with the clinical scores, whereas the 12-month SNQ values significantly correlated with the Cincinnati score, Lysholm score and Tegner activity scale collected at 60-month follow-up. Conclusion No clinical or functional differences have been found between the two treatment groups, supporting the suitability of using allograft in primary ACLR, when available. The results at MRI scans showed a different graft maturation trend in the two groups, with allografts being more reactive in the first 6 months. MRI together with the subjective evaluation allows to evaluate objectively the status of the neo-ligamentization process and therefore helps the surgeon to dictate the individual time for return-to-sport. Level of evidence Level I. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s00167-021-06785-4.

Background: In 2020, due to the outbreak of the COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) pandemic, patients who underwent total joint arthroplasty were not able to undergo the proper postoperative surgical and rehabilitative care. This study aims to evaluate the potential of a web-cloud-based database on patients’ follow-up in extraordinary situations, when a traditional in-person follow-up cannot be warranted. Methods: Patients who underwent joint arthroplasty at our Institute between 21 February and 16 March 2020 were included in the study group and were matched to a similar population undergoing joint arthroplasty in February/March 2019. All patients routinely complete questionnaires before and after treatment, including patient-reported outcome measures such as the Visual Analogues Scale (VAS), Knee/Hip Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score Physical Function Short Form (KOOS-PS/HOOS-PS) and Short-Form Health Survey (SF-12) for the monitoring of clinical improvements. Results: 56 (study group) and 144 (control group) patients were included in the study. Both groups demonstrated significant improvements at 3 months. HOOS-PS improvement was significantly reduced in the 2020 group compared to 2019 (21.7 vs. 33.9, p &lt, 0.001). This reduction was related to intense physical activities. Similarly, the functional score improvement related to these activities was reduced for patients undergoing knee replacement (8 vs. 10, p &lt, 0.05). Conclusions: The web-based Institute Registry emerged as a meaningful and sensitive tool during an extraordinary situation such as the COVID-19 pandemic to monitor patients’ progression after total joint arthroplasties. Thanks to this tool, it was possible to observe that the prevention of usual postoperative care due to pandemic-related restrictions did not alter the benefits observed after joint replacement surgeries, even if this condition reduced the postoperative improvements in the most burdensome physical activities. A broader use of this kind of tool would improve and potentially reduce the burden and costs of postoperative patients’ monitoring in standard and extraordinary conditions. In addition, the systematic remote collection of data would allow for the identification of relevant differences in clinical outcomes in specific conditions or following the modification of treatment and rehabilitation protocols.

To identify factors associated with quantified rotatory stability (pivot-shift phenomenon) in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL)-injured knee joint. A consecutive sample of 54 patients who were diagnosed with an ACL injury and admitted to our hospital to undergo ACL reconstruction were enrolled in this study. Antero-lateral rotatory laxity of the knee joint was quantified using a Kinematic Rapid Assessment device (KiRA; Orthokey LTD) under spinal block before initiating reconstruction of the ACL. Univariate and multivariate regressions were performed assuming relationships between patient characteristics (independent variables) and quantified antero-lateral rotatory stability (a dependent variable). It was observed that a low BMI (t = − 1.659, n.s.), greater passive knee extension angle (t = 2.374, P = 0.023), and a narrower lateral femoral condyle width index (t = − 1.712, n.s.) could be candidates associated with the antero-lateral rotatory instability, using univariate analysis. Employing multivariate analysis controlling for these three variables, that the range of passive knee extension was found to be significantly associated with antero-lateral rotatory instability in the ACL-injured knee joint (t = 2.21, P = 0.035). Patients were then divided into two groups (pivot-shift negative versus positive groups) based on the KiRA-documented quantified pivot-shift test. Interestingly, 23.3% of patients were pivot-shift negative, even though their ACL was confirmed as a complete rupture by arthroscopic observations. The degree of passive knee extension was 2.3 ± 4.5 (mean ± SD) in the pivot-shift negative group, while it was 6.8 ± 6.6 in the pivot-shift positive group (n.s.). The lateral femoral condyle width index was 36.6 ± 2.0% in the pivot-shift negative group, and it was significantly wider than in the pivot-shift positive group (33.8 ± 2.6%, P = 0.0046). Finally, we estimated that the risk of positive pivot-shift depends on the degree of knee extension. The logistic regression analysis revealed that genu recurvatum significantly increased the odds ratio for positive pivot-shift (OR = 3.08, P = 0.047, 95% CI = 1.017–9.350). This study revealed that greater antero-lateral rotatory instability in patients with a complete ACL rupture was associated with genu recurvatum and small lateral femoral condyle. These factors should be considered as predictors of a poor outcome from an ACL reconstruction due to a higher load on the ACL graft, and therefore, the attending physicians should modify the treatment strategies accordingly. This study indicates that joint hyperlaxity and bone morphology contribute to the rotational stability of the knee joint, in addition to the ACL and antero-lateral complex (ALC). IV.

Background . Intense training can lead to a pathophysiological change in serum concentration of a variety of biomarkers. Traditional biomarkers of cardiac injury are very useful in monitoring CVD patients, but in healthy subjects or athletes they cannot be informative enough about the cardiovascular risk, because in these cases their serum levels do not increase over the pathological limit. Therefore novel cardiovascular biomarkers are required in order to allow a better monitoring of sport performance, prediction of overtraining and diagnosis of sport-related cardiac injuries. Growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) is emerging as a powerful cardiovascular injury risk indicator. In this study we investigate the effect of intense physical training of on the circulating levels of GDF-15 in rugby professional players. Methods . Serum GDF-15, Erythropoietin, IL-6, the cardiovascular parameter ST-2, NT-proBNP and routine hematological parameters were measured in a group of 30 rugby players before and after a session of intense training. Results . While ST-2, IL-6 and hsCRP displayed no signifi cant changes after intense training, NT-proBNP and GDF-15 showed a signifi cant increase, even without reaching the pathological level. Discussion . The measure of GDF-15 in professional rugby players could be a useful tool to monitoring their cardiovascular status during training and competition session in order to prevent the onset of collateral cardiovascular adverse event due to the intense training and, in the case of cardiac injury, it could possibly allow a very early diagnosis at the beginning of the pathogenic process.

For 4 years we followed a group of football players in the youth division of a professional club, ranging in age from 9 to 19 years, and analyzed the major injuries, i.e., those which required them to be sidelined for at least 4 weeks. We observed 23 sprains, 16 fractures, 16 cases of osteochondrosis, 7 muscle lesions, 6 cases of groin pain (athletic pubalgia), and 4 tendonopathies. The most frequent sites were the knee (n=30) and the ankle (n=11); the trauma factor was predominant (65.2%) with respect to overuse; noncontact traumas were more numerous (63.8%) than those resulting from contrast. Of a total 72 cases 8 regarded goalkeepers, and the remaining 64 cases were distributed among the other positions. As regards the age categories we detected a prevalence of osteochondrosis, traumatic detachments, and some fractures in the younger players, while in the older athletes we observed more sprains, muscle lesions, and tendonopathies.

In recent years, the interaction and collaboration between sports activities and medicine has strongly increased, above all in terms of organizational, regulatory, and health aspects. Indeed, most sports teams now include specialists and consultants in sports-related medicine, who thus constitute a team within a team. The team physician has many difficult tasks relating to both the normal and the emergency management of the athletes. Very severe emergencies that occur on the field, which are fortunately very rare, can involve cardiovascular and neurological lesions, including head and spinal traumas. In these cases, the team physician has to promptly recognize and understand the severity of the accident, in order to safely transport the athlete to a facility equipped for treating critical situations.

Surgical treatment of anterior cruciate ligament injuries in adolescents continues to be controversial even though the advocates of surgical treatment are growing relative to those who prefer conservative treatment. Those using surgical techniques must respect the epiphysary cartilages and try to reproduce the same results that are achieved in adults. We report on a technique analogous to that applied to adults, using doubled hamstring tendons that are fixed with 2 transverse femoral and tibial bioabsorbable cross pins without interfering with the growth cartilage.