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Il Rapporto 2020 realizzato in collaborazione da Assessorato Agricoltura e agro-alimentare, caccia e pesca della Regione Emilia-Romagna e Unione regionale delle Camere di Commercio dell’Emilia-Romagna, con l’apporto scientifico dell’Università di Bologna e dell’Università Cattolica di Piacenza, descrive e analizza l’intero sistema agro-alimentare del territorio, fornisce un quadro dei principali problemi congiunturali, ed evidenzia le tendenze strutturali in atto che influenzano lo scenario di riferimento per gli operatori del settore. È la più completa e aggiornata fotografia del settore agro-alimentare a livello regionale. Il 2020 sarà ricordato come l’anno della pandemia del COVID-19, che ha interessato in modi e tempi diversi quasi tutto il pianeta. Le ripercussioni sull’agricoltura e sull’intero sistema agro-alimentare sono state profonde e di carattere sia congiunturale sia strutturale. Vi è incertezza su quelle che potranno essere le conseguenze di un evento di tale portata nel lungo periodo, anche per la complessa e differenziata realtà del sistema agro-alimentare italiano e regionale.

Zone rurali e aziende agricole in Cina: cambiamenti strutturali nel periodo 1996-2006 Le analisi dello sviluppo economico della Cina spesso trascurano le profonde differenze esistenti nelle zone rurali e le caratteristiche delle aziende agricole cinesi Scopo di questo lavoro č evidenziare i cambiamenti strutturali dell'agricoltura e delle aziende agricole che hanno interessato le vaste aree rurali della Cina a partire dalla riforma del 1978 e le disparitŕ crescenti fra le grandi macroregioni del Paese. Vengono, inoltre, sottolineate le caratteristiche dell'imponente fenomeno delle migrazioni interne e le sue ripercussioni sia sulle aree rurali di partenza che su quelle urbane di destinazione. I dati utilizzati sono quelli del Primo (1996) e del Secondo (2006) Censimento dell'agricoltura e delle zone rurali in Cina.

RECENT DEVELOPMENTS IN CHINESE AGRICULTURE The development of the Chinese agricultural sector and its capability to increase agricultural production is gaining a greater importance for food security and food trade on a worldwide scale. Considering the size of China, this could influence international food prices, and thus determine major problems for food-importing developing countries. The People’s Republic of China (PRC) remains predominantly a rural country, but its economy is characterized by strong macro-regional differences owing to factor endowments (human capital, resources and infrastructure) and differences in the structure of agriculture and other economic sectors. Economic development in China has registered uneven economic growth in favour of the coastal region (vs. inland and border ones), the urban areas (vs. rural areas) and the industrial sector (vs. the agricultural sector). During its transition the Chinese economic system faced strong structural changes. One of the main changes is certainly the reduction of the share of the agricultural sector in relation to total GDP and labour force. Indeed, the rural enterprises (or township and village enterprises, TVEs) are the leading and most dynamic elements in China’s economy. Therefore, the integration of agricultural activities with other economic activities in the rural areas is of great importance and interest [Biggeri, M., 1998; Giovannini, 2000].

Within the framework of a general reflection on technical change, this paper is aimed at opposing an approach that assigns a primary role to the progress of biological knowledge in the evolution of the agro-food system. Instead, the importance of the complex and heterogeneous nature of the transformation under way is highlighted. Biotechnological research risks falling into a reductionist rut when it ignores the structural and organizational changes in the agro-food industry and the contribution of other technical innovations, especially in the field of computers and in product innovation. If one really wants to speak of a biotechnology revolution, one must specify that it is essentially a scientific revolution: at the production level the contribution of the biotechnologies is still potential, while the agro-food sector is going through a period of profound change.

We analyze the behavior of relative food prices for a set of 24 European countries observed during the period January 1996–December 2007. We use recent methods for the analysis of nonstationary panels to show that food price dynamics can be decomposed into a common component and an idiosyncratic component. From this decomposition we compute and analyze the real exchange rates for a set of food products. We find that countries included in the euro area are more market integrated; that is, real exchange rates tend to converge, than countries that did not adopt euro.

The Rapporto sulla Federconsorzi (Report on the Italian Confederation of Agricultural Unions), published in 1963, is one of Manlio Rossi-Doria’s better known works. The book prompted widespread debate, not only among agricultural economists but, even more, in the national political arena. The reprint of the Report is therefore relevant for an understanding not only of how the huge economic and political patrimony built during the fifties an sixties was dissipated with the bankruptcy of the Federconsorzi in 1993, but also of the changes in Italian agriculture over the last few decades. The introduction to the reprint of the Report underlines the particular contribution offered by Rossi-Doria for a better understanding of the recent structural changes in the Italian agriculture and the agri-food system.

The aim of this paper is to propose a theoretical "multi-phase" strategy for analysing in dynamic terms the territorial impact of agricultural and environmental EU policy measures. This approach should also allow to evaluate the adjustment capability of farms as a function of the characteristics of different territories. The proposed methodology is illustrated by an example using data relative to the 41 provinces of Northern Italy. In the first step, a multivariate statistical analysis (MSA) consisting in Principal Component Analysis and Cluster Analysis leads to the identification of homogeneous clusters of territorial units. The territorial mapping is conditional to a predetermined set of indicators that takes into account different aspects of agricultural development. In a second step, Positive Mathematical Programming (PMP) allows to introduce the impact of agricultural policies (compensatory payments, price changes, etc.) returning different scenarios of land use and agricultural profitability. According to the outputs of the PMP, the third step consists in a new MSA for detecting any changes in the territorial mapping. Convergence analysis can then synthesise the impact of the different policy options. © Springer-Verlag 2001.

From January 1990 through October 1993, 527 patients under 40 years were submitted to operative laparoscopy for the treatment of 544 adnexal cystic masses by stripping or vaporization/coagulation techniques in nine centers in Rome. The mean age of patients was 27.8 years, ranging from 13 to 39. The mean diameter of the cysts was 45.8 mm. ranging from 20 to 130. The procedure was completed by laparoscopy in 518 cases (95.2%) whereas 26 cases (4.8%) were converted to laparotomy. Conservative treatment was performed in all cases except 6 (1.1%), where ovariectomy or adnexectomy was performed. Histopathology revealed a borderline tumor in two; in all others the cyst was benign. It is concluded that operative laparoscopy is the procedure of choice for the treatment of carefully selected adnexal masses in patients of reproductive age.

International audience; Les industries agro-alimentaires présentent des points communs avec les autres industries, notamment en ce qui concerne l'innovation. L'invention est un élément fondamental permettant aux industries de défendre leurs parts de marché. Les connaissances acquises doivent être commercialement défendues en termes de nouveaux produits et nouveaux processus de production. Cette protection est garantie par le droit de propriété industrielle ; le brevet n'est qu'un des moyens par lequel ce droit s'exerce : il permet de protéger une innovation technique tandis que les droits de propriété protègent aussi des innovations esthétiques ainsi que des dénominations ou appellations d'origine. Cette étude présente les premiers résultats d'une vaste enquête sur les brevets d'invention enregistrés en Italie durant la période 1967-1990 dans le secteur agro-alimentaire. Elle souligne leur progression dans le temps et l'importance acquise dans chaque production. La présence de grandes industries multinationales est toujours importante. L'analyse a également permis de constater qu'il n'existe pas de relation étroite entre la position commerciale des industries et leur présence en termes de brevets.

Agrofood biotechnologies : a limited action. This article analyses the diffusion of inovations in the food industry considered as a privileged sphère for the implementation of biotechnologies. It is opposed to an approach exclusively focused on the developing knowledge in biology. It insists, on the other hand, on the necessity to take structural and organisational problems into considération in the food industry, so as to take hold of the real impact of biotechnologi- cal innovations and their possible articulation with current techniques such as informations procès s ing and production problems., Cet article analyse la diffusion des innovations dans les industries agroalimentaires considérées comme un champ d'application privilégié des biotechnologies. Il s'oppose à une approche exclusivement centrée sur les progrès de la connaissance dans le domaine biologique. Il insiste par contre sur la nécessité de prendre en considération les changements structurels et organisationnels dans les industries agro-alimentaires pour saisir la portée réelle des biotechnologies et leur éventuelle articulation avec des techniques en vigueur comme l'informatique et la productique., Fanfani Roberto, Green Raùl H., Rodríguez-Zúñiga Manuel. Les biotechnologies dans l'agro-alimentaire : un impact limité. In: Cahiers d'Economie et sociologie rurales, N°24-25, 3e et 4e trimestres 1992. Biotechnologie et agriculture. pp. 115-130.

Productivity and competitiveness in the italian agro-food industry During the last decade the Italian food industry has been characterized by a relative stability in terms of productivity and employment. The high performance is partly justified by the typical anti-cyclical charasteristics of the sector, which are bound to the stability of food consumption. Together whith the past, the agro-food sector has shown a quite innovative dynamic trend whithin itself, in connection whith an intense restructuring activity. The increase in production capacity has not been coupled with an increase in the overall plant size. Investments and innovative activities have been connected with a process of external development by means of acquisitions and merger. The dynamic features of the sector and its strategic importance whithin the Italian economy, have attracted foreign firms, thus anticipating the acievement of the Internal Market due by 1992., L'industrie alimentaire italienne a été caractérisée dans la dernière décennie par une relative stabilité en termes de production et d'emploi. Ces bons résultats sont en partie justifiés par les traditionnelles caractéristiques anticycliques du secteur, liées à la stabilité des consommations alimentaires. A côté des facteurs de continuité avec le passé, le secteur fait preuve d'une dynamique interne certainement innovante, et cela donne lieu à d'intensifs processus de restructuration. L'accroissement de la capacité de production n'a pas été lié à une augmentation totale de la dimension des installations. Les investissements et les processus d'innovation ont été correlés à un fort processus de croissance externe à travers les acquisitions et les fusions. La dynamique du secteur et son importance stratégique dans le cadre du système agro-alimentaire italien a attiré l'intérêt des entreprises étrangères, en devançant en partie la réalisation du marché unique en 1992., Seguineau Gildas, Fanfani Roberto, Gatti Silvia. Productivité et compétitivité dans l'industrie agro-alimentaire italienne. In: Économie rurale. N°207, 1992. pp. 17-25.

Grosskopf Werner, Fanfani Roberto, Briz Julian. Industries agro-alimentaires : approche par pays. In: Économie rurale. N°195, 1990. p. 41.

Summary The increased availability of disaggregated information over time provides opportunities for a more complete analysis in economic research. It also poses the problem as to how to make a more efficient use of such data. Different methods of pooling time-series and cross-section data have been proposed. Some consider the problem of obtaining extraneous information from a cross-section sample in order to incorporate this into a time-series. Other methods focus on a specification of the error structure of the model. These methods are not mutually exclusive. This article reviews the different methods, outlining both their merits and limitations.

Nel 2019, il prodotto interno lordo dell'Unione Europea (UE) si è atte-stato a circa 13.900 miliardi di euro a prezzi correnti. In termini reali, il PIL dell'UE nel 2019 è stato superiore del 17% rispetto al livello di un decennio prima . Tuttavia, a causa delle restrizioni attuate in tutto il Mondo nel 2020 per contenere e rallentare la rapida diffusione del virus Covid-19, il PIL sta diminuendo molto rapidamente. Nel 2019 quasi un quarto del PIL dell'UE è stato generato dalla Germania (24,7%), seguita da Francia (17,4%) e Italia (12,8%), poi da Spagna (8,9%) e Paesi Bassi (5,8%).

Il Rapporto 2014 sul Sistema Agroalimentare dell'Emilia-Romagna rappresenta un importante contributo alla conoscenza di un settore fondamentale dell'economia regionale, un utile strumento per gli operatori e una guida per le politiche degli enti locali. Il Rapporto si apre con due capitoli che descrivono da un lato, lo scenario internazionale e, dall'altro le politiche comunitarie e nazionali, per il settore agroalimentare, che modificano lo scenario nel quale gli operatori saranno chiamati a muoversi dal 2014 al 2020. I principali cambiamenti congiunturali del sistema agroalimentare regionale occupano la parte central del Rapporto, con Quattro capitol dedicati all'agricoltura. Successivamente vengono affrontati gli altri aspetti rilevanti del sistema agro-alimentare regionale partendo dall'industria alimentare, con le dinamiche congiunturali e alcuni approfondimenti strutturali dell'occupazione.

Il rapport 2016 sul sitema agro-alimentare dell'Emilia Romagna rappresenta un importante contributo alla conoscenza di un settore fondamentale dell'economia regionale. Il rapport si apre con due capitol che descrivono, da un lato, l'andamento delle economie e dei mercati agroalimentari mondiali, dall'altro, le politiche nazionali e comunitarie per il settore agro-alimentare, con il primo anno di applicazione della PAC 2014-2020

2.1. Lo scenario comunitario Il paragrafo descrive gli eventi che hanno caratterizzato la politica comunitaria nel 2011. Tra i vari argomenti verranno trattati: l’andamento dell’economia dell’Unione Europea e in particolare quello del settore agricolo, le proposte del bilancio dell’UE dal 2014 al 2020 e le proposte per la futura PAC. 2.1.1. Il bilancio dell’Unione Europea dal 2014 al 2020: la PAC e la Politica di Coesione Il paragrafo riporterà una sintesi del dibattito sul bilancio, 2014-2020, dell’Unione Europea e come si inseriscono in questa prospettiva la PAC e la Politica di Coesione. 2.2. Lo scenario nazionale Nel paragrafo verranno analizzate le misure politiche che hanno caratterizzato lo scenario nazionale del 2011. Tra queste possiamo ricordare l’applicazione e il sostegno dell’articolo 68, l’OCM vino, il Pacchetto Latte e l’attuazione dei fondi destinati ai Piani di Sviluppo Rurale regionali e il rischio di disimpegno. 2.2.1. La posizione italiana sul futuro della PAC Il paragrafo riporta la posizione che ha assunto l’Italia nel corso del 2011 rispetto a quella che si prospetta essere la nuova PAC dal 2014 al 2020 con le proposte della Commissione Europea del 12 ottobre 2011. 3.1. L’andamento congiunturale dei redditi agricoli nell’Unione Europea Il paragrafo descrive l’andamento dei redditi agricoli dell’Unione Europea nel 2011, mettendo in luce i principali fattori che ne determinano la crescita o la diminuzione. Verranno analizzati gli andamenti dei principali comparti e le differenze tra paesi dell’Unione Europea. 3.2. La produzione agricola in Italia Il paragrafo illustra i trend dei principali aggregati economici nazionali del settore agricolo quali la produzione, i consumi intermedi e il valore aggiunto del 2011 e confronti con gli andamenti precedenti.

Rural development is aimed at providing rural areas with urban population’s life conditions. For that reason it is important to support efficient agents capable of generating initiatives to help the rural community's development by enhancing its whole available and potential resources. Agricultural cooperatives stand out due to their special link to rural population and the territory where they are settled. The study of the performance of these businesses is gaining in importance, mainly in connection with its measure to deal with the businesses’ different characteristics. Therefore, the objective of this work is to check the suitability of the Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) to measure the agricultural cooperatives’ efficiency. The findings obtained from an empirical analysis carried out on 81 Italian cooperatives operating in processing and preserving of fruit and vegetables in the period 2001-2005 shows that in the whole evaluated period the average technical efficiency was on 92% referred to the variable returns to scale model and 83% considering the constant to return model. The tendency of the technical efficiency (TE) to decrease during the period considered depends on the low level of scale efficiency (SE). In particular this inefficiency of scale is represented by the imbalance between the size of the cooperatives and the reached production levels.

Il Rapporto sul sistema agroalimentare dell'Emilia Romagna contribuisce ad approfondire la conoscenza del ruolo che l'agricoltura riveste nell'economia regionale. Il Rapporto si apre con due capitoli sulle politiche internazionali e nazionali, orientati alla definizione delo scenario istituzionale. La parte centrale del Rapporto descrive le traiettorie di sviluppo del sistema agro-alimentare regionale e approfondisce i temi della produttività e redditività del settore, le produzioni zootecniche, il credito e l'impiego dei fattori produttivi. Il Rapporto discute poi altri aspetti rilevanti del sistema sgroa-alimentare come ad esempio l'industria alimentare e l'andamento dei consumi alimentari. Dopo aver descritto gli interventi e le politiche attuate a livello regionale, il rapporto termina con due approfondimenti monografici dedicati alla valorizzazione dei prodotti agro-alimentari e al consumo di alimenti biologici in Emilia Romagna.

The progress in farming since the beginning of civilization has brought to the present conventional agriculture, intensive and often efficient in the use of producing factors, not always sustainable in the long term. The increasing pollution associated with conventional farming and the consumers’ desire for tastier, fresher, safer foods have prompted a process of “getting back to nature” along the route of agricultural progress. Under the pressure of this movement, the European Council ruled the sector of organic farming and organically-produced foods under Regulation 91/2092/EEC, the first and foremost piece of legislation, which was subsequently modified and integrated by additional norms, such as Regulation 99/1804/EC for animal productions. A discussion of Reg. 91/2092/EEC is presented, focusing on the relevant parts at the farm level, such as Annex I, norms for crop productions, and Annex II, the products that may be employed as fertilizers and pesticides. A comparison with conventional and integrated cropping highlights the progress that is still possible, in view of a better qualification of organic vegetable products. The main rules for organic farming of bovines, equines, swine, goats, sheep and poultry are also described and some aspects of particular interest such as problems arising from non-ruminants nutrition and GMO residues in feedstuffs are briefly discussed.

The aim of this study was to compare the effects of traditional and organic agricultural, feeding and breeding systems on the quality of lipids from animal and vegetable origin. The study was divided into three main sections: 1) evaluation of extra virgin olive oils obtained from olives produced by conventional and organic agricultural systems; 2) evaluation of liposoluble minor components obtained from soybeans and barley seeds produced by conventional and organic agricultural systems; 3) effects of different breeding and feeding systems on cholesterol oxidation and sterol content of freeze-dried egg yolks. In general, slight, no significant differences were found between lipids from animal and vegetable products obtained by conventional and organic systems. Nevertheless, these results correspond to only one set of experiments, which could have been influenced by the particular weather conditions of the 2003 harvest. Therefore, this set of data should be considered as preliminary, but they represent a good starting basis for further studies in this field. More research is required in this area and it would be advisable to evaluate vegetable products from different harvest years, in order to draw valid conclusions.

Analisi delle qualità salutistiche di arance biologiche e coltivate con agricoltura tradizionale. Contenuto di polifenoli, vitamina C, poliammine e attivtà antiossidante

The objective of the paper is to analyse biofuel stakeholders’ expectations and the role of networking in the promotion of biodiesel value chains at European level. European Commission has set aggressive targets for saving of energy consumption and GHG emission and promotion of renewables and biofuels. The current paper analyses the main legislative, economic and political promoting and limiting factors for biofuel chain development at the regional and international level as identified during networking events set up in five European countries. Main influencing factors: involvement of public agencies for intersectoral value chain development promotion, importance of contract agreements for business processes reorganization and informative nets creation, introduction of training, quality premium, profit sharing with farmers, enhanced managerial approach of farmers, rapid growth of cereal prices and lack of arable land which are likely to compromise the challenge of biofuels to meet the EC target, the lack of a clear and long lasting normative frame

Field-crop research in organic farming is aimed as in conventional farming, at enhancing the effective use of land, labour and energy in achieving a desired output, while saving unnecessary, often non-renewable resources. A vast review of literature is available on the subject for organic crop science, often covering the same topics as in conventional one. More to that, organic cropping has stimulated the development of such tools as agro-ecological indicators and systems of environmental accountancy, which are progressively being extended to the evaluation of conventional cropping systems. In the present paper, the research is focused on a two-year rotation of feed crops, barley and soybean, as the first element of an organic food chain ranging from the field to the animal-based human food. Each crop’s most significant issue in organic farming was investigated: nitrogen nutrition in the cereal; weed control in the late-developing grain leguminous. The two fertilizers tested for barley, a compost of agro-industrial residues and a vinasse of distilled molasses, had a contrasting effect in the second year of trials, when the latter boosted plant biomass but also its sensitivity to a fungal disease, which in turn depressed grain yield at harvest. The problem of weeds in soybean was investigated by means of two sowing times some 15 days apart, each coupled with timely tillage in pre-seeding (harrowing) and in post-emergence (inter-row hoeing). In the first, hot and dry year, the later seeding incurred in a serious plant stress and in a very low yield at harvest. In the second, cool year, a much larger weed population was better controlled in the late seeding thanks to arrowing just prior to sowing. The inter-row hoeing provided a useful support in controlling residual weeds in the early seeding, quite negligible in the late one. On concluding, it is perceived as the farmer’s skill and knowledge are the key factors of success in organic cropping, since fewer means are available to tackle unexpected problems than in conventional cropping.