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The pedagogical system of alternating cycle, as understood and applied in the CEFFA (Family Educational Centers for Alternating Cycle Training), emerged as a response to the lack of relevance of rural education at the end of the first third of the twentieth century. Since then, more than a thousand CEFFAs have appeared in more than 30 countries around the world and relevant scientific research has been carried out on them. This article aims to reflect on alternating cycle considered as complex pedagogy based on a previous bibliographic review. Starting from some distorted forms of alternating cycle, in the case of the CEFFA it is framed as one of its pillars and its relationship with the components that make it a system is framed. Finally, the aspects that allow us to classify the alternating cycle system as complex are highlighted.

The key system to know the neutron and gamma fields during the commissioning at IFMIF-DONES facility will be the STart-Up Monitoring Module (STUMM), which will include tens of very sophisticated and miniaturised detectors providing crucial information about the radiation fields. In particular, there will be MFCs (micro-fission chambers), ICs (Ionisation Chambers), SPNDs (Self-Powered Neutron Devices) and GTs (Gamma Thermometers).The current state-of-the-art does not provide answers about the performance of the detectors in the very specific working conditions inside the IFMIF-DONES Test Cell, as a very high spatial density of detectors inside the STUMM vessel, an extremely harsh environment with neutron flux up to 5·1014n/cm2/s and the need of long mineral cables (>30 m) to drive the very weak current signals from the irradiation area to the closest electronics cubicles available in the facility.Except for the extremely high neutron flux provided by IFMIF-DONES, all the other very critical conditions can be replicated by means of a 1:1 scaled prototype of the STUMM (STUMM-PROTO), which will be subjected to comprehensive testing and irradiation campaigns in order to increase the knowledge about the performance of the detectors above mentioned.The present work shows the wide range of capabilities offered by STUMM-PROTO as well as the current status of its construction and some first notions about the experimental campaigns to be implemented.

[Purpose] This article analyzes the Colombian Artificial Intelligence (AI) Strategy and seeks to answer the formulation process of Colombia’s digital transformation and Artificial Intelligence strategy. [Methodology/approach/design] The study utilizes a case study analysis approach to explore factors that may have influenced the Colombian AI policy formulation process. We conducted an elite interview and documentary research on public policy documents. [Findings]. This study identifies the inherent challenges of the national strategy for artificial intelligence. The implementation of the Colombian AI Strategy is guided by a market-oriented state model that promotes self-regulation regarding AI. [Practical implications] National strategies are an increasingly important theme of scholarly debate in AI policy. This article aims to contribute to analyzing such strategies, including the challenges inherent in their design and implementation. [Originality/value] This article examines how Latin America’s third most populous country, Colombia, shapes AI governance strategies. The uniqueness of this study lies in its proposition to outline the model of AI governance based on a detailed analysis of public policies.

El texto describe algunos de los hechos más significativos que jalonaron la proyección de la Revolución Cubana en Uruguay durante sus dos primeros años. Es parte de una investigación mayor enfocada a dar cuenta de los vínculos bilaterales entre ambos países desde el golpe de Batista en 1952 y hasta la primera ruptura de relaciones decretada por el gobierno uruguayo en 1964. Las fuentes en que se sustenta este artículo provienen de una diversidad de archivos regionales entre los que cabe muy especialmente destacar la documentación consultada en el Archivo Central del Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores de Cuba1. A ello se añaden documentos de similares características consultados en las cancillerías de Uruguay, Argentina, Brasil, México, Chile, Bolivia, Guatemala y Honduras. Se cruzan en el trabajo y ofician de marco interpretativo, las tensiones de la Guerra Fría que desde 1947 se hacían sentir con nitidez en el ámbito hemisférico pero que desde 1959 se agravaron notablemente a raíz del fuerte impacto que producía el desafío revolucionario cubano. Uruguay, que gozaba de un lugar de prestigio regional por la solidez de su democracia no quedó exento de esas tensiones y el texto prioriza dos niveles de análisis: por un lado, describir las actividades de defensa de la revolución emprendidas por la embajada cubana en Montevideo y, por otro, la amplia receptividad que generaba Cuba a nivel doméstico.

Vegecio es uno de los autores militares de la Antigüedad más conocidos y prestigiosos, cuya influencia se hizo sentir fuertemente en su época, durante la Edad Media y hasta el propio Renacimiento. Su Epitoma rei militaris fue tomado como modelo de muchos otros textos y manuales militares. Una de las características más importantes de su libro es el acento y cuidado que pone en el reclutamiento de los soldados, una actividad que desde el origen y desarrollo del ejército romano había sido uno de los factores de su éxito. El texto y las ideas de Vegecio incidieron notablemente en el pensamiento de Nicolás Maquiavelo, sobre todo en su obra El arte de la guerra. La influencia es tanta, que puede presumirse y evidenciarse que Maquiavelo tomó de forma íntegra muchas de sus ideas y planteamientos, principalmente la insistencia en contar con un ejército propio, resaltar la importancia de la infantería y poner especial cuidado en la preparación y entrenamiento de los soldados. Sin embargo, también hay notables diferencias, como la menor renuencia de Vegecio para recurrir a soldados mercenarios y auxiliares, por ejemplo. Así, por su significación para la teoría política y militar, denotar todas estas semejanzas y diferencias es el objetivo de este texto.

Aerodynamics is one of the main areas of development in vehicle design. One of the most efficient ways of testing the aerodynamic design of a vehicle is to use Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD), which allows for faster and more accurate aerodynamic simulations, which in turn helps increase the fuel economy and electric vehicle's range. Resource optimization is one of the most important aspects of CFD, and one of its main aspects is the spatial discretization of the fluid domain. This study discusses the use of Adaptive Mesh Refinement (AMR) for the aerodynamic design of private vehicles. This paper compares the results obtained with the use of AMR based on different fluid dynamic criteria for the DrivAer model and correlates the results with experimental data and computational results provided by various authors in previous publications. Four different optimization functions are defined and compared. The results for the drag coefficient, pressure coefficient, and total pressure wake have been correlated, showing great accuracy. This study has proven that the use of AMR highly optimizes computational resources by optimizing the mesh in the desired areas, thereby reducing the number of cells needed elsewhere. The use of these criteria has proven useful for drag coefficient prediction simulations because these criteria make use of the AMR to optimize the wake region.

The shield mantis Choeradodis rhombicollis (Latreille, 1833) is a neotropical species that had been recorded for Mexico in the states of Chiapas and Oaxaca. This work report for the first time its presence for the state of Veracruz via the examination of specimens deposited in scientific collections, as well as the revision of records present on the citizen science platform iNaturalist. The new records for Veracruz correspond to the northernmost distribution for the species, genus, and subfamily in America.

In this work, a workflow has been developed for the generation of surrogate metamodels to predict and evaluate failure with a confidence above 95 % in initial service conditions of high-performance cylindrical vessels manufactured in composites by Roll Wrapping technology. Currently, there is no specific testing standardization for this type of vessel and to fill this gap probabilistic numerical models were developed, performed by the Finite Element Method, fed with the material characteristics obtained experimentally by 2D digital image correlation from flat specimens. From the initial numerical model, a surrogate metamodel was generated by stochastic approximations. Once the metamodels were obtained by robust engineering, an experimental ring-ring tensile test was developed under service conditions and deformations were measured by high-precision 3D digital image correlation. Parametric and robust tests showed that the results of the metamodel did not show statistically significant differences, with errors in the rupture part of less than 2 % with respect to the results obtained in the test, being proposed as a basis for new test procedures.

The humped spider Zosis geniculata (Olivier, 1789) is a tropicopolitan spider of the venomless family Uloboridae (Araneae). This species has been recorded for Mexico without a specific locality or state being mentioned, hereby being recorded for the states of Chiapas, Coahuila, Jalisco, Nuevo León, Tamaulipas and Yucatán either via the study of vouchered specimens, the revision of photographic records from the citizen science platform iNaturalist or digital records of scientific collections. A brief diagnosis is provided for the family and the species.

The striped earwig Labidura riparia (Pallas, 1773) is a cosmopolitan species and the sole representative of the family Labiduridae in North America. In Mexico, this species has been previously mentioned for the states of Baja California, Oaxaca, Sonora, Tamaulipas, and Veracruz. In this contribution, it is reported for the first time for the states of Baja California Sur, Colima, Durango, Guerrero, Jalisco, Michoacán, Morelos, Nuevo León, Puebla, Quintana Roo, Sinaloa, and Yucatán, via the examination of vouchered specimens deposited in scientific collections. Additionally, records from the citizen science platform iNaturalist were consulted, confirming the presence of this species in the states of Aguascalientes, Chihuahua, Ciudad de México, Coahuila, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, Nayarit, Querétaro, San Luis Potosí, Tabasco, and Zacatecas. A brief diagnosis is provided for the family, genus, and species.

The winged stick insect Metriophasma iphicles (Redtenbacher, 1906) (Phasmatodea: Pseudophasmatidae) is recorded for the first time from Mexico (state of Veracruz), making this the northernmost record of both the species and genus. A checklist of species in the family Pseudophasmatidae from Mexico and the USA is presented, and a key to the species listed is proposed. With the current record, the number of continental North American species of Phasmatodea increases to 108, and the number of genera in the region increases to 23.

Carbon farming practices are pivotal for enhancing soil organic carbon (SOC) storage in agricultural systems. This study focuses on evaluating the effects of spontaneous cover crops as a conservation strategy compared to conventional management practices on total, non-protected, and protected SOC fractions, as well as carbon saturation, in olive groves across 13 paired sites (26 sites in total) in Andalucía, Spain. The research evaluates organic carbon concentrations in different soil fractions: non-protected (250–2000 µm), physically protected (53–250 µm), and chemically protected (−1 compared to 29.7 Mg C ha−1 in BS, and non-protected carbon at 10.3 Mg C ha−1 versus 4.8 Mg C ha−1. A direct relationship was identified between total SOC and both protected and non-protected carbon fractions, indicating that the soil of the studies olive orchards is far from being saturated in protected SOC. Moreover, the soil of the CC olive farms had a lower carbon saturation deficit (45.3%) compared to BS (67.2%). The findings show that maintaining the cover crops in olive orchards significantly contributed to carbon sequestration and reduced carbon saturation deficits by increasing the stocks of protected SOC.

Dual-energy CT (DECT) imaging has broadened the potential of CT imaging by offering multiple postprocessing datasets with a single acquisition at more than one energy level. DECT shows profound capabilities to improve diagnosis based on its superior material differentiation and its quantitative value. However, the potential of dual-energy imaging remains relatively untapped, possibly due to its intricate workflow and the intrinsic technical limitations of DECT. Knowing the clinical advantages of dual-energy imaging and recognizing its limitations and pitfalls is necessary for an appropriate clinical use. The aims of this paper are to review the physical and technical bases of DECT acquisition and analysis, to discuss the advantages and limitations of DECT in different clinical scenarios, to review the technical constraints in material labeling and quantification, and to evaluate the cutting-edge applications of DECT imaging, including artificial intelligence, qualitative and quantitative imaging biomarkers, and DECT-derived radiomics and radiogenomics.

Cross-sectional energy benchmarking in the building domain has become crucial for policymakers, energy managers and property owners as they can compare an immovable property performance against its closest peers. For this, Key Performance Indicators (KPIs) are formulated, often relying on multiple and heterogeneous data sources which, combined, can be used to set benchmarks following normalization criteria. Geographically delimited parameters are important among these criteria because they enclose entities sharing key common characteristics the geometrical boundaries represent. Linking georeferenced heterogeneous data is not trivial, for it requires geographical aggregation, which is often taken for granted or hidden within a pre-processing activity in most energy benchmarking studies. In this article, a novel approach for Linked Data (LD) generation is presented as a methodological solution for data integration together with its application in the energy benchmarking use case. The methodology consists of eight phases that follow the best principles and recommend standards including the well-known GeoSPARQL Open Geospatial Consortium (OGC) for leveraging the geographical aggregation. Its feasibility is demonstrated by the integrated exploitation of INSPIRE-formatted cadastral data and the Buildings Performance Certifications (BPCs) available for the Catalonia region in Spain. The outcomes of this research support the adoption of the proposed methodology and provide the means for generating cross-sectional building energy benchmarking histograms from any-scale geographical aggregations on the fly.

The search for certainty in a world that is often so binary – where choosing between two options seems to be the better (and simpler) alternative – gives meaning to the expression «a picture is worth a thousand words». But if we are running away from simplicity, why choose between the two? Since the advent of photography, the scientific community has had a tool with which to provide objective knowledge that had previously been recorded and shared through words (both oral and written) and illustrations. It thus became a key tool for constantly pushing back the frontiers of our understanding of nature. Despite its success and potential, photography continues to be overlooked by some in the scientific community. This monograph navigates through the history of photography and science. It shows how great historical figures such as Charles Darwin saw photography as a powerful ally. It also highlights some of the ways in which photography is used in contemporary scientific activity. It is quite striking to consider how transversal and necessary the contribution of photography has been – and will continue to be – to the advancement of science.

La fotografía nace a principios del siglo XIX como una herramienta con la que retratar el mundo que nos rodea. Con su aparición, la comunidad científica encontró una aliada con la que traspasar las fronteras del conocimiento. Desde entonces, el binomio fotografía y ciencia ha evolucionado notablemente. La fotografía se ha posicionado no solo como una vía eficaz en la toma de datos, sino también como una herramienta con la que compartir información científica, tanto dentro como fuera del mundo académico. Además, el desarrollo tecnológico de las últimas décadas promueve una interacción casi continuada de la ciudadanía –incluida la comunidad investigadora– con la fotografía. Este hecho ha abierto aún más las opciones a través de las cuales la fotografía puede integrarse en el desarrollo de la carrera científica.

In a companion paper, we present the first spatially resolved polarized image of Sagittarius A* on event horizon scales, captured using the Event Horizon Telescope, a global very long baseline interferometric array operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm. Here we interpret this image using both simple analytic models and numerical general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic (GRMHD) simulations. The large spatially resolved linear polarization fraction (24%–28%, peaking at ∼40%) is the most stringent constraint on parameter space, disfavoring models that are too Faraday depolarized. Similar to our studies of M87*, polarimetric constraints reinforce a preference for GRMHD models with dynamically important magnetic fields. Although the spiral morphology of the polarization pattern is known to constrain the spin and inclination angle, the time-variable rotation measure (RM) of Sgr A* (equivalent to ≈46° ± 12° rotation at 228 GHz) limits its present utility as a constraint. If we attribute the RM to internal Faraday rotation, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be counterclockwise, contrary to inferences based on historical polarized flares, and no model satisfies all polarimetric and total intensity constraints. On the other hand, if we attribute the mean RM to an external Faraday screen, then the motion of accreting material is inferred to be clockwise, and one model passes all applied total intensity and polarimetric constraints: a model with strong magnetic fields, a spin parameter of 0.94, and an inclination of 150°. We discuss how future 345 GHz and dynamical imaging will mitigate our present uncertainties and provide additional constraints on the black hole and its accretion flow.

The Event Horizon Telescope observed the horizon-scale synchrotron emission region around the Galactic center supermassive black hole, Sagittarius A* (Sgr A*), in 2017. These observations revealed a bright, thick ring morphology with a diameter of 51.8 ± 2.3 μ as and modest azimuthal brightness asymmetry, consistent with the expected appearance of a black hole with mass M ≈ 4 × 10 ^6 M _⊙ . From these observations, we present the first resolved linear and circular polarimetric images of Sgr A*. The linear polarization images demonstrate that the emission ring is highly polarized, exhibiting a prominent spiral electric vector polarization angle pattern with a peak fractional polarization of ∼40% in the western portion of the ring. The circular polarization images feature a modestly (∼5%–10%) polarized dipole structure along the emission ring, with negative circular polarization in the western region and positive circular polarization in the eastern region, although our methods exhibit stronger disagreement than for linear polarization. We analyze the data using multiple independent imaging and modeling methods, each of which is validated using a standardized suite of synthetic data sets. While the detailed spatial distribution of the linear polarization along the ring remains uncertain owing to the intrinsic variability of the source, the spiraling polarization structure is robust to methodological choices. The degree and orientation of the linear polarization provide stringent constraints for the black hole and its surrounding magnetic fields, which we discuss in an accompanying publication.

Tras llevar a cabo una investigación histórica, se presenta una propuesta de trasferencia desde la historia local hacia la historia escolar. A través de un ejemplo aplicado al norte de España, concretamente al concejo de Carreño (Asturias, España), que se investigó desde el punto de vista histórico, se propuso una trasferencia didáctica que parte del estudio de las representaciones escolares sobre el medio próximo. En la propuesta se problematizan los saberes históricos escolares a través del uso de fuentes documentales que dan visibilidad a espacios, temáticas y personas, tradicionalmente invisibilizados por la historia escolar, pero que forman parte de la historia social o de la historia de las mujeres desde hace décadas. El caso escogido nos ha permitido identificar fuentes locales útiles para este cometido, generando una propuesta alineada con el nuevo marco curricular español.

Este texto aborda el origen, las motivaciones de sus protagonistas y también el ocaso de la Unión Patriótica Guatemalteca, capítulo olvidado de la historia del exilio revolucionario guatemalteco en México. A la vez, el trabajo constituye apenas un aspecto de una temática mayor que es la del doloroso exilio que, tras el golpe de 1954, dispersó a numerosos dirigentes, sindicalistas, maestros y estudiantes –no solamente guatemaltecos– por varios países de América Latina durante la primera etapa de la Guerra Fría. El trabajo se sustenta en fuentes primarias que provienen, prioritariamente, de diversos repositorios públicos y privados latinoamericanos.

Objetivos: El propósito de este estudio es realizar una revisión sistemática de la literatura científica para comparar las técnicas de hilera simple y doble para los desgarros del manguito de los rotadores en términos de curación funcional, del dolor y estructural del tendón. Métodos: Para llevar a cabo la investigación se ha realizado una selección sistemática de artículos científicos consultando las bases de datos PubMed y The Cochrane Library. Los artículos incluidos en el presente estudio comparan las técnicas de una y dos hileras, con fecha de publicación entre 2016 y 2021. Resultados: Se observan diversos resultados en las escalas de valoración UCLA, SST, Constant y ASES y en el rango de movilidad, por lo que no se establece la superioridad de una técnica en cuanto a resultados funcionales. La técnica de doble hilera puede mostrar superioridad en la variable fuerza, aunque existe una variabilidad metodológica en su medición. La técnica de doble hilera puede estar relacionada con un dolor postoperatorio más intenso, mientras que la técnica de hilera simple con dolor residual en el hombro. Sin embargo, las variables fuerza y ​​dolor muestran datos no homogéneos o coincidentes. Se establece con resultados estadísticamente significativos, siendo los estudios más homogéneos y coincidentes, la superioridad de la reparación en doble hilera en la cicatrización estructural del tendón y una menor tasa de re-desgarro que la técnica de hilera simple.

Abstract In this study, we investigate the relationship between tax avoidance and earnings management in the largest five European Union economies by using artificial neural network regressions. This methodology allows us to deal with nonlinearities detected in the data, which is the principal contribution to the previous literature. We analyzed Compustat data for Germany, the United Kingdom, France, Italy, and Spain for the 2006–2015 period, focusing on discretionary accruals. We considered three tax avoidance measures, two based on the effective tax rate (ETR) and one on book-tax differences (BTD). Our results indicate the presence of nonlinear patterns and a positive, statistically significant relationship between discretionary accruals and both ETR indicators implying that when companies resort to earnings management, a larger taxable income—and thus higher ETR and lesser tax avoidance– would ensue. Hence, as also highlighted by the fact that discretionary accruals do not appear to affect BTD, our evidence does not suggest that companies are exploiting tax manipulation to reduce their tax payments; thus, the gap between accounting and taxation seems largely unaffected by earnings management.

We present new records of the invasive hammerhead flatworms Bipalium kewense Moseley, 1878 and Bipalium vagum Jones & Sterrer, 2005 (Platyhelminthes, Geoplanidae, Bipaliinae) from several states in Mexico based on iNaturalist and two vouchered specimens. This represents for Mexico the first review of distribution records of this group and highlights the importance of citizen science in monitoring the distribution of these ecologically important invasive predators. Methods for the collection and preservation of hammerhead flatworms, as well as an identification key, are proposed.

Mediterranean olive growing characterizes, identifies, and can sustain the socioeconomic viability of rural areas, not only through the production of primary products but also through the management of renewable natural resources, and the conservation of landscape and biodiversity. However, high levels of mechanization, monocultures, intensive farming techniques, and the use of synthetic pesticides and fertilizers are threatening the environment and affecting rural communities in turn. In the last years, the agroecological discourse emerged as a transdisciplinary science merging agronomy, ecology, and socioeconomic sciences with the purpose of responding to socioeconomic and environmental concerns, responding to the globalized industrial food processing and intensive agriculture. In this context, the research project Sustainolive, guided by an international consortium of stakeholders from academia and the productive sector, has the aim of promoting sustainability in the olive oil sector through the implementation and promotion of innovative and technological solutions based on agroecological concepts. Through an innovative, transdisciplinary, and multi-actor approach, Sustainolive combines different types of knowledge (e.g., scientific, empirical, and traditional), disciplines (ranging from engineering to the humanities), and methodological approaches (e.g., Life Cycle Sustainability Assessment, Social Agrarian Metabolism and multicriterial analysis tools) to provide practical solutions that address the complexity of the olive sector. The results from the application of this methodology are expected to highlight which agroecological practices are more environmentally, economically, and socially sustainable and uncover how Mediterranean societies use agrarian biophysical resources.

The first very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) detections at 870 μ m wavelength (345 GHz frequency) are reported, achieving the highest diffraction-limited angular resolution yet obtained from the surface of the Earth and the highest-frequency example of the VLBI technique to date. These include strong detections for multiple sources observed on intercontinental baselines between telescopes in Chile, Hawaii, and Spain, obtained during observations in 2018 October. The longest-baseline detections approach 11 G λ , corresponding to an angular resolution, or fringe spacing, of 19 μ as. The Allan deviation of the visibility phase at 870 μ m is comparable to that at 1.3 mm on the relevant integration timescales between 2 and 100 s. The detections confirm that the sensitivity and signal chain stability of stations in the Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) array are suitable for VLBI observations at 870 μ m. Operation at this short wavelength, combined with anticipated enhancements of the EHT, will lead to a unique high angular resolution instrument for black hole studies, capable of resolving the event horizons of supermassive black holes in both space and time.

Olive pomace results from the production of olive oil. Even if olive pomace represents a potential environmental problem, it contains phenolic compounds, which are widely recognized for their beneficial properties for human health. In this study, an innovative and sustainable technological approach to extract phenolic compounds from fresh olive pomace, based on food-grade solvent instead of those usually adopted, is investigated. Characterization and shelf-life evaluation of the hydroalcoholic extracts obtained from the procedure developed for different industrial purposes were also carried out. The phenolic fractions of the different samples were studied with the Folin–Ciocâlteu method to quantify that the total reducing molecules and HPLC-MS/MS analysis was used to define the profile through the identification and quantification of 42 compounds, belonging to five chemical families. Regarding shelf-life, the hydroalcoholic extract showed no significant reduction in phenolic content, for both instrumental evaluations, retaining most of the phenolic compounds present in the raw material; negative attributes were not perceived by sensory evaluation. Thus, these lab-scale results can be the starting point to develop a procedure that is suitable for a real olive mill, representing a valorization strategy in a circular economy and the perspective of new business models.

This work involves exploring non-invasive sensor technologies for data collection and preprocessing, specifically focusing on novel thermal calibration methods and assessing low-cost infrared radiation sensors for facial temperature analysis. Additionally, it investigates innovative approaches to analyzing acoustic signals for quantifying coughing episodes. The research integrates diverse data capture technologies to analyze them collectively, considering their temporal evolution and physical attributes, aiming to extract statistically significant relationships among various variables for valuable insights. The study delineates two distinct aspects: cough detection employing a microphone and a neural network, and thermal sensors employing a calibration curve to refine their output values, reducing errors within a specified temperature range. Regarding control units, the initial implementation with an ESP32 transitioned to a Raspberry Pi model 3B+ due to neural network integration issues. A comprehensive testing is conducted for both fever and cough detection, ensuring robustness and accuracy in each scenario. The subsequent work involves practical experimentation and interoperability tests, validating the proof of concept for each system component. Furthermore, this work assesses the technical specifications of the prototype developed in the preceding tasks. Real-time testing is performed for each symptom to evaluate the system’s effectiveness. This research contributes to the advancement of non-invasive sensor technologies, with implications for healthcare applications such as remote health monitoring and early disease detection.

Objetivo. Conocer cuál es el papel de la familia en el desarrollo de las habilidades para acceder y permanecer en el mercado laboral. Metodología. Enfoque cualitativo, método documental y alcance descriptivo. Se realizó una búsqueda panorámica de la literatura en las bases de datos suscritas por la Universidad de La Sabana y Google Académico. Posteriormente, se realizó una categorización abierta y cerrada y se procedió a hacer su análisis. Resultados y conclusión. Se encontró un vacío de la literatura en cuanto al papel de la familia en el desarrollo de dichas habilidades. Se encontró que gran parte de los documentos hacen referencia a la importancia del desarrollo de las habilidades en poblaciones vulnerables. Igualmente, se encontró que los programas para el desarrollo de las habilidades evidencian la importancia del desarrollo de las habilidades no solo para quienes las requieren, sino también en padres y cuidadores, quienes enseñan por medio del modelaje.

Strong sexual selection frequently leads to sexual conflict and ensuing male harm, whereby males increase their reproductive success at the expense of harming females. Male harm is a widespread evolutionary phenomenon with a strong bearing on population viability. Thus, understanding how it unfolds in the wild is a current priority. Here, we sampled a wild Drosophila melanogaster population and studied male harm across the normal range of temperatures under which it reproduces optimally in nature by comparing female lifetime reproductive success and underlying male harm mechanisms under monogamy (i.e. low male competition/harm) vs. polyandry (i.e. high male competition/harm). While females had equal lifetime reproductive success across temperatures under monogamy, polyandry resulted in a maximum decrease of female fitness at 24°C (35%), reducing its impact at both 20°C (22%), and 28°C (10%). Furthermore, female fitness components and pre- (i.e. harassment) and post-copulatory (i.e. ejaculate toxicity) mechanisms of male harm were asymmetrically affected by temperature. At 20°C, male harassment of females was reduced, and polyandry accelerated female actuarial aging. In contrast, the effect of mating on female receptivity (a component of ejaculate toxicity) was affected at 28°C, where the mating costs for females decreased and polyandry mostly resulted in accelerated reproductive aging. We thus show that, across a natural thermal range, sexual conflict processes and their effects on female fitness components are plastic and complex. As a result, the net effect of male harm on overall population viability is likely to be lower than previously surmised. We discuss how such plasticity may affect selection, adaptation and, ultimately, evolutionary rescue under a warming climate.

La apicultura en México como generadora de divisas se ubica entre los tres primeros lugares en el sector pecuario, su producto principal es la miel. El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar la dirección de causalidad temporal o permanente del precio promedio al mayoreo del jarabe de maíz de alta fructuosa en México (PPMJF) en el precio promedio pagado al productor de la miel de abeja en México (PPPML). Los datos corresponden al periodo 1994 a 2021 y fueron procesados mediante la metodología de vectores autorregresivos (VAR). Los parámetros del modelo se estimaron con el método de mínimos cuadrados ordinarios (MCO) en EViews®. El modelo estimado indica que la serie PPPML responde ante un shock de perturbación de la variable PPMJF de manera positiva temporal a partir del segundo año. La prueba de Wald indicó que la serie PPMJF no causa en el sentido de Granger a la variable PPPML, sin embargo, PPPML si causa en el sentido de Granger a PPMJF. El modelo VAR demostró que el PPMJF impacta de manera positiva en los PPPML de manera temporal y no ejerce efectos de manera significativa como factor externo en el precio de la miel pagada al productor en México.

The woodlouse spider Dysdera crocata C. L. Koch, native to the Old World, is recorded for the Mexican state of Nuevo León via the revision of vouchered specimens; it is also recorded for the states of Baja California, Guanajuato, Hidalgo, San Luis Potosí, and Zacatecas via the revision of photographic records from the citizen science platform iNaturalist; these represent the first records of the species for said states. A brief diagnosis is provided for the family and the species.

The high Andean páramos (AnP) are unique ecosystems that harbor high biodiversity and provide important ecosystem services, such as water supply and regulation, as well as carbon sequestration. In southern Ecuador, this ecosystem is threatened by anthropogenic burning activities to create pastures and agricultural land. However, knowledge of the effects of fire on soil properties and nutrient availability is still limited. This study conducted an experimental burn with different ignition patterns on an AnP plateau in southern Ecuador. Fire behavior (flame height, propagation speed, temperature reached on the soil), and fire severity were evaluated. In addition, soil samples were collected at 10 cm depth both 24 h and one year after the burns to measure the effects of fire on the main physico-chemical properties. The results indicate that the low severity of the experimental burns did not affect the physico-chemical properties of the soils, and therefore, soil quality was not altered. These results can help decision makers in the design of policies, regulations, and proposals for the conservation and environmental restoration of AnPs affected by wildfires in southern Ecuador.

Selenium pollution in water is a worldwide issue. Se(IV) and Se(VI) are mainly found in contaminated water due to their high solubility and mobility; their presence poses a serious risk as they can severely harm human health. Although iron oxide and hydroxide nanoparticles can be efficient candidates for the removal of selenium oxyanions due to their high adsorption capacity, the role of each iron species has not been fully elucidated. Furthermore, iron species are often found to be less effective for Se(VI) than Se(IV). The challenge and novelty of this study was to develop a carbon material impregnated with different iron phases, including oxides (magnetite/hematite) and hydroxides (goethite/lepidocrocite) capable of removing both Se(IV) and Se(VI). Since the phase and morphology of the iron nanoparticles play a significant role in Se adsorption, the study evaluated both characteristics by modifying the impregnation method, which is based on an oxidative hydrolysis with FeSO4 7H2O and CH3COONa, and the type of carbonaceous support (activated carbon or sucrose-based carbon foam). Impregnated activated carbons provide better removal efficiencies (70–80%) than carbon foams (

El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los factores productivos, reproductivos, alimentarios y climáticos que afectan la producción de leche en un sistema comercial en la provincia de Mayabeque, Cuba. El estudio tomó en cuenta los factores relacionados con la disponibilidad de pastos, suministro de suplemento, indicadores climáticos y época del año. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó el modelo estadístico de medición de impacto (MEMI) y el análisis de regresión lineal en la lechería genético cuatro, que posee un sistema con banco de biomasa Cenchus purpureus cv Cuba CT-115, y ganado Siboney de Cuba en un periodo de doce años de estudio. Los resultados indicaron que la producción de leche/ha -1 , litros/vaca -1 y kg norgold/día -1 , reconocido como concentrado y producción e identificado como componente 1, explicó 34.4% de la varianza; el segundo componente llamado clima y compuesto por la precipitación y temperatura máxima junto con la disponibilidad del pasto, expresó 19.0% de la varianza; y el tercer componente llamado ITH conformado por las variables humedad relativa El objetivo del presente estudio fue analizar los factores productivos, reproductivos, alimentarios y climáticos que afectan la producción de leche en un sistema comercial en la provincia de Mayabeque, Cuba. El estudio tomó en cuenta los factores relacionados con la disponibilidad de pastos, suministro de suplemento, indicadores climáticos y época del año. Para el análisis de los resultados se utilizó el modelo estadístico de medición de impacto (MEMI) y el análisis de regresión lineal en la lechería genético cuatro, que posee un sistema con banco de biomasa Cenchus purpureus cv Cuba CT-115, y ganado Siboney de Cuba en un periodo de doce años de estudio. Los resultados indicaron que la producción de leche/ha -1 , litros/vaca -1 y kg norgold/día -1 , reconocido como concentrado y producción e identificado como componente 1, explicó 34.4% de la varianza; el segundo componente llamado clima y compuesto por la precipitación y temperatura máxima junto con la disponibilidad del pasto, expresó 19.0% de la varianza; y el tercer componente llamado ITH conformado por las variables humedad relativa

The Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) is a millimeter very long baseline interferometry (VLBI) array that has imaged the apparent shadows of the supermassive black holes M87* and Sagittarius A*. Polarimetric data from these observations contain a wealth of information on the black hole and accretion flow properties. In this work, we develop polarimetric geometric modeling methods for mm-VLBI data, focusing on approaches that fit data products with differing degrees of invariance to broad classes of calibration errors. We establish a fitting procedure using a polarimetric “m-ring” model to approximate the image structure near a black hole. By fitting this model to synthetic EHT data from general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic models, we show that the linear and circular polarization structure can be successfully approximated with relatively few model parameters. We then fit this model to EHT observations of M87* taken in 2017. In total intensity and linear polarization, the m-ring fits are consistent with previous results from imaging methods. In circular polarization, the m-ring fits indicate the presence of event-horizon-scale circular polarization structure, with a persistent dipolar asymmetry and orientation across several days. The same structure was recovered independently of observing band, used data products, and model assumptions. Despite this broad agreement, imaging methods do not produce similarly consistent results. Our circular polarization results, which imposed additional assumptions on the source structure, should thus be interpreted with some caution. Polarimetric geometric modeling provides a useful and powerful method to constrain the properties of horizon-scale polarized emission, particularly for sparse arrays like the EHT.

Event Horizon Telescope (EHT) observations have revealed a bright ring of emission around the supermassive black hole at the center of the M87 galaxy. EHT images in linear polarization have further identified a coherent spiral pattern around the black hole, produced from ordered magnetic fields threading the emitting plasma. Here we present the first analysis of circular polarization using EHT data, acquired in 2017, which can potentially provide additional insights into the magnetic fields and plasma composition near the black hole. Interferometric closure quantities provide convincing evidence for the presence of circularly polarized emission on event-horizon scales. We produce images of the circular polarization using both traditional and newly developed methods. All methods find a moderate level of resolved circular polarization across the image (〈∣ v ∣〉 < 3.7%), consistent with the low image-integrated circular polarization fraction measured by the Atacama Large Millimeter/submillimeter Array (∣ v _int ∣ < 1%). Despite this broad agreement, the methods show substantial variation in the morphology of the circularly polarized emission, indicating that our conclusions are strongly dependent on the imaging assumptions because of the limited baseline coverage, uncertain telescope gain calibration, and weakly polarized signal. We include this upper limit in an updated comparison to general relativistic magnetohydrodynamic simulation models. This analysis reinforces the previously reported preference for magnetically arrested accretion flow models. We find that most simulations naturally produce a low level of circular polarization consistent with our upper limit and that Faraday conversion is likely the dominant production mechanism for circular polarization at 230 GHz in M87*.

Rhizomer helps researchers and practitioners explore knowledge graphs available as Semantic Web data by performing the three data analysis tasks: overview, zoom and filter, and details-on-demand. This approach makes it easier for users to get an idea about the overall structure and intricacies of a dataset, when compared to existing approaches and even without prior knowledge. Rhizomer is helpful for data reusers, who want to know about the reuse opportunities of a given dataset, and for knowledge graph creators, who can check if the generated data follow their expectations. Rhizomer has been applied in many scenarios, from research and commercial projects to teaching.

Background: In children, atopic dermatitis or eczema is the most common inflammatory disease of the skin. According to the International Study of Asthma and Allergies in Childhood (ISAAC) Phase IIIB in Mexico, 5.8% of children and 4.9% of adolescents had eczema symptoms. In 2012, Global Asthma Network (GAN) was established to update the prevalence of eczema and estimate potential factors contributing to its development. Objective: To estimate the prevalence and associated factors for atopic eczema symptoms and diagnosis in children and adolescents according to GAN Phase I and compare the results with ISAAC Phase IIIB in Mexico. Methods: A cross-sectional, multicenter survey was conducted in 15 Mexican centers during the period of 2015–2017 using the GAN Phase I questionnaires in children (6–7-year-olds) and adolescents (13–14-year-olds). The prevalences obtained from the GAN Phase I study, were compared with ISAAC Phase IIIB results; a Spearman's correlation analysis was conducted between temperature, relative humidity, and altitude and eczema symptoms, and a logistic regression was performed to predict current eczema symptoms by age group. Results: A total of 35 777 children and 41 399 adolescents were included. Since ISAAC Phase IIIB, the prevalence of itchy rash in the past 12 months significantly increased in the children's group [6.6% (95% CI 5.7–7.4) vs 7.8 (95% CI 7.5–8.1), p = 0.000] and adolescents' group [5.8% (95% CI 5.0–6.7) vs 6.7% (95% CI 6.5–7.0), p = 0.000].In the adolescents' group, the prevalence of nocturnal awakenings caused by rash symptoms on more than one night per week had a negative correlation between altitude (Spearman's Rho = −0.558, p value = 0.031), and a positive correlation with the average annual temperature (Spearman's Rho = 0.604, p value = 0.017) and annual relative humidity (Spearman's Rho = 0.742, p value = 0.002). The most significant associations in children were the presence of sneezing or runny or blocked nose in the past 12 months [(OR 3.13, 95% CI 2.60–3.77), p = 0.000], the use of paracetamol in the first year of life ([OR 1.52, 95% CI 1.15–2.01), p = 0.003] and the use of antibiotics in the first year of life [(OR 1.30, 95% CI 1.08–1.55) p = 0.004]. Moreover, altitude at 100–1000 m above sea level was associated with current eczema symptoms in adolescents (p = 0.001). Conclusions: There has been a significant increase in eczema symptoms in both age groups since ISAAC Phase IIIB study. Additionally, eczema symptoms were associated with temperature, relative humidity, asthma, hay fever symptoms, the use of paracetamol and antibiotics.

Institutions, policies and companies are the main drivers of the transition of production systems towards a circular bioeconomy. However, it is sometimes necessary to recognise the important role of certain individuals in the success of such important initiatives. This article looks at the main actors in the deployment of the circular bioeconomy in Spain's leading fresh fruit and vegetable producing province, with special recognition for Dr. Christian Patermann.

El artículo profundiza en uno de los más relevantes temas que abarcaron las relaciones entre Uruguay y la dictadura de Fulgencio Batista desde 1952: la activa política de asilo diplomático que desplegó desde su embajada en Cuba entre 1957 y 1958 durante el período insurreccional de la oposición democrática cubana y la masiva represión dictatorial con que fue respondida. La hipótesis que constituye nuestra conclusión es que esta política de asilo asumida frente a Cuba fue resultado, por un lado, de una línea de política exterior de defensa de la democracia y respeto de los tratados interamericanos sobre asilo y, muy importante, del compromiso del embajador para aplicarla sobre el terreno, y, por el otro, del contexto interno de extensa solidaridad internacional hacia los revolucionarios cubanos desde sectores del mundo político, universitario, estudiantil, periodístico y sindical uruguayo, que buscaron influir en la política gubernamental hacia la dictadura de Batista. El trabajo se nutre de fuentes primarias conservadas en archivos de Uruguay, Cuba y otros países de la región, y de fuentes secundarias como artículos de prensa, entrevistas de la época y estudios históricos sobre el tema.

Heritage plays a significant role in understanding historical societies, particularly intangible heritage, as a legacy kept “alive” solely by the action of communities. Therefore, it holds great education potential in the context of critical citizenship education. This action research aims to investigate the perceptions of primary education teachers about intangible heritage and its didactic potential in critical citizenship education. In addition, this paper analyses the changes and continuities that occur in student teachers’ perceptions after carrying out a didactic project focused on relevant social problems linked to the Way of Saint James. This case study is proposed for primary teachers in initial training at the University of A Coruña (Galicia, Spain). The study was conducted during three academic years (2020–2023), with the participation of 160 student teachers. The questionnaire, the interview, and the focus group were used as research instruments. Students learned to give more importance to understanding intangible heritage and reconsidered it as an educational resource for critical citizenship education. However, many aspects of a traditional heritage education remain, where what matters is to respect and care for what is inherited without questioning its current value or its suitability for transmission to future generations.

The leaves of the olive tree (Olea europaea L.) are one of the major solid wastes from the olive industry. Globally, the European Union is the largest producer of olive by-products, with Spain, Italy, Greece, and Portugal accounting for almost the entire production. Many questions remain to be solved concerning olive leaves (OL), including those related to possible differences in composition and/or biological activities depending on their geographical origin. In the present work, OL from Spain, Italy, Greece, and Portugal have been characterized according to their phytochemical profile, antioxidant capacity, neuroprotective activity, and anti-inflammatory effects. The Spanish and Italian OL samples presented the highest antioxidant and neuroprotective activities, while the Greek OL showed the lowest. These results were strongly associated with the content of oleoside methyl ester and p-hydroxybenzoic acid for the Spanish and Italian samples, respectively, whereas the content of decarboxymethyl elenolic acid dialdehyde form (hydrated) was negatively associated with the mentioned biological activities of the Greek samples. No country-related effect was observed in the anti-inflammatory activity of OL. Comprehensively, this work could provide a useful tool for manufacturers and R&D departments in making environmentally friendly decisions on how OL can be used to generate nutraceutical products based on the composition and origin of this by-product.

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most common types of cancer worldwide. The KRAS mutation is present in 30–50% of CRC patients. This mutation confers resistance to treatment with anti-EGFR therapy. This article aims at proving that computer tomography (CT)-based radiomics can predict the KRAS mutation in CRC patients. The piece is a retrospective study with 56 CRC patients from the Hospital of Santiago de Compostela, Spain. All patients had a confirmatory pathological analysis of the KRAS status. Radiomics features were obtained using an abdominal contrast enhancement CT (CECT) before applying any treatments. We used several classifiers, including AdaBoost, neural network, decision tree, support vector machine, and random forest, to predict the presence or absence of KRAS mutation. The most reliable prediction was achieved using the AdaBoost ensemble on clinical patient data, with a kappa and accuracy of 53.7% and 76.8%, respectively. The sensitivity and specificity were 73.3% and 80.8%. Using texture descriptors, the best accuracy and kappa were 73.2% and 46%, respectively, with sensitivity and specificity of 76.7% and 69.2%, also showing a correlation between texture patterns on CT images and KRAS mutation. Radiomics could help manage CRC patients, and in the future, it could have a crucial role in diagnosing CRC patients ahead of invasive methods.

Following global trends, research to determine the presence and abundance of microplastics (MPs) in environmental matrices in Colombia has focused on the coastal and marine environments. However, little scientific information is available on the impact of this pollutant on wetlands and fish. In this study, we provided scientific data on the occurrence and abundance of MPs in water and fish from Tocagua Lake, an important wetland in the Colombian Caribbean, and the unique habitat of wild cotton-top tamarins (Saguinus oedipus). Water (72) and fish (228 individuals of six species) samples were collected during four sampling events and two climatic seasons (wet and dry). A total of 1174 microplastic particles were collected in water with an average abundance of microplastics at the six stations sampled during four sampling events of 0.96 ± 0.40 MPs/L, and 648 MPs were identified in the gastrointestinal tract of 191 individuals, corresponding to a frequency of occurrence of 83.7%. Black- and blue-colored fiber MPs were particles that predominated in both matrices (water and fish), and seven types of polymers were identified through attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy analysis. The abundance, type, and color of MPs in water and fish were not significantly different between seasons.

Este libro analiza la literacidad crítica, en palabras del autor, no como un método o una técnica, sino como “una manera de enseñar para leer el mundo y transformarlo con la propia vida”. La literacidad crítica juega un importante papel en la educación para la ciudadanía y la democracia. El autor consigue abordar este proceso de lectura de la realidad desde el plano conceptual, pero también presenta una propuesta de acción centrada en cuatro dimensiones, que van desde la lectura del mundo a su transformación, en una conexión permanente con la enseñanza y aprendizaje de las problemáticas sociales.

Objectives The large number of infected patients requiring mechanical ventilation has led to the postponement of scheduled neurosurgical procedures during the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. The aims of this study were to investigate the factors that influence the decision to postpone scheduled neurosurgical procedures and to evaluate the effect of the restriction in scheduled surgery adopted to deal with the first outbreak of the COVID-19 pandemic in Spain on the outcome of patients awaiting surgery.Design This was an observational retrospective study.Settings A tertiary-level multicentre study of neurosurgery activity between 1 March and 30 June 2020.Participants A total of 680 patients awaiting any scheduled neurosurgical procedure were enrolled. 470 patients (69.1%) were awaiting surgery because of spine degenerative disease, 86 patients (12.6%) due to functional disorders, 58 patients (8.5%) due to brain or spine tumours, 25 patients (3.7%) due to cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) disorders and 17 patients (2.5%) due to cerebrovascular disease.Primary and secondary outcome measures The primary outcome was mortality due to any reason and any deterioration of the specific neurosurgical condition. Second, we analysed the rate of confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection.Results More than one-quarter of patients experienced clinical or radiological deterioration. The rate of worsening was higher among patients with functional (39.5%) or CSF disorders (40%). Two patients died (0.4%) during the waiting period, both because of a concurrent disease. We performed a multivariate logistic regression analysis to determine independent covariates associated with maintaining the surgical indication. We found that community SARS-CoV-2 incidence (OR=1.011, p

Aunque desde hace ya casi dos siglos comenzó a desarrollarse la sociedad de masas típica de la actualidad en el mundo occidental, y con ella se volviera un problema de gran relevancia de estudio la manera en que los individuos se forman su opinión en interacción con el medio social, en el mundo de hoy, con la plena extensión de los medios de comunicación tradicionales y con el arribo impetuoso de las redes sociales, es mucho más pertinente y necesario emprender el estudio de ese tema, lo cual es precisamente la materia de este ensayo de Cass R. Sunstein.

In Southern Spain, olive trees have traditionally been cultivated in marginal areas with relatively shallow and bare soils under rainfed conditions, resulting in heavy soil losses and soil degradation. The implementation of temporary spontaneous cover crops in the inter-rows of olive groves, has proven to be a suitable diversification strategy to reduce soil erosion but it can also contribute to climate change mitigation and the boosting of internal nutrient recycling. However, information on the contribution of cover crops to atmospheric CO2 fixation and on nutrient retention in olive groves is scarce, which is a major drawback when it comes to modelling on larger spatial scales. In this study, we aimed to assess the potential effects of temporary spontaneous cover crops in olive groves on CO2 fixation and nutrient retention. The aerial biomass of cover crops (0.25m2 frames) and contents of carbon and nitrogen (CNHS analyser), phosphorus and potassium (IPC-MS) were analyzed in 46 commercial olive groves with different tree densities and cover crop layouts; the whole farm (WCC), the whole farm except the area below the tree canopy (CCC) or in bands of a given width in the inter-row area (BCC). Cover crops of 56% of the olive groves were under BCC whereas only 17% were under WCC. The annual net primary production of cover crops under WCC (1,707.4 kg DM ha−1 y−1) was significantly higher than that of CCC (769.5 kg DM ha−1 y−1) and with intermediate values for BCC (1,186.4 kg DM ha−1 y−1). Similarly, the annual rate of C-CO2 fixation in the annual net primary production of olive groves with WCC (642.1 kg C ha−1 y−1) was 1.35 and 2.1 times higher than the olive groves with BCC and CCC, respectively. On average, 19.5 kg N ha−1 y−1, 2.48 kg P ha−1 y−1 and 24.30 kg K ha−1 y−1 was accumulated in the biomass of the cover crops. This study demonstrates that cover crops contribute significantly to CO2 reduction and the retention of significant amounts of tree-unused nutrients. In addition, the higher the area covered by cover crops, the higher the contribution to these ecosystem services.

Abstract Background The integration of 3D printing technology in hospitals is evolving toward production models such as point-of-care manufacturing. This study aims to present the results of the integration of 3D printing technology in a manufacturing university hospital. Methods Observational, descriptive, retrospective, and monocentric study of 907 instances of 3D printing from November 2015 to March 2020. Variables such as product type, utility, time, or manufacturing materials were analyzed. Results Orthopedic Surgery and Traumatology, Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, and Gynecology and Obstetrics are the medical specialties that have manufactured the largest number of processes. Working and printing time, as well as the amount of printing material, is different for different types of products and input data. The most common printing material was polylactic acid, although biocompatible resin was introduced to produce surgical guides. In addition, the hospital has worked on the co-design of custom-made implants with manufacturing companies and has also participated in tissue bio-printing projects. Conclusions The integration of 3D printing in a university hospital allows identifying the conceptual evolution to “point-of-care manufacturing.”

Abstract Background The movement and spatial ecology of an animal depends on its morphological and functional adaptations to its environment. In fossorial animals, adaptations to the underground life help to face peculiar ecological challenges, very different from those of epigeal species, but may constrain their movement ability. Methods We made a long-term capture-recapture study of the strictly fossorial amphisbaenian reptile Trogonophis wiegmanni to analyze its long-term movement patterns. We also used passive integrated transponder (PIT) telemetry to detect and follow undisturbed individuals underground, obtaining data of their short-term movement patterns. Results Amphisbaenians showed a high site fidelity, moving short distances and over small areas, and spending some days without any noticeable movement, even under favorable conditions. We also found differences in movements between sexes and age classes. Conclusions This movement and spatial strategy can be related to the energetic constrains of underground burrowing, or to the low metabolic requirements of fossorial reptiles, as distances and areas covered were much smaller than for epigeal reptiles of similar size. Individual differences probably reflect differential reproductive and social requirements of males and females, and that younger individuals might show more floating behavior until they can settle in a territory. This study is a rare example describing the movement ecology of a fossorial species and may contribute to the general understanding of the factors that affect space use and movement decisions in animals.