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1. Characterization of a Modified Clinical Linear Accelerator for Ultra-High Dose Rate Beam Delivery

Author

Umberto Deut, Aurora Camperi, Cristiano Cavicchi, Roberto Cirio, Emanuele Maria Data, Elisabetta Alessandra Durisi, Veronica Ferrero, Arianna Ferro, Simona Giordanengo, Oscar Martì Villarreal, Felix Mas Milian, Elisabetta Medina, Diango M. Montalvan Olivares, Franco Mostardi, Valeria Monti, Roberto Sacchi, Edoardo Salmeri, and Anna Vignati

Subjects
ultra-high dose rate, FLASH radiotherapy, LINAC, dosimetry, electron beam, silicon sensors, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

Irradiations at Ultra-High Dose Rate (UHDR) regimes, exceeding 40 Gy/s in single fractions lasting less than 200 ms, have shown an equivalent antitumor effect compared to conventional radiotherapy with reduced harm to normal tissues. This work details the hardware and software modifications implemented to deliver 10 MeV UHDR electron beams with a linear accelerator Elekta SL 18 MV and the beam characteristics obtained. GafChromic EBT XD films and an Advanced Markus chamber were used for dosimetry characterization, while a silicon sensor assessed the machine’s beam pulses stability and repeatability. The dose per pulse, average dose rate and instantaneous dose rate in the pulse were evaluated for four experimental settings, varying the source-to-surface distance and the beam collimation, i.e., with and without the use of a cylindrical applicator. The results showed a dose per pulse from 0.6 Gy to a few tens of Gy and an average dose rate up to 300 Gy/s. The obtained results demonstrate the possibility to perform in vitro radiobiology experiments and test new technologies for beam monitoring and dosimetry at the upgraded LINAC, thus contributing to the electron UHDR research field.

Published
2024
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2. First experimental validation of silicon-based sensors for monitoring ultra-high dose rate electron beams

Author

Elisabetta Medina, Arianna Ferro, Mohammad Abujami, Aurora Camperi, Matteo Centis Vignali, Emanuele Data, Damiano Del Sarto, Umberto Deut, Fabio Di Martino, Mohammad Fadavi Mazinani, Marco Ferrero, Veronica Ferrero, Simona Giordanengo, Oscar A. Martì Villarreal, Mohammad Amin Hosseini, Felix Mas Milian, Luigi Masturzo, Diango M. Montalvan Olivares, Marco Montefiori, Giovanni Paternoster, Jake Harold Pensavalle, Valentina Sola, Roberto Cirio, Roberto Sacchi, and Anna Vignati

Subjects
FLASH radiotherapy, ultra-high dose rate electron beams, beam monitoring, silicon sensors, TERA chip, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

Monitoring Ultra-High Dose Rate (UHDR) beams is one of the multiple challenges posed by the emergent FLASH radiotherapy. Technologies (i.e., gas-filled ionization chambers) nowadays used in conventional radiotherapy are no longer effective when applied to UHDR regimes, due to the recombination effect they are affected by, and the time required to collect charges. Exploiting the expertise in the field of silicon sensors’ applications into clinics, the medical physics group of the University and INFN Torino is investigating thin silicon sensors as possible candidates for UHDR beam monitoring, exploiting their excellent spatial resolution and well-developed technology. Silicon sensors of 30 and 45 µm active thicknesses and 0.25, 1 and 2 mm2 active areas were tested at the SIT ElectronFlash machine (CPFR, Pisa) on 9 MeV electron beams, featuring a pulse duration of 4 µs, a frequency of 1 Hz, and a dose-per-pulse ranging from 1.62 to 10.22 Gy/pulse. The silicon sensors were positioned at the exit of the ElectronFlash applicator, after a solid water build-up slab, and were readout both with an oscilloscope and with a multi-channel front-end readout chip (TERA08). A response linearity extending beyond 10 Gy/pulse was demonstrated by comparison with a reference dosimeter (FlashDiamond), thus fulfilling the first requirement of a potential application in UHDR beam monitoring.

Published
2024
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3. Fluence Beam Monitor for High-Intensity Particle Beams Based on a Multi-Gap Ionization Chamber and a Method for Ion Recombination Correction

Author

Simona Giordanengo, Leslie Fanola Guarachi, Saverio Braccini, Giuseppe A. P. Cirrone, Marco Donetti, Federico Fausti, Felix Mas Milian, Francesco Romano, Anna Vignati, Vincenzo Monaco, Roberto Cirio, and Roberto Sacchi

Subjects
online beam monitor, ionization chambers, particle therapy, large beam intensities, flash therapy, Technology, Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General), TA1-2040, Biology (General), QH301-705.5, Physics, QC1-999, Chemistry, QD1-999
Abstract

This work presents the tests of a multi-gap detector (MGD), composed of three parallel-plate ionization chambers (ICs) with different gap widths, assembled to prove the capability of correcting for charge volume recombination which is expected to occur when high fluence rates are delivered. Such beam conditions occur with a compact accelerator for charged particle therapy developed to reduce the costs, to accomplish faster treatments and to exploit different beam delivery techniques and dose rates as needed, for example, for range modulation and FLASH irradiations, respectively. The MGD was tested with carbon ions at the Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO Pavia, Italy), and with protons in two different beam lines: at Bern University Hospital with continuous beams and at the Laboratori Nazionale del Sud (Catania, Italy) of the Italian National Center of Nuclear Physics (INFN) with pulsed beams. For each accelerator, we took measurements with different beam intensities (up to the maximum rate of ionization achievable) and changed the detector bias voltage (V) in order to study the charge collection efficiency. Charge recombination models were used to evaluate the expected collected charge and to measure the linearity of the rate of ionization with the beam fluence rate. A phenomenological approach was used to determine the collection efficiency (f1) of the chamber with thinnest gap from the relative efficiencies, f1/f2 and f1/f3, exploiting the condition that, for each measurement, the three chambers were exposed to the same rate of ionization. Results prove that two calibration curves can be determined and used to correct the online measurements for the charge losses in the ICs for recombination.

Published
2022
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4. Beam Monitors for Tomorrow: The Challenges of Electron and Photon FLASH RT

Author

Anna Vignati, Simona Giordanengo, Federico Fausti, Oscar A. Martì Villarreal, Felix Mas Milian, Giovanni Mazza, Zahra Shakarami, Roberto Cirio, Vincenzo Monaco, and Roberto Sacchi

Subjects
FLASH RT, electron beams, photon beams, beam monitors, silicon detector, Physics, QC1-999
Abstract

The emergent FLASH RadioTherapy (RT) uses ultrahigh dose-rate irradiation (up to 107 Gy/s instantaneous dose-rate in each μs pulse) to deliver a single high dose of irradiation in a very short time (

Published
2020
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5. Preliminary Characterization Tests of Detectors of on-Line Monitor Systems of the Italian National Center of Oncological Hadron-Therapy (CNAO)

Author

Abdolkazem Ansarinejad, Marco Donetti, Maria Adelaide Garella, Simona Giordanengo, Roberto Cirio, Flavio Marchetto, Vincenzo Monaco, Cristiana Peroni, and Roberto Sacchi

Subjects
Active Beam Delivery System, Hadron Therapy, Ionization Chamber, On-Line Detectors, Medical physics. Medical radiology. Nuclear medicine, R895-920
Abstract

Introduction Hadron-therapy is an effective technique used to treat tumors that are located between or nearby vital organs. The Italian National Center of Oncological Hadron-therapy (CNAO) has been realized as the first facility in Italy to treat very difficult tumors with protons and Carbon ions. The on-line monitor system for CNAO has been developed by the Department of Physics of the University of Torino and Italian National Institute of Nuclear Physics (INFN). The monitoring system performs the on-line checking of the beam intensity, dimension, and beam position. Materials and Methods The monitor system is based on parallel plate ionization chambers and is composed of five ionization chambers with the anodes fully integrated or segmented in pixels or strips that are placed in two boxes. A series of measurements were performed that involve the background current and the detectors have been characterized by means of a series of preliminary testes in order to verify reproducibility and uniformity of the chambers using an X-ray source. Results The measured background currents for StripX, StripY and Pixel chambers are five orders of magnitude smaller than the nominal treatment current. The reproducibility error of chambers is less than 1%. The analysis of the uniformity showed that the monitor devices have a spread in gain that varies, but only about 2%. Conclusion The reproducibility and the uniformity values are considered as a good result, taking into account that the X-ray energy range is several orders of magnitude smaller than the particle energies used at CNAO.

Published
2013
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6. A Front-End Circuit in 28 nm CMOS for Hydrogenated Amorphous Silicon Detectors in Clinical Dosimetry.

Author

Giovanni Mazza, Lorenzo Piccolo, Luca Antognini, Saba Aziz, Aishah Bashiri, Lucio Calcagnile, Daniela Calvo, Domenico Caputo, Anna Paola Caricato, Roberto Catalano, Roberto Cirio, Giuseppe Antonio Pablo Cirrone, Tommaso Croci, Giacomo Cuttone, Gianpiero De Cesare, Paolo De Remigis, Sylvain Dunand, Michele Fabi, Luca Frontini, Catia Grimani, Mariacristina Guarrera, Maria Ionica, Keida Kanxheri, Matthew Large, Francesca Lenta, Valentino Liberali, Nicola Lovecchio, Maurizio Martino, Giuseppe Maruccio, Mauro Menichelli, Anna Grazia Monteduro, Arianna Morozzi, Francesco Moscatelli, Augusto Nascetti, Stefania Pallotta, Daniele Passeri, Maddalena Pedio, Marco Petasecca, Giada Petringa, Francesca Peverini, Pisana Placidi, Gianluca Quarta, Silvia Rizzato, Federico Sabbatini, Leonello Servoli, Alberto Stabile, Cinzia Talamonti, Jonathan Emanuel Thomet, Luca Tosti, Mattia Villani, Richard James Wheadon, Nicolas Wyrsch, and Nicola Zema

Published
2024
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7. Two-channel combination methods for count-loss correction in radiation measurements at high rates and with pulsed sources

Author

Mohammad-Reza Mohammadian-Behbahani, Vincenzo Monaco, Mohammed Abujami, Davide Bersani, Emanuele Maria Data, Cosimo Galeone, Simona Giordanengo, Omar Hammad Ali, Oscar Ariel Martì Villarreal, Felix Mas Milian, Diango M. Montalván-Olivares, Elisa Richetta, Amedeo Staiano, Michele Stasi, Anna Vignati, Roberto Cirio, and Roberto Sacchi

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Count-loss correction, Two-channel combination methods, Beam monitoring, Instrumentation, Radiation detector
Published
2022

8. BEAM MONITORING FOR ELECTRON FLASH BEAMS

Author

Anna Vignati, Mohammed Abujami, Davide Bersani, Emanuele Data, Cosimo Galeone, Simona Giordanengo, Oscar Ariel Martì Villarreal, Felix Mas Milian, Elisabetta Medina, Diango Montalvan Olivares, Valeria Monti, Roberto Cirio, and Roberto Sacchi

Subjects
Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, General Medicine
Published
2022

9. MEDICAL PHYSICS ESCAPE ROOM – UNLOCK THE DISCOVERY OF THE PHYSICS IN MEDICINE

Author

Anna Vignati, Osvaldo Rampado, Mohammed Abujami, Davide Bersani, Emanuele Data, Veronica Ferrero, Elisa Fiorina, Cosimo Galeone, Simona Giordanengo, Oscar Ariel Martì Villarreal, Felix Mas Milian, Vincenzo Monaco, Valeria Monti, Roberto Sacchi, Maria Beatrice Vallero, and Roberto Cirio

Subjects
Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, General Medicine
Published
2022

10. A single ion discriminator ASIC prototype for particle therapy applications

Author

O Hammad Ali, J. Olave, V. Monaco, Roberto Cirio, Giovanni Mazza, Federico Fausti, A Vignati, Simona Giordanengo, Richard Wheadon, F Rotondo, and Roberto Sacchi

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), Particle therapy, Discriminator, Avalanche diode, business.industry, Amplifier, medicine.medical_treatment, Counting efficiency, Single ion detectors, Particle therapy, ASIC design, Silicon sensors, Dead time, Noise (electronics), 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Silicon sensors, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, ASIC design, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, medicine, Single ion detectors, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

In the framework of the development of future advanced treatment modalities in charged particle therapy, the use of silicon sensors is an appealing alternative to gas ionization chambers commonly used for beam monitoring. A prototype of a device, based on Low-Gain Avalanche Diode (LGAD) sensors with 50 μ m thickness, is being developed to discriminate and count single beam particles. This paper describes the design and characterization of ABACUS, an innovative multi-channel ASIC prototype for LGAD readout, based on a fast amplifier with self-reset capabilities. The design goals aim at detecting charge pulses in a wide range, from 4 fC to 150 fC, up to 70 MHz instantaneous rates, with a dead time of about 10 ns or less and efficiency larger than 98%. The characterization results indicate that even at the lowest input charge the signal-to-noise ratio is 15, high enough to keep full efficiency and preventing fake counts from the electronics noise. The dead time was found to be in the range between 5 ns and 10 ns, allowing to reach a full counting efficiency up to instantaneous rates of 70 MHz or larger, depending on the input charge.

Published
2021

11. Test of innovative silicon detectors for the monitoring of a therapeutic proton beam

Author

Z Ahmadi Ganjeh, Andrea Attili, M.I. Ferrero, M. Mandurrino, O Hammad Ali, G. Mazza, Roberto Sacchi, Roberto Cirio, A. Vignati, V. Monaco, M. Donetti, Simona Giordanengo, N. Cartiglia, V. Sola, A. Staiano, L Manganaro, Roberta Arcidiacono, and Federico Fausti

Subjects
History, Materials science, Proton, Silicon, chemistry, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Optoelectronics, business, Beam (structure), Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract

Beam monitoring in particle therapy is a critical task that, because of the high flux and the time structure of the beam, can be challenging for the instrumentation. Recent developments in thin silicon detectors with moderate internal gain, optimized for timing applications (Ultra Fast Silicon Detectors, UFSD), offer a favourable technological option to conventional ionization chambers. Thanks to their fast collection time and good signal-to-noise ratio, properly segmented sensors allow discriminating and counting single protons up to the high fluxes of a therapeutic beam, while the excellent time resolution can be exploited for measuring the proton beam energy using time-of-flight techniques. We report here the results of the first tests performed with UFSD detector pads on a therapeutic beam. It is found that the signal of protons can be easily discriminated from the noise, and that the very good time resolution is confirmed. However, a careful design is necessary to limit large pile-up inefficiencies and early performance degradation due to radiation damage.

Published
2020

12. Accuracy assessment of the CNAO dose delivery system in the initial period of clinical activity and impact of later improvements on delivered dose distributions

Author

A Vignati, Mohammad Amin Hosseini, Marco Donetti, Roberto Sacchi, Vincenzo Monaco, Simona Giordanengo, Roberto Cirio, Flavio Marchetto, Andrea Attili, F.M. Milian, G. V. Russo, and Mario Ciocca

Subjects
Particle number, Feedback control, Heavy Ion Radiotherapy, Dose distribution, Radiation Dosage, Stability (probability), 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Proton Therapy, Humans, Pencil-beam scanning, Radiation treatment planning, Retrospective Studies, Mathematics, Dose delivery, business.industry, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Radiotherapy Dosage, General Medicine, Radiotherapy, Computer-Assisted, dose delivery accuracy, pencil beam scanning, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, charged particle therapy, Nuclear medicine, business, Lateral offset
Abstract

Purpose A retrospective analysis of the dose delivery system (DDS) performances of the initial clinical operation at CNAO (Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica) is reported, and compared with the dose delivery accuracy following the implementation of a position feedback control. Methods Log files and raw data of the DDS were analyzed for every field of patients treated with protons and carbon ions between January 2012 and April 2013 (~3800 fields). To investigate the DDS accuracy, the spot positions and the number of particles per spot measured by the DDS and prescribed by the treatment planning system were compared for each field. The impact of deviations on dose distributions was studied by comparing, through the gamma-index method, 2 three-dimensional (3D) physical dose maps (one for prescribed, one for measured data), generated by a validated dose computation software. The maximum gamma and the percentage of points with gamma ≤ 1 (passing volume) were studied as a function of the treatment day, and correlated with the deviations from the prescription in the measured number of particles and spot positions. Finally, delivered dose distributions of same treatment plans were compared before and after the implementation of a feedback algorithm for the correction of small position deviations, to study the effect on the delivery quality. A double comparison of prescribed and measured 3D maps, before and after feedback implementation, is reported and studied for a representative treatment delivered in 2012, redelivered on a polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) block in 2018. Results Systematic deviations of spot positions, mainly due to beam lateral offsets, were always found within 1.5 mm, with the exception of the initial clinical period. The number of particles was very stable, as possible deviations are exclusively related to the quantization error in the conversion from monitor counts to particles. For the chosen representative patient treatment, the gamma-index evaluation of prescribed and measured dose maps, before and after feedback implementation, showed a higher variability of maximum gamma for the 2012 irradiation, with respect to the reirradiation of 2018. However, the 2012 passing volume is >99.8% for the sum of all fields, which is comparable to the value of 2018, with the exception of one day with 98.2% passing volume, probably related to an instability of the accelerating system. Conclusions A detailed retrospective analysis of the DDS performances in the initial period of CNAO clinical activity is reported. The spot position deviations are referable to beam lateral offset fluctuations, while almost no deviation was found in the number of particles. The impact of deviations on dose distributions showed that the position feedback implementation and the increased beam control capability acquired after the first years of clinical experience led to an evident improvement in the DDS stability, evaluated in terms of gamma-index as a measure of the impact on dose distributions. However, the clinical effect of the maximum gamma variability found in the 2012 representative irradiation is mitigated by averaging along the number of fractions, and the high percentage of passing volumes confirmed the accuracy of the delivery even before the feedback implementation.

Published
2020

13. ABACUS : Two fast amplifiers for the readout of LGAD detectors

Author

Roberto Cirio, Federico Fausti, Jonhatan Olave, Roberto Sacchi, Giovanni Mazza, and Vincenzo Monaco

Subjects
CMOS, business.industry, Preamplifier, Computer science, Amplifier, Detector, Electrical engineering, Electronics, business, Signal, Particle counter, Diode
Abstract

The design of a single particle counter for therapeutical proton beams based on Low Gain Avalanche Diodes and optimized for very fast signals is carried on in the framework of the INFN MoVe-IT research project. Fast signal shaping front-end electronics is mandatory in this application in order to deal with particle rates of the order of hundreds of MHz per channel. Two preamplifier architectures, one based on a fast Charge Sensitive Amplifier with self-reset capabilities and a second one based on a Trans-Impedance Amplifier have been developed in a commercial CMOS 0.11 µm technology and submitted to the foundry.

Published
2019

14. PO-1327: Performances of new beam monitors based on Ultra Fast Silicon Detectors for proton therapy

Author

Roberto Sacchi, A. Vignati, V. Monaco, O. A. Marti Villarreal, Z Shakarami, F.M. Milian, Amedeo Staiano, M. Mandurrino, M. Donetti, Federico Fausti, V. Sola, Simona Giordanengo, M.I. Ferrero, Roberto Cirio, and O Hammad Ali

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Hematology, Oncology, chemistry, Optoelectronics, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Ultra fast, business, Proton therapy, Beam (structure)
Published
2020

15. Thin low-gain avalanche detectors for particle therapy applications

Author

Federico Fausti, O A Martì Villarreal, Z Shakarami, A Vignati, Richard Wheadon, O Hammad Ali, F Tommasino, F Mas Milian, Roberto Cirio, G. Mazza, V. Sola, Roberto Sacchi, V. Monaco, E Verroi, A. Staiano, M. Donetti, M.I. Ferrero, and Simona Giordanengo

Subjects
History, Materials science, Particle therapy, business.industry, Low gain, medicine.medical_treatment, Detector, medicine, Optoelectronics, business, Computer Science Applications, Education
Abstract

The University of Torino (UniTO) and the National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN-TO) are investigating the use of Ultra Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD) for beam monitoring in radiobiological experiments with therapeutic proton beams. The single particle identification approach of solid state detectors aims at increasing the sensitivity and reducing the response time of the conventional monitoring devices, based on gas detectors. Two prototype systems are being developed to count the number of beam particles and to measure the beam energy with time-of-flight (ToF) techniques. The clinically driven precision (< 1%) in the number of particles delivered and the uncertainty < 1 mm in the depth of penetration (range) in radiobiological experiments (up to 108 protons/s fluxes) are the goals to be pursued. The future translation into clinics would allow the implementation of faster and more accurate treatment modalities, nowadays prevented by the limits of state-of-the-art beam monitors. The experimental results performed with clinical proton beams at CNAO (Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica, Pavia) and CPT (Centro di Protonterapia, Trento) showed a counting inefficiency 2, and a deviation of few hundreds of keV of measured beam energies with respect to nominal ones. The progresses of the project are reported.

Published
2020

16. Characterization of a silicon detector and front-end electronics prototype for single ion discrimination in hadrontherapy

Author

O. H. Ali, Roberto Sacchi, V. Sola, Simona Giordanengo, M. Ferrero, M. Mandurrino, Federico Fausti, Giovanni Mazza, A. Vignati, Z Shakarami, Roberto Cirio, N. Cartiglia, Vincenzo Monaco, Amedeo Staiano, and J. Olave

Subjects
Transimpedance amplifier, Particle therapy, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Dynamic range, business.industry, Computer science, medicine.medical_treatment, Detector, Electrical engineering, STRIPS, 01 natural sciences, law.invention, Application-specific integrated circuit, law, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, Electronics, 010306 general physics, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

The Move-IT research project of the National Institute for Nuclear Physics aims at the study of models for biologically optimized treatment planning systems in particle therapy and the development of dedicated devices for plan verification. On behalf of this collaboration, the Turin medical physics group is working for the development of a new prototype of silicon strips detector. This device, based on 50 µm thin silicon sensors with internal gain, aims to detect the single beam particle and count their number up to 109 cm2/s fluxes, with a precision ≥ 99%. The prototype detector will cover a 3×3 cm2 area, segmented in strips. The classic orthogonal strip positioning is used for beam profile measures. At the moment, two types of sensor geometry with different silicon design features have been characterized with laser, radioactive sources and with a clinical proton beam. For what concerns the front-end electronics, the challenging tasks are represented by the charge and dynamic range which are respectively the 3-150 fC and the hundreds of MHz instantaneous rate (at least 100 MHz, 250 MHz ideally). On this purpose, our group is exploring different solutions with the design of two prototypes of custom front-end electronics: one based on a resistive feedback differential transimpedance amplifier and a second one based on a charge sensitive amplifier with gain boost and a discrimination-activated reset of the feedback capacitance. Preliminary results on the ASIC characterization are presented in the following sections.

Published
2018

17. A simple method to increase the current range of the TERA chip in charged particle therapy applications

Author

V. Monaco, A. Vignati, Giovanni Mazza, Roberto Sacchi, M. Varasteh Anvar, Federico Fausti, Simona Giordanengo, Roberto Cirio, L Fanola Guarachi, E Talpacci, and F. Marchetto

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Radiotherapy, Charged particles, Ionization chambers, business.industry, Orders of magnitude (temperature), Electrical engineering, Integrated circuit, Chip, Particle detector, law.invention, law, Electronics read-out, Instrumentation, Measuring instrument, Tera, business, Order of magnitude, Electronic circuit
Abstract

The development of the next generation of accelerators for charged particle radiotherapy aims to reduce dimensions and operational complexity of the machines by engineering pulsed beams accelerators. The drawback is the increased difficulty to monitor the beam delivery. Within each pulse, instantaneous currents larger by two to three orders of magnitude than present applications are expected, which would saturate the readout of the monitor chambers. In this paper, we report of a simple method to increase by almost two orders of magnitude the current range of an Application Specific Integrated Circuit chip previously developed by our group to read out monitor ionization chambers.

Published
2015

18. Measurement of the lifetime of tau-lepton

Author

U. Mjoernmark, Edoardo Castelli, F. Pierre, P. Allen, G. W. Van Apeldoorn, R. J. Apsimon, L. Ventura, V. Ruhlmann, Roland Horisberger, L. Bugge, D. Z. Toet, G. Hamel de Monchenault, Andrey Korytov, G. Ekspong, Itzhak Roditi, Gueorgui Chelkov, Pierre Juillot, M. De Beer, M. Bonesini, Y. Sacquin, Josef Strauss, M.A. Lopez Aguera, Francesca Romana Cavallo, Hans Muller, B. Koene, J.A.M.A. Buytaert, W. Venus, L. Di Ciaccio, Jan Krolikowski, N. N. Khovanski, Mitchell Wayne, M. S. Bilenky, G. Tristam, L.J. Carroll, W. Bartl, R. Pain, P. N. Bogolubov, M. J. Bates, J. A. Valls Ferrer, Giovanni Darbo, Christine Kourkoumelis, P. Siegrist, V. V. Lapin, N. Crosland, S. Simonetti, M. Begalli, E. Dahl-Jensen, Paolo Morettini, J. G. Loken, C. De Clercq, Klaus Hamacher, J. P. Laugier, Natale Demaria, R. Lucock, M. Richardson, G. Meola, Toralf Bernhard Skaali, M. Boratav, D. Gamba, P. Beilliere, M. Battaglia, T. Bolognese, W. J. Murray, R. Strub, J-C. Marin, Spyros Tzamarias, G. Cosme, A. Perrotta, G. Borisov, George Kalkanis, P. B. Renton, G. Voulgaris, M. Pimenta, B. A. Khomenko, M. Baubillier, V. Canale, S. Gumenyuk, R. A. Brenner, Stavros Maltezos, M. Bonapart, O. Barring, Y. Dufour, P. D. Dauncey, Sandor Czellar, D. C. Fries, Patrick Jarry, S. J. Alvsvaag, C. Vander Velde, N. De Groot, G. Rinaudo, G. Sette, A. Elliot Peisert, A. Stocchi, Francesco Navarria, J. Zúñiga, P. Astier, W. Bonivento, P. Weilhammer, A. M. Zaitsev, Alexander Vodopyanov, F. Bianchi, G. Vegni, N. Brummer, J. Bjarne, P. O. Hulth, T. Tabarelli, P. Van Dam, M. Davenport, G. Polok, A. Ruiz, Winfried Mitaroff, E. Lieb, P. Antilogus, C. Lambropoulos, Ugo Amaldi, W. De Boer, E. Zevgolatakos, G. Matthiae, Marta Calvi, P. Delpierre, I. Herbst, M. Matveev, R. Mc Nulty, I. Lippi, W. Kucewicz, E. K. Johansson, J. Pyyhtia, Geoffrey Smith, D. Johnson, Louis Lyons, W. Klempt, Renato Turchetta, H. De Boeck, S. Tavernier, G. Wormser, E. Daubie, G. E. Theodosiou, Mogens Dam, D. Fassouliotis, Ariella Cattai, F. Couchot, M. Kopf, M. Tyndel, S. C. Blyth, O. Pingot, G. Wilkinson, M.D.M. De Fez Laso, Juan Fuster, Jacques Lemonne, J. Sanchez, C. Bosio, E.N. Tsyganov, J. H. Wickens, Jose Luis Contreras, T. Kreuzberger, J. Derkaoui, S. Braibant, S. Dagoret, F. Stichelbaut, D. Zavrtanik, A. Tilquin, S. O. Holmgren, L. S. Vertogradov, J. Maillard, M. T. Trainor, P. Vaz, R. Sosnowski, O. Ullaland, Leif J. Jönsson, G. Myatt, F. Adami, V. G. Timofeev, A. G. Frodesen, Pawel Jalocha, Barry King, G. Smadja, L. Mathis, D. Husson, Ugo Gasparini, A. Pullia, J.M. Gago, D. Bertrand, J. Timmermans, I. A. Tyapkin, B.D. Hyams, T. S. Spassoff, Torsten Paul Ake Åkesson, Demetrios Loukas, R. Keranen, Philippe Charpentier, Francisco Matorras, N. Yamdagni, U. Trevisan, H. Furstenau, R. Frühwirth, L. O. Eek, R. C. Shellard, Josef Hrubec, A. M. Segar, A. G. Olshevski, B. Boštjančič, V. Perevozchikov, Theodora Papadopoulou, B. Korzen, Jon Christopher Wikne, C. Defoix, E. I. Rosenberg, A. Campion, S. Volponi, B. Dalmagne, F. Fulda-Quenzer, H. P. Borner, Stefan Schael, A. Lipniacka, Paul Baillon, Alexander Lincoln Read, M. Szeptycka, Tiziano Camporesi, A.J. Camacho Rozas, Abdenour Lounis, M.-H. Gros, Laurent Chevalier, M. Fernandez Alonso, D. Radojicic, V. Obraztsov, Jan Ridky, P. Folegati, Z. Hajduk, K. Kurvinen, Maciej Górski, W. Ruckstuhl, Borge Svane Nielsen, J. J. Lozano, Guido Barbiellini, R. Zukanovich Funchal, B. Franek, H. Wahlen, Ariel Goobar, E. Graziani, P. S. Iversen, F. Fontanelli, Maria Roberta Monge, A. Zalewska, Krzysztof Doroba, N. G. Redaelli, R. Moeller, A. Hakansson, Chiara Meroni, J. H. Koehne, Marco Bozzo, T. Hofmokl, Marek Szczekowski, J. M. Brunet, H. Foeth, Roberto Cirio, I. Roncagliolo, L. K. Resvanis, J. E. Hooper, J. Guy, P. Lutz, W. Krupinski, W. T. Meyer, P. V. Chliapnikov, Tord Ekelof, H. Staeck, D. Benedic, P. Abreu, P. Borgeaud, J. P. Gerber, Tim Adye, E. Rosso, H. Klein, P. Beltran, Peter Kluit, F. Naraghi, P. Frenkiel, K. H. Becks, E. Vallazza, Milos Lokajicek, J. Cuevas Maestro, A. Chan, B. Ueberschaer, Massimo Caccia, H. J. Hilke, D. J. Holthuizen, F. Waldner, S. Haider, Antonio Ferrer, Tuure Tuuva, F. Simonetto, F. Kapusta, K. W. Glitza, Clara Troncon, G. Leder, B. Åsman, W.S.C. Williams, J.-E. Augustin, F. Ledroit, E.N. Gazos, M. Schaeffer, B. Loerstad, Eilam Gross, B. Nijjhar, E. Menichetti, Stefano Ragazzi, K. Furnival, C. Walck, A. De Angelis, P. Collins, D. Delikaris, Vladimir Nikolaenko, C. Caso, J. Drees, Fernand Grard, A. Passeri, D. Crennell, F. Mandl, T. Todorov, H. Burmeister, N. van Eijndhoven, J. Werner, L. Tortora, F. J. Harris, C. De La Vaissiere, C. J. Beeston, Daniel Bloch, F. Cao, Ahmimed Ouraou, Wolfgang Adam, M. L. Turluer, B. W. Heck, M. Mazzucato, P. Szymanski, Robert S. Brown, V.M. Golovatyuk, Carlos Lacasta, K. D. Brand, N. I. Zimin, Krzysztof A. Rybicki, H. B. Crawley, D. Isenhower, A. Pinsent, D. Wormald, K. Woschnagg, A. De Min, Joao Varela, V. Falaleev, M. Dracos, J. J. Gomez Y Cadenas, V. Chorowicz, D. Reid, Yu. 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Jackson, P. Kokkinias, J. Lindgren, Nikita Smirnov, F. Carena, Pierre Billoir, M. Pernicka, I. Hietanen, Jose M. Benlloch, A. Grant, Vaclav Vrba, Hans Dijkstra, G. Lenzen, J. E. Campagne, M. Koratzinos, P. Negri, J.H. Bibby, Göran Jarlskog, A. Letessier-Selvon, J. Dolbeau, P.S.L. Booth, P. N. Ratoff, A. Lopez-Fernandez, J. Marco, M. P. Clara, Maria Elena Pol, S. Katsanevas, D. Y. Bardin, T. A. Filippas, M. Regler, P. Yepes, H. Mueller, C. O. Higgins, B. Bouquet, R. Orava, A. Klovning, Laboratoire d'Annecy de Physique des Particules (LAPP), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Savoie Mont Blanc (USMB [Université de Savoie] [Université de Chambéry])-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), CMS, Institut de Physique des 2 Infinis de Lyon (IP2I Lyon), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), L3, Acciarri, M., Achard, P., Adriani, O., Aguilar Benitez, M., Alcaraz, J., Alemanni, G., Allaby, J., Aloisio, Alberto, Alviggi, Mariagrazia, Ambrosi, G., Anderhub, H., Andreev, V. 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S., Gentile, S., Gheordanescu, N., Giagu, S., Gong, Z. F., Grenier, G., Grimm, O., Gruenewald, M. W., Guida, M., Gulik, R. v., Gupta, V. K., Gurtu, A., Gutay, L. J., Haas, D., Hasan, A., Hatzifotiadou, D., Hebbeker, T., Herve, A., Hidas, P., Hirschfelder, J., Hofer, H., Holzner, G., Hoorani, H., Sr, H., Hu, Y., I, I., Jin, B. N., Jones, L. W., Jong, P. d., I, J., Khan, R. A., Kaur, M., Kienzle Focacci, M. N., Kim, D., Kim, J. K., Kirkby, J., Kiss, D., Kittel, W., Klimentov, A., Konig, A. C., Kopp, A., V, K., Kraber, M., Kraemer, R. W., Krenz, W., Kruger, A., Kunin, A., P. L., De, I, L., Landi, G., Lassila Perini, K., Lebeau, M., Lebedev, A., Lebrun, P., Lecomte, P., Lecoq, P., Coultre, P. L., Lee, H. J., J. M., Le, Leiste, R., Leonardi, E., Levtchenko, P., Li, C., Lokhoded, S., Lin, C. H., Lin, W. T., Linde, F. L., Lista, L., Liu, Z. A., Lohmann, W., Longo, E., Y. S., Lu, Lubelsmeyer, K., Luci, C., Luckey, D., Lugnier, L., Luminari, L., Lustermann, W., W. G., Ma, Maity, M., Malgeri, L., Malinin, A., Mana, C., Mangeol, D., Mans, J., Marchesini, P., Marian, G., Martin, J. P., Marzano, F., G. G. G., Mazumdar, K., Mcneil, R. R., Mele, S., Merola, Leonardo, Meschini, M., Metzger, W. J., Der, M. v., Mihul, A., Milcent, H., Mirabelli, G., Mnich, J., Mohanty, G. B., Molnar, P., Monteleoni, B., Moore, R., Moulik, T., Muanza, G. S., Muheim, F., A. J. M., Musy, M., Napolitano, Marco, Nessi Tedaldi, F., Newman, H., Niessen, T., Nisati, A., Nowak, H., Organtini, G., Oulianov, A., Palomares, C., Pandoulas, D., Paoletti, S., Paolucci, P., Paramatti, R., Park, H. K., Park, I. H., Pascale, G., Passaleva, G., Patricelli, Sergio, Paul, T., Pauluzzi, M., Paus, C., Pauss, F., Pedace, M., Pensotti, S., Perret Gallix, D., Petersen, B., Piccolo, D., Pierella, F., Pieri, M., Piroue, P. A., Pistolesi, E., V, P., Pohl, M., Postema, H., Pothier, J., Produit, N., Prokofiev, D. O., Prokofiev, D., Quartieri, J., Rahal Callot, G., Rahaman, M. A., Raics, P., Raja, N., Ramelli, R., Rancoita, P. G., Raspereza, A., Raven, G., Razis, P., Ren, D., Rescigno, M., Reucroft, S., Rhee, T. v., Riemann, S., Riles, K., Robohm, A., Rodin, J., Roe, B. P., Romero, L., Rosca, A., Rosier Lees, S., Rubio, J. A., Ruschmeier, D., Rykaczewski, H., Saremi, S., Sarkar, S., Salicio, J., Sanchez, E., Sanders, M. P., Sarakinos, M. E., Schafer, C., V, S., Schmidt Kaerst, S., Schmitz, D., Schopper, H., Schotanus, D. J., Schwering, G., Sciacca, Crisostomo, Sciarrino, D., Seganti, A., Servoli, L., Shevchenko, S., Shivarov, N., Shumilov, E., Shvorob, A., Siedenburg, T., Son, D., Smith, B., Spillantini, P., Steuer, M., Stickland, D. P., Stone, A., Stoyanov, B., Straessner, A., Sudhakar, K., Sultanov, G., Sun, L. Z., Suter, H., Swain, J. D., Szillasi, Z., Sztaricskai, T., Tang, X. W., Tauscher, L., Taylor, L., Tellili, B., Timmermans, C., S. C. C., Ting, S. M., Tonwar, S. C., Toth, J., Tully, C., Tung, K. 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Subjects
COLLISIONS, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, LUND MONTE-CARLO, PAIR PRODUCTION, Electron–positron annihilation, FOS: Physical sciences, Elementary particle, ddc:500.2, 01 natural sciences, 7. Clean energy, Resonance (particle physics), JET FRAGMENTATION, DECAYS, High Energy Physics - Experiment, Nuclear physics, Particle decay, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], SILICON MICROVERTEX DETECTOR, PRECISE MEASUREMENT, Limit (mathematics), QCD ANALYSIS, 010306 general physics, L3 EXPERIMENT, Coupling constant, Physics, Muon, Annihilation, TEST BEAM, E+E-PHYSICS, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, ALPHA(S), High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Detector, Pair production, SPECTRAL FUNCTIONS, ComputingMethodologies_DOCUMENTANDTEXTPROCESSING, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Particle Physics - Experiment, Lepton
Abstract

The tau lepton lifetime is measured with the L3 detector at LEP using the complete data taken at centre-of-mass energies around the Z pole resulting in tau_tau = 293.2 +/- 2.0 (stat) +/- 1.5 (syst) fs. The comparison of this result with the muon lifetime supports lepton universality of the weak charged current at the level of six per mille. Assuming lepton universality, the value of the strong coupling constant, alpha_s is found to be alpha_s(m_tau^2) = 0.319 +/- 0.015(exp.) +/- 0.014 (theory). The tau lepton lifetime is measured with the L3 detector at LEP using the complete data taken at centre-of-mass energies around the Z pole resulting in τ τ =293.2 ± 2.0 (stat) ± 1.5 (syst) fs . The comparison of this result with the muon lifetime supports lepton universality of the weak charged current at the level of six per mille. Assuming lepton universality, the value of the strong coupling constant, α s is found to be α s ( m τ 2 ) = 0.319 ± 0.015 (exp) ± 0.014 (theory). The tau lepton lifetime is measured with the L3 detector at LEP using the complete data taken at centre-of-mass energies around the Z pole resulting in tau_tau = 293.2 +/- 2.0 (stat) +/- 1.5 (syst) fs. The comparison of this result with the muon lifetime supports lepton universality of the weak charged current at the level of six per mille. Assuming lepton universality, the value of the strong coupling constant, alpha_s is found to be alpha_s(m_tau^2) = 0.319 +/- 0.015(exp.) +/- 0.014 (theory).

Published
2015

19. The CNAO dose delivery system for modulated scanning ion beam radiotherapy

Author

Vincenzo Monaco, M. Donetti, Flavio Marchetto, Mohammad Amin Hosseini, M. A. Garella, Cristiana Peroni, Alfredo Mirandola, Mario Ciocca, Roberto Sacchi, Simona Giordanengo, F. Bourhaleb, and Roberto Cirio

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Proton, Ion beam, medicine.diagnostic_test, Computer science, medicine.medical_treatment, Detector, Cancer, General Medicine, Scintigraphy, medicine.disease, Synchrotron, law.invention, Pencil (optics), Radiation therapy, law, medicine, Dosimetry, Medical physics, Irradiation, Radiation treatment planning, Proton therapy, Simulation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Purpose: This paper describes the system for the dose delivery currently used at the Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO) for ion beam modulated scanning radiotherapy. Methods: CNAO Foundation, Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare and University of Torino have designed, built, and commissioned a dose delivery system (DDS) to monitor and guide ion beams accelerated by a dedicated synchrotron and to distribute the dose with a full 3D scanning technique. Protons and carbon ions are provided for a wide range of energies in order to cover a sizable span of treatment depths. The target volume, segmented in several layers orthogonally to the beam direction, is irradiated by thousands of pencil beams which must be steered and held to the prescribed positions until the prescribed number of particles has been delivered. For the CNAO beam lines, these operations are performed by the DDS. The main components of this system are two independent beam monitoring detectors, called BOX1 and BOX2, interfaced with two control systems performing the tasks of real-time fast and slow control, and connected to the scanning magnets and the beam chopper. As a reaction to any condition leading to a potential hazard, a DDS interlock signal is sent tomore » the patient interlock system which immediately stops the irradiation. The essential tasks and operations performed by the DDS are described following the data flow from the treatment planning system through the end of the treatment delivery. Results: The ability of the DDS to guarantee a safe and accurate treatment was validated during the commissioning phase by means of checks of the charge collection efficiency, gain uniformity of the chambers, and 2D dose distribution homogeneity and stability. A high level of reliability and robustness has been proven by three years of system activity needing rarely more than regular maintenance and working with 100% uptime. Four identical and independent DDS devices have been tested showing comparable performances and are presently in use on the CNAO beam lines for clinical activity. Conclusions: The dose delivery system described in this paper is one among the few worldwide existing systems to operate ion beam for modulated scanning radiotherapy. At the time of writing, it has been used to treat more than 350 patients and it has proven to guide and control the therapeutic pencil beams reaching performances well above clinical requirements. In particular, in terms of dose accuracy and stability, daily quality assurance measurements have shown dose deviations always lower than the acceptance threshold of 5% and 2.5%, respectively.« less

Published
2014

20. Developments in the FBK Production of Ultra -Fast Silicon Detectors

Author

V. Monaco, Federico Siviero, V. Sola, Dalla Betta, Francesco Ficorella, M. Ferrero, Simona Giordanengo, Maurizio Boscardin, Francesca Cenna, Roberto Cirio, Lucio Pancheri, Roberta Arcidiacono, Mário Costa, N. Cartiglia, A. Vignati, Roberto Sacchi, Omar Hammad Alı̀, M. Mandurrino, Giovanni Paternoster, A. Staian, and Maria Margherita Obertino

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Substrate (electronics), Micrometre, chemistry, Optoelectronics, Ultra fast, Gallium, business, Boron, Layer (electronics)
Abstract

In this contribution we present new developments in the production of Ultra Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD) at Fondazione Bruno Kessler (FBK) in Trento, Italy. FBK after having in 2016 a successfully first production of UFSD sensors 300-micrometer thick, has produced in 2017 its first 50- micrometer thick UFSD sensors. These sensors use high resistivity Silicon on Silicon substrate and have different doping profile configurations of the gain layer based on Boron, Gallium, Carbonated Boron and Carbonated Gallium to obtain a controlled multiplication mechanism. The motivation of variety of gain layers it is to identify the most radiation hard technology to be employed in the production of UFSD for applications in high-radiation environments.

Published
2017

21. SU-E-T-298: Evaluation of the CNAO Spot Scanning Technique Based on the First Clinical Deliveries

Author

M. Donetti, Simona Giordanengo, Mohammad Amin Hosseini, Cristiana Peroni, L Capasso, M. A. Garella, M Lavagno, Roberto Cirio, Roberto Sacchi, and F. Marchetto

Subjects
Dose delivery, Proton, business.industry, Computer science, Cancer, General Medicine, medicine.disease, Synchrotron, law.invention, Optics, law, medicine, business, Radiation treatment planning, Beam (structure), Spot scanning
Abstract

Purpose: The first Italian hospital‐based facility for hadrontherapy is the Centro Nazionale di Adroterapia Oncologica (CNAO) which started the clinical activity on September 2011 with protonsbeams. The control of the treatment is performed online by the Dose Delivery (DD) system which guides the whole treatment by measuring beam characteristics as number of delivered particles and beam position. The author will present the comparison between the required and delivered quantities. Methods: The CNAO facility is based on a synchrotron designed to accelerate and deliver proton and carbonion beams in the clinical ranges. Unlike most of the proton‐therapy centres, the delivery technique adopted at CNAO is the “quasi‐discrete” active scanning where dedicated magnets are used to drive a pencil beam through the target and the beam is normally not switched off during the transition between adjacent spots. These operations are performed by the DD system which, based on the treatment planning and the online analysis of dedicated beam monitor chambers, drives the scanning magnets. Spot by spot the DD records data which allow the comparison between the measured number of particles and position and the prescription. Results: The data collected by the dose delivery during the treatments were analyzed in detail, each treatment consisting in more than 30 identical fractions. This allows checking the stability and the accuracy of the CNAO delivery over identical spot sequences. The comparison between the measured number of particles, the measured position of each spot, and the corresponding prescribed quantities will be presented in detail. Critical points will be discussed together with the proposed improvement of the system. Conclusions: The results confirm the good performance of the CNAO beam delivery obtained during the commissioning phase.

Published
2017

22. Innovative thin silicon detectors for monitoring of therapeutic proton beams: Preliminary beam tests

Author

V. Sola, Simona Giordanengo, G. Mazza, Maurizio Boscardin, A. Vignati, Francesco Ficorella, M Fadavi Mazinani, M. Donetti, O Hammad Ali, L Manganaro, M.I. Ferrero, Roberto Cirio, Andrea Attili, Amedeo Staiano, N. Cartiglia, Giovanni Paternoster, V. Monaco, Roberto Sacchi, Federico Fausti, and M. Mandurrino

Subjects
Materials science, Silicon, medicine.medical_treatment, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, Instrumentation for hadron therapy, 0103 physical sciences, medicine, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics, Particle therapy, business.industry, Detector, Si microstrip and pad detectors, Charged particle, Semiconductor detector, chemistry, Measuring instrument, Instrumentation for particle-beam therapy, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

To fully exploit the physics potentials of particle therapy in delivering dose with high accuracy and selectivity, charged particle therapy needs further improvement. To this scope, a multidisciplinary project (MoVeIT) of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN) aims at translating research in charged particle therapy into clinical outcome. New models in the treatment planning system are being developed and validated, using dedicated devices for beam characterization and monitoring in radiobiological and clinical irradiations. Innovative silicon detectors with internal gain layer (LGAD) represent a promising option, overcoming the limits of currently used ionization chambers. Two devices are being developed: one to directly count individual protons at high rates, exploiting the large signal-to-noise ratio and fast collection time in small thicknesses (1 ns in 50 μm) of LGADs, the second to measure the beam energy with time-of-flight techniques, using LGADs optimized for excellent time resolutions (Ultra Fast Silicon Detectors, UFSDs). The preliminary results of first beam tests with therapeutic beam will be presented and discussed.

Published
2017

23. Fast dose analysis of movement effects during treatments with scanned proton and carbon-ion beams

Author

A. Vignati, Simona Giordanengo, Roberto Sacchi, F. Mas Milian, Roberto Cirio, Mario Ciocca, Flavio Marchetto, V. Monaco, M. Varasteh Anvar, Andrea Attili, M. Donetti, and G. V. Russo

Subjects
History, Materials science, Particle therapy, Medical Physics, Computation, medicine.medical_treatment, GPU, Dose Delivery, computer.software_genre, Charged particle, Computer Science Applications, Education, Pencil (optics), Particle Therapy, Parallel Computing, Voxel, Histogram, medicine, Tomography, Radiation treatment planning, Medical Physics, Particle Therapy, Dose Delivery, Parallel Computing, GPU, computer, Biomedical engineering
Abstract

Charged particle therapy delivered using scanned pencil beams shows the potential to produce better dose conformity than conventional radiotherapy, although the dose distributions are more sensitive to anatomical changes and patient motion. Therefore, the introduction of engines to monitor the dose as it is being delivered is highly desirable, in order to enhance the development of adaptive treatment techniques in hadrontherapy. A tool for fast dose distributions analysis is presented, which integrates on GPU a Fast Forward Planning, a Fast Image Deformation algorithm, a fast computation of Gamma-Index and Dose-Volume Histogram. The tool is being interfaced with the Dose Delivery System and the Optical Tracking System of a synchrotron-based facility to investigate the feasibility to quantify, spill by spill, the effects of organ movements on dose distributions during treatment deliveries with protons and carbon-ions. The dose calculation and comparison times for a patient treated with protons on a 61.3 cm3 planning target volume, a CT matrix of 512x512x125 voxels, and a computation matrix of 170x170x125 voxels are within 1 s per spill. In terms of accuracy, the absolute dose differences compared with benchmarked Treatment Planning System results are negligible (

Published
2017

24. Beam test results of a 16ps timing system based on ultra-fast silicon detectors

Author

V. Sola, N. Cartiglia, R. Mulargia, Natasha Lee Woods, Salvador Hidalgo, S. Durando, M. Carulla, M. Zavrtanik, Maria Margherita Obertino, M. Mikuž, A. Zatserklyaniy, H. M. X. Grabas, Angel Merlos, Francesca Cenna, Roberto Cirio, M.I. Ferrero, Igor Mandić, Andrea Bellora, Giulio Pellegrini, Amedeo Staiano, Z. Luce, Roberto Sacchi, Vladimir Cindro, R. Losakul, Vitaliy Fadeyev, Gregor Kramberger, F. McKinney-Martinez, Fabio Ravera, Hartmut Sadrozinski, P. Freeman, Z. Galloway, David Flores, C. Labitan, V. Monaco, M. Mandurrino, David Quirion, A. Seiden, Evangelos Gkougkousis, E.N. Spencer, Roberta Arcidiacono, M. Wilder, N. Minafra, and B. Gruey

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics - Instrumentation and Detectors, Silicon, Bar (music), FOS: Physical sciences, chemistry.chemical_element, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, High Energy Physics - Experiment, High Energy Physics - Experiment (hep-ex), Silicon photomultiplier, Optics, 0103 physical sciences, Detectors and Experimental Techniques, 010306 general physics, Instrumentation, physics.ins-det, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, hep-ex, Detector, Biasing, Instrumentation and Detectors (physics.ins-det), Semiconductor detector, Advanced hybrid pixel detectors [7], chemistry, business, Beam (structure), Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

In this paper we report on the timing resolution of the first production of 50 micro-meter thick Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors (UFSD) as obtained in a beam test with pions of 180 GeV/c momentum. UFSD are based on the Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors (LGAD) design, employing n-on-p silicon sensors with internal charge multiplication due to the presence of a thin, low-resistivity diffusion layer below the junction. The UFSD used in this test belongs to the first production of thin (50 {\mu}m) sensors, with an pad area of 1.4 mm2. The gain was measured to vary between 5 and 70 depending on the bias voltage. The experimental setup included three UFSD and a fast trigger consisting of a quartz bar readout by a SiPM. The timing resolution, determined comparing the time of arrival of the particle in one or more UFSD and the trigger counter, for single UFSD was measured to be 35 ps for a bias voltage of 200 V, and 26 ps for a bias voltage of 240 V, and for the combination of 3 UFSD to be 20 ps for a bias voltage of 200 V, and 15 ps for a bias voltage of 240 V., Comment: 7 pages, 8 figures, 1 table, Subm. to NIM A

Published
2017
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25. Design and characterization of a 64 channels ASIC front-end electronics for high-flux particle beam detectors

Author

V. Monaco, Giovanni Mazza, L Manganaro, Roberto Cirio, Andrea Attili, Federico Fausti, Flavio Marchetto, Roberto Sacchi, M Lavagno, A. Vignati, Simona Giordanengo, and M Fadavi Mazinani

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Range (particle radiation), 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, Linearity, Chip, 01 natural sciences, Particle detector, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Application-specific integrated circuit, 0103 physical sciences, Optoelectronics, business, Particle beam, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

A new wide-input range 64-channels current-to-frequency converter ASIC has been developed and characterized for applications in beam monitoring of therapeutic particle beams. This chip, named TERA09, has been designed to extend the input current range, compared to the previous versions of the chip, for dealing with high-flux pulsed beams. A particular care was devoted in achieving a good conversion linearity over a wide bipolar input current range. Using a charge quantum of 200 fC, a linearity within ±2% for an input current range between 3 nA and 12 μA is obtained for individual channels, with a gain spread among the channels of about 3%. By connecting all the 64 channels of the chip to a common input, the current range can be increased 64 times preserving a linearity within ±3% in the range between and 20 μA and 750 μA.

Published
2017

26. A Monte Carlo approach to the microdosimetric kinetic model to account for dose rate time structure effects in ion beam therapy with application in treatment planning simulations

Author

L Manganaro, Andrea Attili, Silvia Muraro, Vincenzo Monaco, Simona Giordanengo, G. V. Russo, Roberto Sacchi, Anna Vignati, Roberto Cirio, and F. Dalmasso

Subjects
Materials science, Radiobiology, Ion beam, medicine.medical_treatment, Monte Carlo method, Radiation Dosage, Models, Biological, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Ion, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Cell Line, Tumor, Relative biological effectiveness, medicine, Humans, Irradiation, Statistical physics, Radiometry, Stochastic Processes, Particle therapy, Stochastic process, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Radiotherapy Dosage, General Medicine, Kinetics, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Monte Carlo Method, Relative Biological Effectiveness
Abstract

Purpose Advanced ion beam therapeutic techniques, such as hypofractionation, respiratory gating, or laser-based pulsed beams, have dose rate time structures which are substantially different from those found in conventional approaches. The biological impact of the time structure is mediated through the β parameter in the linear quadratic (LQ) model. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of changes in the value of the β parameter on the treatment outcomes, also accounting for noninstantaneous intrafraction dose delivery or fractionation and comparing the effects of using different primary ions. Methods An original formulation of the microdosimetric kinetic model (MKM) is used (named MCt-MKM), in which a Monte Carlo (MC) approach was introduced to account for the stochastic spatio-temporal correlations characteristic of the irradiations and the cellular repair kinetics. A modified version of the kinetic equations, validated on experimental cell survival in vitro data, was also introduced. The model, trained on the HSG cells, was used to evaluate the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) for treatments with acute and protracted fractions. Exemplary cases of prostate cancer irradiated with different ion beams were evaluated to assess the impact of the temporal effects. Results The LQ parameters for a range of cell lines (V79, HSG, and T1) and ion species (H, He, C, and Ne) were evaluated and compared with the experimental data available in the literature, with good results. Notably, in contrast to the original MKM formulation, the MCt-MKM explicitly predicts an ion and LET-dependent β compatible with observations. The data from a split-dose experiment were used to experimentally determine the value of the parameter related to the cellular repair kinetics. Concerning the clinical case considered, an RBE decrease was observed, depending on the dose, ion, and LET, exceeding up to 3% of the acute value in the case of a protraction in the delivery of 10 min. The intercomparison between different ions shows that the clinical optimality is strongly dependent on a complex interplay between the different physical and biological quantities considered. Conclusions The present study provides a framework for exploiting the temporal effects of dose delivery. The results show the possibility of optimizing the treatment outcomes accounting for the correlation between the specific dose rate time structure and the spatial characteristic of the LET distribution, depending on the ion type used.

Published
2017

27. Single Event Upset tests for a CMOS 0.35 micron front end and readout electronics for high-flux particle detectors

Author

Vincenzo Monaco, Roberto Sacchi, L Manganaro, A. Attili S. Giordanengo, Roberto Cirio, Giovanni Mazza, Federico Fausti, Andrea Attili, O. H. Ali, and A. Vignati

Subjects
Physics, Particle therapy, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Detector, Electrical engineering, Integrated circuit, Chip, Upset, law.invention, Front and back ends, CMOS, Single event upset, law, medicine, business
Abstract

The Single Event Upset rate of a 64 channels integrated circuit, designed in CMOS $0.35 \mu m$ technology, has been measured and analyzed at the SIRAD facility of the Italian National Institute for Nuclear Physics (INFN). The chip, named TERA09, is a current to frequency converter designed to readout monitor chambers in particle therapy. In this field, the accelerator development is moving toward compact solutions providing highintensity pulsed-beams. The TERA09 chip is capable to operate in a wide input current range, from few nA to hundreds of $\mu A$, with linearity deviations in the order of few percent. The chip is designed to be located aside of the monitoring chambers, far from the therapeutic beam, and no protection from data corruption from single events was implemented in its design. However, considering the relatively large area of the chip covered by data registers and the secondary neutrons field produced during the irradiation, the potential exposure to data corruption by Single Event Effect phenomena need to be addressed. The aim of the tests at SIRAD is to study the upset rate as a function of the energy deposited by single events by irradiating the chip with ions of different LET. From the analysis of the data it is possible to predict the single event effect cross-section in a clinical environment and estimate the readout failure probability in a real application scenario.

Published
2017

28. [OA055] Preliminary test of innovative strip silicon detectors for therapeutic proton beam monitoring

Author

Federico Fausti, Roberto Sacchi, Marco Donetti, Omar Hammad Alı̀, Anna Vignati, L Manganaro, Simona Giordanengo, Roberto Cirio, Andrea Attili, and Vincenzo Monaco

Subjects
Materials science, Particle therapy, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Detector, Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, chemistry.chemical_element, General Medicine, STRIPS, Laser, Signal, law.invention, chemistry, law, medicine, Optoelectronics, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, business, Radiation hardening, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Purpose Unlike currently used gas ionization chambers, solid state detectors offer large granularity and sensitivity to single incoming particles, therefore being ideally suited to improve the present technology for beam monitoring in particle therapy. However, several drawbacks, such as radiation damage, prevented their use so far on high flux therapeutic beams. Two prototype devices for monitoring particle beams are under development, based on innovative silicon low-gain avalanche detectors optimized for time resolution (Ultra Fast Silicon Detectors – UFSDs). Preliminary results with proton beams are presented. Methods UFSDs are low-gain avalanche detectors optimized for time resolution, where sensors as thin as 50 μ m provide signals of ∼ 1 ns time duration with time resolutions of tenths of ps, and large enough signal-to-noise ratio to efficiently discriminate proton signal. One prototype device is being developed to directly count individual protons at high rates, while a second one is under investigation to measure the beam energy with time-of-flight techniques. This requires the design of custom UFSD sensors as well VLSI readout electronics. From simulations’ results and first beam tests with UFSD pads, strip detectors were produced, with two geometries (30 mm and 15 mm length) and different doping modalities to improve radiation hardness. In parallel, prototypes of a new readout chip have been submitted to the foundry. Results Strips sensors were characterized in the laboratory through laser test and I(V) curve studies, and a test with a therapeutic proton beam, with energy ranging from 62 to 227 MeV, was done. Results were obtained via offline analysis of the collected waveforms for Boron and Gallium doped sensors. Time resolution of 35 ps, signal duration of ns, and good S/N separation were found. A gain degradation of 20% was founded in single pad sensors after 10 12 protons/cm2 irradiation. Pile-up effects are under investigation. Conclusions Based on the preliminary results, UFSDs are found to be a promising improvement of monitor chamber. The aim of this contribution is to review the advancement of the project and to report on the results of the test of UFSD strip sensors with a therapeutic proton beam.

Published
2018

29. Measurement of the partial width of the decay of the Z0 into charm quark pairs

Author

U. Kruener-Marquis, M. L. Turluer, D. Reid, D. Bertrand, P. Siegrist, P. Vaz, I. Lippi, J-C. Marin, P. Lutz, E. K. Johansson, D. Bollini, P. B. Renton, W. S. C. Williams, Spyros Tzamarias, P. Poropat, Andromachi Tsirou, P. V. Chliapnikov, Andre Augustinus, A. Wehr, Edoardo Castelli, D. Radojicic, E. Menichetti, E. Fokitis, Paula Eerola, D.N. Edwards, S. Biagi, Tiziano Rovelli, M. Cresti, S. Gawne, Wolfgang Adam, M. Davenport, J. Pyyhtia, R. Keranen, L. Paper, E. I. Rosenberg, P. Frenkiel, A. Passeri, V.A. Uvarov, A. M. Segar, V. Nikolaenko, G. Trustram, Tord Ekelof, H. Staeck, P. Kapusta, G. E. Kalmus, M. Kostrikov, F. Grard, V. Vrba, S. Squarcia, F. Cao, E. N. Gazis, B. Korzen, R.B. Kadyrov, Bengt Lund-Jensen, G. Ekspong, Giovanni Darbo, F. Couchot, A. A. Rademakers, W. T. Meyer, Anthony Lincoln Read, A. P. Ostankov, J. Bjarne, H. Palka, Itzhak Roditi, Natale Demaria, Gueorgui Chelkov, A. Ruiz, G. R. Wilkinson, C. Vander Velde, Wojciech Kucewicz, L. Tortora, T. Tuuva, J. N. Jackson, S. O. Holmgren, M. Szczekowski, G. Galeazzi, A. Ferrer, L. S. Vertogradov, Borge Svane Nielsen, H. Burmeister, F. Barao, Roberto Cirio, L. K. Resvanis, F. Simonetto, E. Lieb, J. J. Lozano, M. H. Gros, U. Nnau-Lorzen, M. S. Bilenky, S. Ferroni, P. Bambade, K. Kurvinen, P.S.L. Booth, J. Lindgren, L.J. Carroll, W. Klempt, L. Lyons, O. Doll, Krzysztof Doroba, George Kalkanis, Chiara Meroni, Robert S. Brown, Tiziano Camporesi, Klaus Hamacher, M. Bonapart, Massimo Caccia, J. G. Loken, S. D. Hodgson, C. Bricman, A. Pullia, M. I. Laakso, L. O. Eek, R. C. Shellard, Josef Hrubec, M. A. Winter, S. Simonetti, J. Maillard, T. A. Filippas, T. Hofmokl, S. Gumenyuk, R. A. Brenner, Ariella Cattai, P. Ronschese, D. Benedic, E. Higon, R. Seufert, F. Scuri, J. Sanxhez, A. M. Wetherell, Th. D. Papadopoulou, J. H. Bibby, Pierre Billoir, G. Cosme, A. Baroncelli, Marco Bozzo, M. J. Bates, B. De Lotto, Guenakh Mitselmakher, G. Crosetti, S. J. Alvsvaag, Leif J. Jönsson, Ugo Gasparini, D. C. Fries, P. Weilhammer, I. Belokopytov, D. Husson, I. A. Tyapkin, T. S. Spassoff, A. Campion, M. Pegoraro, M. Pernicka, G. Lenzen, R. Strub, J. E. Campagne, M. Koratzinos, L. Lanceri, Paul Baillon, E. C. Katsoufis, G. Myatt, E. Graziani, Mikko Voutilainen, P. S. Iversen, F. Fontanelli, H. Furstenau, E. Sanchis, A. Lopez-Fernandez, Marta Calvi, L. Di Ciaccio, C. Defoix, P. Szymanski, A. Firestone, N. Redaelli, J. Marco, S. Ueberschaer, F. Waldner, H. Wahlen, Ariel Goobar, Ugo Amaldi, H. Forsbach, J. W. Lamsa, Guido Barbiellini, H. Herr, L. G. Tkatchev, Jose M. Benlloch, A. Grant, Mogens Dam, C. Lambropoulos, Patrick Jarry, G. Rinaudo, Clara Troncon, J. Guy, W. De Boer, Geoffrey Smith, E.N. Tsyganov, J. H. Wickens, W. Dulinski, Jose Luis Contreras, A. Fenyuk, J. H. Koehne, M. Pimenta, K. Woschnagg, B. A. Khomenko, A. De Min, A. Stocchi, Joao Varela, Hans Dijkstra, A. Markou, T. Buran, N. De Groot, P. Beltran, M. Vollmer, P. Delpierre, Tim Adye, W. D. Apel, B. Franek, P. Kluit, M. Mazzucato, U. Rossi, C. Walck, Paolo Giacomelli, J. E. Hooper, Francesco Navarria, L. Vibert, K. H. Becks, G. W. Van Apeldoorn, M. P. Clara, G. D. Alekseev, P. Negri, J. M. Brunet, M. Jonker, Pierre Astier, J. Zúñiga, M. Boratay, P. Abreu, P. Borgeaud, R. Sekulin, A. Zalewska, M. Baubillier, K. D. Brand, E. Vallazza, L. Ventura, G. Hamel de Monchenault, H. Schneider, Göran Jarlskog, Jan Ridky, L. Mathis, T. Moa, M.A. Lopez Aguera, M. Mc Cubbin, K. Hultqvist, H. Borner, C. Pinori, B.D. Hyams, Mikael Berggren, S. Ragazzi, A. Sebastia, Francesca Romana Cavallo, Josef Strauss, E. Lillethum, A. Letessier-Selvon, Mitchell Wayne, P. Zalewski, V. Lepeltier, G. Kantarjian, B. Grossetete, Allan Hallgren, Vegni, Giovanni Valenti, F. Udo, W. Venus, G. Maehlum, I. Herbst, V. Ruhlmann, Paolo Checchia, Jacques Lemonne, J. Velasco, E. Rosso, H. Klein, Ph. Gavillet, V. V. Lapin, Hans Muller, Fares Djama, V. Canale, N. K. Visnevskiy, C. De Clercq, F. Kapusta, L. Bugge, J. Drees, P. D. Dauncey, N. J. Kjaer, A. J. Camacho Rozas, G. Sette, M. Sessa, Maria Elena Pol, G. Leder, Alexander Vodopyanov, B. Åsman, G. Zumerle, L. Cerrito, F. Bianchi, P. N. Bogolubov, F. Ledroit, Kjell Fransson, S. Katsanevas, P. Privitera, D. Z. Toet, T. Kreuzberger, D. Vilanova, Christine Kourkoumelis, E. Dahl-Jensen, M. Schaeffer, D. Y. Bardin, P. Beilliere, D. Crennell, W. Van Doninck, P. N. Ratoff, Andrea Perrotta, F. Alted, J. Dolbeau, F. Mandl, G. Smadja, A. Klovning, Daniel Treille, Paul Allen, R. Lucock, R. Sosnowski, Olga Botner, Krzysztof Korcyl, A. Tilquin, Jorge-Armando Benitez Garcia, U. Mjoernmark, R. Gokieli, B. W. Heck, P.I. Zarubin, J. J. Hernandez, J. Cuevas Maestro, P. O. Hulth, P. Yepes, M. Regler, C. J. Beeston, J. Krolikowski, N. Magnussen, P. Herquet, H. De Boeck, V. Falaleev, E. Daubie, P. Laurikainen, M. De Beer, M. R. Monge, B. Jean-Marie, S. Braibant, S. Tavernier, M. Tyndel, M. Bonesini, J. A. M. A. Buytaert, Y. Gouz, N. Crosland, G. Gopal, Y. Sacquin, Andrey Korytov, R. Llosa, H. Mueller, J.M. Gago, H. Foeth, D. Wormald, R. Contri, M. Fernandez Alonso, T. Bolognese, E. J. Sanchez, R. Orava, U. Trevisan, R. Zukanovich Funchal, M. Szeptycka, W. Bartl, J. Wikne, N. Smirnov, V. Perevozchikov, J. A. Valls Ferrer, M. Turala, Manolis Dris, J. P. Gerber, Mario Sannino, K. W. Glitza, P. Roudeau, G. Skjevling, J. P. Laugier, F. Stichelbaut, A. De Angelis, D. Delikaris, R. Dzhelyadin, D. Gamba, C. Stanescu, R. Lauhakangas, N. van Eijndhoven, E. Zevgolatakos, G. Voulgaris, F. Verbeure, Daniel Bloch, Ahmimed Ouraou, V.M. Golovatyuk, Marcos Dracos, B. Bouquet, Juan Fuster, M. Kopf, B. Dalmagne, Laurent Chevalier, R. Zitoun, F. Fulda-Quenzer, P. Kokkinias, Milos Lokajicek, J. Kesteman, E. G. Anassontzis, J. P. Engel, M. V. Castillo Gimenez, G. Damgaard, O. Pingot, V. Gracco, H. Saarikko, Pavlos Ioannou, A.K. Topphol, Klaus Moenig, M. A. Houlden, G. Matthiae, W. A. Mitaroff, F. Richard, M. Hahn, F. Naraghi, V. G. Timofeev, S. Almehed, K. Spang, F. Hahn, C. Matteuzzi, E. Lillestol, G. Grosdidier, Alessandra Romero, I.A. Gritsaenko, J. E. Augustin, A. Zaitsev, S. Haider, A. N. Sissakian, Claudia J. Stubenrauch, Eleuterio Spiriti, C. Caso, H. B. Crawley, P. Morettini, Pierre Juillot, B. Koene, A.N. Diddens, D. Loukas, M. Crozon, R. Pain, V. Obraztsov, O. Barring, S. Dagoret, P. Van Dam, Renato Turchetta, C. De La Vaissiere, G. Zhang, Pawel Jalocha, Barry King, R. Frühwirth, J. Timmermans, P. Branchini, G. E. Theodosiou, M.D.M. De Fez Laso, R. Moeller, A. Pinsent, N. Yamdagni, M. T. Trainor, Sandor Czellar, N. Brummer, G. Wormser, Pieter David, W. H. Range, W. Krupinski, S. Maltezos, H. J. Hilke, J. Skeens, G. Stavropoulos, V. Chorowicz, R. Mc Kay, N. I. Zimim, F. Adami, Jürgen H. Werner, Philippe Charpentier, Francisco Matorras, T. B. Skaali, F. J. Harris, A. G. Frodesen, Z. Hajduk, Maciej Górski, A. Hakansson, C. Bosio, E. Vlasov, R. Holmes, Delphi, Collaboration, Abreu, P., Adam, W., and Canale, Vincenzo

Subjects
Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, E+E ANNIHILATION, Meson, LUND MONTE-CARLO, Electron–positron annihilation, Hadron, 01 natural sciences, JET FRAGMENTATION, Charm quark, Standard Model, law.invention, Nuclear physics, PHYSICS, ENERGY, Pion, D-STAR-MESON, CROSS-SECTION, law, 0103 physical sciences, 010306 general physics, Collider, Nuclear Experiment, Boson, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, High Energy Physics::Phenomenology, Physique des particules élémentaires, Física nuclear, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Particle Physics - Experiment
Abstract

A determination of the partial width Γc̄ of the Z0 boson into charm quark pairs is presented, based on a total sample of 36 900 Z0 hadronic decays measured with the DELPHI detector at the LEP collider. The production rate of cc events is derived from the inclusive analysis of charged pions coming from the decay of charmed meson D*+-→D0π+ and D*-→D̄0π- where the π± is constrained by kinematics to have a low pT with respect to the jet axis. The probability to procedure these π± from D*± decay in cc events is taken to be 0.31±0.05 as measured at √S = 10.55 GeV. The measured relative partial width Γ∞/Γh = 0.162± 0.030(stat.) ± 0.050(syst.) is in good agreement with the standard model value of 0.171. Together with our previous measurement of the total hadronic width Γh this implies Γ∞ = 282 ± 53 (stat.) ± 88 (syst.) MeV., 0, SCOPUS: ar.j, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2016

30. BOSE-EINSTEIN CORRELATIONS IN THE HADRONIC DECAYS OF THE Z(0)

Author

Jorge-Armando Benitez Garcia, D. J. Holthuizen, T. J. V. Bowcock, K. Furnival, F. Simonetto, B. A. Della Riccia, G. D. Alekseev, E. Torassa, Wolfgang Adam, G. Leder, B. Åsman, Itzhak Roditi, C. Gaspar, M. Mc Cubbin, K. Hultqvist, Maria Elena Pol, S. Katsanevas, Juan Fuster, M. T. Trainor, Yu. Belokopytov, D. Crennell, F. Mandl, G. Smadja, R. Contri, M. Karlsson, M. Jonker, S. Schael, S. Ueberschaer, T. A. Filippas, R. Lauhakangas, Ph. Charpentier, C. Kourkoumelis, D. Vilanova, M. Pimenta, B. A. Khomenko, M. Regler, Klaus Hamacher, H. Herr, N. De Groot, A. Stocchi, Francesco Navarria, J. Zúñiga, Jelena Krstic, Ugo Gasparini, B. Franek, R. Ehret, F. Couchot, I. Lippi, P. Siegrist, E.N. Tsyganov, J. H. Wickens, B. Muryn, Marco Paganoni, Jose Luis Contreras, W. De Boer, C. Vander Velde, L. Vitale, M. Donszelmann, D. Radojicic, S. J. Alvsvaag, E. Agasi, L. Mathis, M. Los, V. Lepeltier, P. Lutz, T. Maron, Tim Adye, Francesca Romana Cavallo, J. P. Engel, K. A. J. Forbes, J. Bjarne, G. Ekspon, Mitchell Wayne, M. V. Castillo Gimenez, S. D. Hodgson, R. Gokieli, M. S. Bilenky, Andre Tilquin, L.J. Carroll, M. Turala, Spyros Tzamarias, O. Tchikilev, A. G. Olshevski, Paolo Checchia, G. Vegni, Ph. Gavillet, B. Dalmagne, Laurent Chevalier, L. Chaussard, A. Chan, C. Lambropoulos, Ugo Amaldi, E. Zevgolatakos, P. Antilogus, P. E. S. Nilsen, J. T.M. Chrin, E. Anassontzis, G. Damgaard, P. Borgeaud, U. Kruener-Marquis, V. V. Lapin, M. Michelotto, Tord Ekelof, H. Staeck, Mogens Dam, Giovanni Crosetti, Fabrizio Scuri, W.S.C. Williams, P. Abreu, T. Buran, M. Tyndel, O. Pingot, F. Hahn, Rupert Leitner, Th. D. Papadopoulou, Guenakh Mitselmakher, V. Ruhlmann, V. Gracco, G. Matthiae, S. Rossi, C. De Clercq, F. Cao, Maria Roberta Monge, Dietrich Liko, A. Zalewska, Claire Bourdarios, Paolo Ronchese, W. J. Murray, M. Battaglia, W. Van Doninck, Lucio Cerrito, F. Ledroit, G. Stavropoulos, V. Chorowicz, G. Rinaudo, G. Galeazzi, P. Privitera, B. Loerstad, A. De Angelis, G. Lenzen, Milos Lokajicek, Jacques Lemonne, R. Strub, Juan Abel Barrio, Borge Svane Nielsen, V. Bocci, A. Tomaradze, J. Kesteman, N. J. Kjaer, J. J. Lozano, R. Lindner, Martino Margoni, E. Fokitis, H. Mueller, Marco Sessa, A. De Min, Joao Varela, I. Siccama, Piotr Zalewski, G. Sajot, S. Marti, P. Yepes, F. Stichelbaut, Cristian Stanescu, P. Branchini, Krzysztof Doroba, H. Schneider, R. Mc Kay, A. Andreazza, R. Zuberi, Alastair Grant, S. O. Holmgren, L. S. Vertogradov, J. P. Gerber, C. O. Higgins, H. Burmeister, M. Bozzo, J. J. Gomez Y Cadenas, Andrea Perrotta, G. Sette, A. Elliot Peisert, Jan Buytaert, D. Benedic, Peter Kluit, Maciej Górski, I. A. Tyapkin, O. Kouznetsov, D. Isenhower, V.A. Uvarov, Klaus Moenig, M. A. Houlden, Olga Botner, Krzysztof Korcyl, L. Tortora, T. S. Spassoff, R. A. Brenner, G. Myatt, L. Bugge, G. Tristram, Paula Eerola, Daniel Treille, W. Da Silva, W. A. Mitaroff, A.N. Sisakian, Carmen García, Robert S. Brown, A. J. Camacho Rozas, B. Nijjhar, D. Z. Toet, A. Klovning, D. Y. Bardin, Mario Sannino, G. Hamel de Monchenault, G. E. Kalmus, J. N. Jackson, M. A. Lopez Aguera, B. Bouquet, R. Mc Nulty, K. Woschnagg, P. Herquet, A. Firestone, H. De Boeck, R. Keranen, B. Jean-Marie, F. J. Harris, Josef Strauss, S. Braibant, V. Chabaud, W. Venus, A. Maltezos, P. Niss, S. Squarcia, L. O. Eek, R. C. Shellard, L. Di Ciaccio, Josef Hrubec, P. Kokkinias, R. Orava, Fernand Grard, M. L. Turluer, Gabriella Sciolla, D. Reid, Gianni Zumerle, R. Holmes, H. Saarikko, T. Tabarelli, H. Foeth, E. Lieb, R. J. Apsimon, J. E. Hooper, Carlos Lacasta, T. L. Hessing, A. M. Segar, J. Ridky, D. Zavrtanik, Krzysztof A. Rybicki, D. Wormald, Francisco Matorras, Manolis Dris, P. Roudeau, N. Yamdagni, F. Richard, M. Hahn, S. Almehed, M. Pegoraro, Javier Sánchez, J. Maillard, I. Kronkvist, M. Mazzucato, Paul Allen, P. S. Iversen, C. Matteuzzi, P. H. Kramer, M. Vollmer, U. Rossi, Paolo Giacomelli, G. Wormser, S. Delorme, Ariella Cattai, M. Zito, F. Fontanelli, M. Voutilainen, S. Volponi, Pierre Billoir, Nikita Smirnov, Chiara Meroni, F. Carena, M. Szczekowski, P. Vaz, P. Poropat, A. Pullia, Andromachi Tsirou, E. Lillethun, M. Crozon, J. Lindgren, W. T. Meyer, M. Fernandez Alonso, S. Vlassopoulos, U. Mjoernmark, R. Moeller, Andrey Korytov, P. Grosse-Wiesmann, P. Collins, Leif J. Jönsson, B. Boštjančič, V. Perevozchikov, B. Grossetete, Allan Hallgren, V. Obraztsov, Andre Augustinus, A. Wehr, M. Richardson, A. Ruiz, H. Furstenau, C.J. Beeston, Antonio Baroncelli, Roberto Cirio, L. K. Resvanis, M. De Beer, D. Delikaris, Tiziano Camporesi, W. Klempt, J. Dolbeau, M. A E Schyns, P. Bambade, U. Haedinger, R. Zukanovich Funchal, T. Todorov, I. Roncagliolo, H. Palka, G. Skjevling, G. Cosme, G. Barbiellini, J. E. Augustin, M. Chapkin, T. Pettersen, Eugene P. Gross, T. Hofmokl, J. Werner, U. Trevisan, Vaclav Vrba, Natale Demaria, P. F. Honore, Patrick Jarry, P.S.L. Booth, O. Toker, F. Barao, M. Pernicka, M. Bonesini, N. G. Redaelli, Massimo Caccia, I. Hietanen, E. Dahl-Jensen, Vladimir Nikolaenko, G. Borisov, T. A. Fearnley, C. Troncon, Charles Bricman, W. D. Apel, Hans Dijkstra, E. Rosso, H. Klein, J. C. Marin, Daniel Bloch, J. Salt, Jan Krolikowski, N. N. Khovanski, E. Higon, R. Seufert, W. Bartl, Y. Sacquin, Jesus Marco, P. Juillot, A. Lopez-Fernandez, K. Osterberg, Ahmimed Ouraou, V.M. Golovatyuk, H. Wahlen, Ariel Goobar, S. Bosworth, V. Kostioukhine, M. Baubillier, P. Frenkiel, P. Ioannou, J. Straver, Eleuterio Spiriti, J. A. Valls Ferrer, M. J. Bates, J. H. Koehne, H. Briand, A. M. Wetherell, F. Waldner, K. Kulka, Toralf Bernhard Skaali, C. Caso, L. Lanceri, Tuure Tuuva, A. M. Zaitsev, Alexander Vodopyanov, J. P. Laugier, D. Gamba, J. J. Hernandez, G. Voulgaris, P. O. Hulth, F. Bianchi, C. Walck, J. M. Levy, M. Feindt, P. Negri, F. Verbeure, F. Kapusta, H. P. Borner, E. I. Rosenberg, M. P. Clara, K. H. Becks, Stefaan Tavernier, R. Barate, P. Delpierre, E. Daubie, E. Vallazza, Göran Jarlskog, R. Sosnowski, F. Naraghi, V. G. Timofeev, A. Letessier-Selvon, A. Daum, E. Karvelas, H. B. Crawley, G. P. Gopal, A. G. Frodesen, K. D. Brand, J. Pennanen, J. Cuevas Maestro, N. I. Zimin, S. Ragazzi, M. Kopf, E. K. Johansson, C. Bosio, D. Bertrand, Steinar Stapnes, G. W. Van Apeldoorn, P. Weilhammer, J. W. Lamsa, J. Chauveau, W. Bonivento, E. Cortina, W. Ruckstuhl, R. Zitoun, Jon Christopher Wikne, C. Defoix, F. Fulda-Quenzer, K. Kurvinen, E. Castelli, L. Ventura, P. Beltran, G. Grosdidier, Ivan Mikulec, E. Graziani, William Trischuk, Y. Lemoigne, J. Drees, J. M. Brunet, P. D. Dauncey, A. Passeri, M. Weierstall, P. N. Bogolubov, Evangelos Gazis, G. Meola, A. Markou, George Kalkanis, P. B. Renton, Louis Lyons, D. C. Fries, E. C. Katsoufis, Pieter David, Marta Calvi, Vincenzo Canale, Geoffrey Smith, N. Brumner, R. Sekulin, W. Krupinski, G. A. Chelkov, M. Dracos, Demetrios Loukas, G. Valenti, T. Moa, G. Maehlum, D. Fassouliotis, A. Romero, F. Pierre, S. Haider, Fares Djama, A. Ferrer, O. Ullaland, Giovanni Darbo, P. N. Ratoff, D. R. Johnson, P. Szymanski, S. Simonetti, H. J. Hilke, M. Begalli, M. A. Winter, T. Bolognese, A. Petrolini, Y. Dufour, T. Henkes, B. De Lotto, Sandor Czellar, Evgueni Vlasov, G. Polok, G. E. Theodosiou, L. G. Tkatchev, G. Wilkinson, M.D.M. De Fez Laso, M. Berggren, Tiziano Rovelli, Paul Baillon, Alexander Lincoln Read, M. Szeptycka, C. Ronnqvist, A. P. Ostankov, Julien Guy, Luc Pape, Anna Lipniacka, S. Dagoret, P. Van Dam, C. De La Vaissiere, G. Zhang, Pawel Jalocha, Barry King, R. Frühwirth, J. Timmermans, S. L. Blyth, P. Morettini, B. Koene, J. G. Loken, P. Beilliere, R. Pain, W. Hao, O. Barring, Z. Hajduk, M. Davenport, A. Hakansson, P. V. Chliapnikov, Abreu, P, Adam, W, Adye, T, Agasi, E, Alekseev, G, Allen, P, Almehed, S, Alvsvaag, S, Amaldi, U, Anassontzis, E, Andreazza, A, Antilogus, P, Apel, W, Apsimon, R, Åsman, B, Augustin, J, Augustinus, A, Baillon, P, Bambade, P, Barao, F, Barate, R, Barbiellini, G, Bardin, D, Baroncelli, A, Barring, O, Barrio, J, Bartl, W, Bates, M, Battaglia, M, Baubillier, M, Becks, K, Beeston, C, Begalli, M, Beilliere, P, Belokopytov, Y, Beltran, P, Benedic, D, Berggren, M, Bertrand, D, Bianchi, F, Bilenky, M, Billoir, P, Bjarne, J, Bloch, D, Blyth, S, Bocci, V, Bogolubov, P, Bolognese, T, Bonesini, M, Bonivento, W, Booth, P, Borgeaud, P, Borisov, G, Borner, H, Bosio, C, Bostjancic, B, Bosworth, S, Botner, O, Bouquet, B, Bourdarios, C, Bowcock, T, Bozzo, M, Braibant, S, Branchini, P, Brand, K, Brenner, R, Briand, H, Bricman, C, Brown, R, Brumner, N, Brunet, J, Bugge, L, Buran, T, Burmeister, H, Buytaert, J, Caccia, M, Calvi, M, Camacho Rozas, A, Camporesi, T, Canale, V, Cao, F, Carena, F, Carroll, L, Caso, C, Castelli, E, Castillo Gimenez, M, Cattai, A, Cavallo, F, Cerrito, L, Chabaud, V, Chan, A, Chapkin, M, Charpentier, P, Chaussard, L, Chauveau, J, Checchia, P, Chelkov, G, Chevalier, L, Chliapnikov, P, Chorowicz, V, Chrin, J, Cirio, R, Clara, M, Collins, P, Contreras, J, Contri, R, Cortina, E, Cosme, G, Couchot, F, Crawley, H, Crennell, D, Crosetti, G, Crozon, M, Maestro, J, Czellar, S, Dagoret, S, Dahl-Jensen, E, Dalmagne, B, Dam, M, Damgaard, G, Darbo, G, Daubie, E, Daum, A, Dauncey, P, Davenport, M, David, P, Da Silva, W, Defoix, C, Delikaris, D, Della Riccia, B, Delorme, S, Delpierre, P, Demaria, N, De Angelis, A, De Beer, M, De Boeck, H, De Boer, W, De Clercq, C, De Fez Laso, M, De Groot, N, De La Vaissiere, C, De Lotto, B, De Min, A, Dijkstra, H, Di Ciaccio, L, Djama, F, Dolbeau, J, Donszelmann, M, Doroba, K, Dracos, M, Drees, J, Dris, M, Dufour, Y, Eek, L, Eerola, P, Ehret, R, Ekelof, T, Ekspon, G, Peisert, A, Engel, J, Fassouliotis, D, Fearnley, T, Feindt, M, Alonso, M, Ferrer, A, Filippas, T, Firestone, A, Foeth, H, Fokitis, E, Fontanelli, F, Forbes, K, Franek, B, Frenkiel, P, Fries, D, Frodesen, A, Fruhwirth, R, Fulda-Quenzer, F, Furnival, K, Furstenau, H, Fuster, J, Galeazzi, G, Gamba, D, Garcia, C, Garcia, J, Gaspar, C, Gasparini, U, Gavillet, P, Gazis, E, Gerber, J, Giacomelli, P, Gokieli, R, Golovatyuk, V, Gomez Y Cadenas, J, Goobar, A, Gopal, G, Gorski, M, Gracco, V, Grant, A, Grard, F, Graziani, E, Grosdidier, G, Gross, E, Grosse-Wiesmann, P, Grossetete, B, Guy, J, Haedinger, U, Hahn, F, Hahn, M, Haider, S, Hajduk, Z, Hakansson, A, Hallgren, A, Hamacher, K, De Monchenault, G, Hao, W, Harris, F, Henkes, T, Hernandez, J, Herquet, P, Herr, H, Hessing, T, Hietanen, I, Higgins, C, Higon, E, Hilke, H, Hodgson, S, Hofmokl, T, Holmes, R, Holmgren, S, Holthuizen, D, Honore, P, Hooper, J, Houlden, M, Hrubec, J, Hulth, P, Hultqvist, K, Ioannou, P, Isenhower, D, Iversen, P, Jackson, J, Jalocha, P, Jarlskog, G, Jarry, P, Jean-Marie, B, Johansson, E, Johnson, D, Jonker, M, Jonsson, L, Juillot, P, Kalkanis, G, Kalmus, G, Kapusta, F, Karlsson, M, Karvelas, E, Katsanevas, S, Katsoufis, E, Keranen, R, Kesteman, J, Khomenko, B, Khovanski, N, King, B, Kjaer, N, Klein, H, Klempt, W, Klovning, A, Kluit, P, Koehne, J, Koene, B, Kokkinias, P, Kopf, M, Korcyl, K, Korytov, A, Kostioukhine, V, Kourkoumelis, C, Kouznetsov, O, Kramer, P, Krolikowski, J, Kronkvist, I, Krstic, J, Kruener-Marquis, U, Krupinski, W, Kulka, K, Kurvinen, K, Lacasta, C, Lambropoulos, C, Lamsa, J, Lanceri, L, Lapin, V, Laugier, J, Lauhakangas, R, Leder, G, Ledroit, F, Leitner, R, Lemoigne, Y, Lemonne, J, Lenzen, G, Lepeltier, V, Letessier-Selvon, A, Levy, J, Lieb, E, Liko, D, Lillethun, E, Lindgren, J, Lindner, R, Lipniacka, A, Lippi, I, Loerstad, B, Lokajicek, M, Loken, J, Lopez-Fernandez, A, Lopez Aguera, M, Los, M, Loukas, D, Lozano, J, Lutz, P, Lyons, L, Maehlum, G, Maillard, J, Maltezos, A, Mandl, F, Marco, J, Margoni, M, Marin, J, Markou, A, Maron, T, Marti, S, Mathis, L, Matorras, F, Matteuzzi, C, Matthiae, G, Mazzucato, M, Mc Cubbin, M, Mc Kay, R, Mc Nulty, R, Meola, G, Meroni, C, Meyer, W, Michelotto, M, Mikulec, I, Mitaroff, W, Mitselmakher, G, Mjoernmark, U, Moa, T, Moeller, R, Moenig, K, Monge, M, Morettini, P, Mueller, H, Murray, W, Muryn, B, Myatt, G, Naraghi, F, Navarria, F, Negri, P, Nielsen, B, Nijjhar, B, Nikolaenko, V, Nilsen, P, Niss, P, Obraztsov, V, Olshevski, A, Orava, R, Ostankov, A, Osterberg, K, Ouraou, A, Paganoni, M, Pain, R, Palka, H, Papadopoulou, T, Pape, L, Passeri, A, Pegoraro, M, Pennanen, J, Perevozchikov, V, Pernicka, M, Perrotta, A, Petrolini, A, Pettersen, T, Pierre, F, Pimenta, M, Pingot, O, Pol, M, Polok, G, Poropat, P, Privitera, P, Pullia, A, Radojicic, D, Ragazzi, S, Ratoff, P, Read, A, Redaelli, N, Regler, M, Reid, D, Renton, P, Resvanis, L, Richard, F, Richardson, M, Ridky, J, Rinaudo, G, Roditi, I, Romero, A, Roncagliolo, I, Ronchese, P, Ronnqvist, C, Rosenberg, E, Rossi, S, Rossi, U, Rosso, E, Roudeau, P, Rovelli, T, Ruckstuhl, W, Ruhlmann, V, Ruiz, A, Rybicki, K, Saarikko, H, Sacquin, Y, Sajot, G, Salt, J, Sanchez, J, Sannino, M, Schael, S, Schneider, H, Schyns, M, Sciolla, G, Scuri, F, Segar, A, Sekulin, R, Sessa, M, Sette, G, Seufert, R, Shellard, R, Siccama, I, Siegrist, P, Simonetti, S, Simonetto, F, Sisakian, A, Skaali, T, Skjevling, G, Smadja, G, Smirnov, N, Smith, G, Sosnowski, R, Spassoff, T, Spiriti, E, Squarcia, S, Staeck, H, Stanescu, C, Stapnes, S, Stavropoulos, G, Stichelbaut, F, Stocchi, A, Strauss, J, Straver, J, Strub, R, Szczekowski, M, Szeptycka, M, Szymanski, P, Tabarelli, T, Tavernier, S, Tchikilev, O, Theodosiou, G, Tilquin, A, Timmermans, J, Timofeev, V, Tkatchev, L, Todorov, T, Toet, D, Toker, O, Tomaradze, A, Torassa, E, Tortora, L, Trainor, M, Treille, D, Trevisan, U, Trischuk, W, Tristram, G, Troncon, C, Tsirou, A, Tsyganov, E, Turala, M, Turluer, M, Tuuva, T, Tyapkin, I, Tyndel, M, Tzamarias, S, Ueberschaer, S, Ullaland, O, Uvarov, V, Valenti, G, Vallazza, E, Valls Ferrer, J, Velde, C, Van Apeldoorn, G, Van Dam, P, Van Doninck, W, Varela, J, Vaz, P, Vegni, G, Ventura, L, Venus, W, Verbeure, F, Vertogradov, L, Vilanova, D, Vitale, L, Vlasov, E, Vlassopoulos, S, Vodopyanov, A, Vollmer, M, Volponi, S, Voulgaris, G, Voutilainen, M, Vrba, V, Wahlen, H, Walck, C, Waldner, F, Wayne, M, Wehr, A, Weierstall, M, Weilhammer, P, Werner, J, Wetherell, A, Wickens, J, Wikne, J, Wilkinson, G, Williams, W, Winter, M, Wormald, D, Wormser, G, Woschnagg, K, Yamdagni, N, Yepes, P, Zaitsev, A, Zalewska, A, Zalewski, P, Zavrtanik, D, Zevgolatakos, E, Zhang, G, Zimin, N, Zito, M, Zitoun, R, Zuberi, R, Funchal, R, Zumerle, G, Zuniga, J, Institut de Physique Nucléaire de Lyon (IPNL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3), Laboratoire de l'Accélérateur Linéaire (LAL), Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11), Laboratoire de Physique Subatomique et de Cosmologie (LPSC), Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Centre de Physique des Particules de Marseille (CPPM), Aix Marseille Université (AMU)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), DELPHI, Delphi, Collaboration, Abreu, P., Adam, W., Canale, Vincenzo, Université Claude Bernard Lyon 1 (UCBL), Université de Lyon-Université de Lyon-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Paris-Sud - Paris 11 (UP11)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP )-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Université Joseph Fourier - Grenoble 1 (UJF)-Institut polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology (Grenoble INP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Institut Polytechnique de Grenoble - Grenoble Institute of Technology-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Université Grenoble Alpes (UGA), and Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Aix Marseille Université (AMU)

Subjects
COLLISIONS, Particle physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, E+E ANNIHILATION, LUND MONTE-CARLO, 34-GEV, Electron–positron annihilation, Hadron, 01 natural sciences, JET FRAGMENTATION, PHYSICS, Nuclear physics, Pion, PION INTERFEROMETRY, MASS-ENERGY, COHERENCE, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], 010306 general physics, Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Detector, Bose–Einstein correlations, Charged particle, Reference sample, Physique des particules élémentaires, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Particle Physics - Experiment, Coherence (physics)
Abstract

Bose-Einstein correlation between pairs of like-sign charged particles produced in e+e- annihilations near the Z0 peak have been studied using data taken with the DELPHI detector at LEP. An enhancement is found in the production of pairs of identical pions of similar moments, with respect to a reference sample. Under the hypothesis that the pions are emitted by a spherically symmetrical source with gaussian density, the data indicate a radius of the source of r = 0.62±0.04(stat.)±0.20(syst.) fm. The large systematic uncertainty reflects the sensitivity of r to the choice of the reference sample, 0, info:eu-repo/semantics/published

Published
2016

31. Measurement of fragmentation cross sections ofC12ions on a thin gold target with the FIRST apparatus

Author

H. Simon, A. Boudard, D. Juliani, A.H. Kummali, G. Ickert, Piernicola Oliva, Giacomo Cuttone, Paola Sala, D. Nicolosi, A. Brunetti, R. Introzzi, Y. Leifels, Dario Rossi, Christoph Schuy, F. Balestra, M. Toppi, M. A. G. Alvarez, A. Paoloni, Z. Abou-Haidar, E. Iarocci, R. Rescigno, G. Battistoni, N. Randazzo, H. Younis, J. Krimmer, R. Pleskac, S. Leray, Andrea Bocci, C. Scheidenberger, M. Durante, C. Agodi, B. Golosio, Alessio Sarti, F. Marchetto, V. Monaco, R. Sacchi, N. Kurz, S. Tropea, M. De Napoli, Valeria Sipala, S. Salvador, Vincenzo Patera, A. Sciubba, T. T. Bohlen, G.A.P. Cirrone, M. Rousseau, M. A. Cortés-Giraldo, Concettina Sfienti, V. Rosso, Felice Iazzi, E. Spiriti, M. Labalme, M. Vanstalle, J. P. Fernández-García, Roberto Cirio, M. Carpinelli, F. Romano, A. Le Fèvre, Thomas Aumann, M. C. Morone, Ch. Finck, and Luca Piersanti

Subjects
Physics, Particle therapy, Ion beam, Applied physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, medicine.medical_treatment, Kinetic energy, 01 natural sciences, Ion, Nuclear physics, Fragmentation (mass spectrometry), 0103 physical sciences, Electromagnetic shielding, medicine, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics, Nucleon
Abstract

A detailed knowledge of the light ions interaction processes with matter is of great interest in basic and applied physics. As an example, particle therapy and space radioprotection require highly accurate fragmentation cross-section measurements to develop shielding materials and estimate acute and late health risks for manned missions in space and for treatment planning in particle therapy. The Fragmentation of Ions Relevant for Space and Therapy experiment at the Helmholtz Center for Heavy Ion research (GSI) was designed and built by an international collaboration from France, Germany, Italy, and Spain for studying the collisions of a C12 ion beam with thin targets. The collaboration's main purpose is to provide the double-differential cross-section measurement of carbon-ion fragmentation at energies that are relevant for both tumor therapy and space radiation protection applications. Fragmentation cross sections of light ions impinging on a wide range of thin targets are also essential to validate the nuclear models implemented in MC simulations that, in such an energy range, fail to reproduce the data with the required accuracy. This paper presents the single differential carbon-ion fragmentation cross sections on a thin gold target, measured as a function of the fragment angle and kinetic energy in the forward angular region (θ≲6∘), aiming to provide useful data for the benchmarking of the simulation softwares used in light ions fragmentation applications. The C12 ions used in the measurement were accelerated at the energy of 400 MeV/nucleon by the SIS (heavy ion synchrotron) GSI facility.

Published
2016

32. EP-1594: On-line analysis of 4D treatment deliveries for scanned proton and carbon ion beams

Author

Andrea Attili, Simona Giordanengo, M. Varasteh Anvar, Mario Ciocca, F. Marchetto, A. Vignati, Roberto Sacchi, G. V. Russo, V. Monaco, F. Mas Milian, Roberto Cirio, and M. Donetti

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Materials science, Proton, Carbon ion beam, Hematology, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Oncology, Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Medical physics, Line (text file), Atomic physics
Published
2016
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34. Quality assurance of carbon ion and proton beams: A feasibility study for using the 2D MatriXX detector

Author

Silvia Molinelli, Mario Ciocca, Federico Fausti, V. Monaco, Roberto Cirio, A Vignati, Roberto Sacchi, L Fanola Guarachi, M. Varasteh Anvar, Andrea Attili, M. Donetti, Simona Giordanengo, and Flavio Marchetto

Subjects
Materials science, Ion beam, Quality Assurance, Health Care, Active beam scanning, medicine.medical_treatment, Flatness (systems theory), Biophysics, General Physics and Astronomy, Particle therapy, Heavy Ion Radiotherapy, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Optics, medicine, Proton Therapy, Dosimetry, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiometry, Quality assurance, MatriXX, Beam diameter, business.industry, Detector, Radiotherapy Dosage, General Medicine, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Feasibility Studies, Nuclear medicine, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Purpose The quality assurance (QA) procedures in particle therapy centers with active beam scanning make extensive use of films, which do not provide immediate results. The purpose of this work is to verify whether the 2D MatriXX detector by IBA Dosimetry has enough sensitivity to replace films in some of the measurements. Methods MatriXX is a commercial detector composed of 32 × 32 parallel plate ionization chambers designed for pre-treatment dose verification in conventional radiation therapy. The detector and GAFCHROMIC® films were exposed simultaneously to a 131.44 MeV proton and a 221.45 MeV/u carbon-ion therapeutic beam at the CNAO therapy center of Pavia – Italy, and the results were analyzed and compared. Results The sensitivity MatriXX on the beam position, beam width and field flatness was investigated. For the first two quantities, a method for correcting systematic uncertainties, dependent on the beam size, was developed allowing to achieve a position resolution equal to 230 μm for carbon ions and less than 100 μm for protons. The beam size and the field flatness measured using MatriXX were compared with the same quantities measured with the irradiated film, showing a good agreement. Conclusions The results indicate that a 2D detector such as MatriXX can be used to measure several parameters of a scanned ion beam quickly and precisely and suggest that the QA would benefit from a new protocol where the MatriXX detector is added to the existing systems.

Published
2016

35. Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors for 4D tracking

Author

M. Mandurrino, Fabio Ravera, V. Sola, Abraham Seiden, Andrea Bellora, A. Zatserklyaniy, Francesca Cenna, B. Gruey, Roberto Sacchi, Max Wilder, V. Monaco, M.I. Ferrero, N. Cartiglia, H. F-W. Sadrozinski, A. Staiano, M. Mashayekhi, N. Spencer, Maria Margherita Obertino, Z. Galloway, Nathaniel Woods, R. Mulargia, Roberta Arcidiacono, Roberto Cirio, S. Durando, and P. Freeman

Subjects
Physics, Silicon, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, business.industry, Detector, chemistry.chemical_element, Tracking (particle physics), 01 natural sciences, Signal, Particle detector, Semiconductor detector, Optics, chemistry, Hardware_GENERAL, Picosecond, 0103 physical sciences, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Measuring instrument, Optoelectronics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, 010306 general physics, business, Instrumentation, Mathematical Physics
Abstract

We review the progress toward the development of a novel type of silicon detectors suited for tracking with a picosecond timing resolution, the so called Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors. The goal is to create a new family of particle detectors merging excellent position and timing resolution with GHz counting capabilities, very low material budget, radiation resistance, fine granularity, low power, insensitivity to magnetic field, and affordability. We aim to achieve concurrent precisions of ~ 10 ps and ~ 10 μm with a 50 μm thick sensor. Ultra-Fast Silicon Detectors are based on the concept of Low-Gain Avalanche Detectors, which are silicon detectors with an internal multiplication mechanism so that they generate a signal which is factor ~ 10 larger than standard silicon detectors.

Published
2016

36. Tumour control in ion beam radiotherapy with different ions in the presence of hypoxia: an oxygen enhancement ratio model based on the microdosimetric kinetic model

Author

Louis E. Strigari, Taku Inaniwa, F. Dalmasso, Andrea Attili, Roberto Cirio, L Manganaro, and Francesca J. Torriani

Subjects
Ion beam, Proton, Heavy Ion Radiotherapy, Fractionation, Models, Biological, 030218 nuclear medicine & medical imaging, Ion, 03 medical and health sciences, Cricetulus, 0302 clinical medicine, Cricetinae, Neoplasms, Animals, Humans, Linear Energy Transfer, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Irradiation, Cells, Cultured, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Chemistry, business.industry, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, Radiochemistry, Partial pressure, Cell Hypoxia, Charged particle, Oxygen, Kinetics, 030220 oncology & carcinogenesis, Oxygen enhancement ratio, Dose Fractionation, Radiation, Nuclear medicine, business, Relative Biological Effectiveness
Abstract

Few attempts have been made to include the oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) in treatment planning for ion beam therapy, and systematic studies to evaluate the impact of hypoxia in treatment with the beam of different ion species are sorely needed. The radiobiological models used to quantify the OER in such studies are mainly based on the dose-averaged LET estimates, and do not explicitly distinguish between the ion species and fractionation schemes. In this study, a new type of OER modelling, based on the microdosimetric kinetic model, taking into account the specificity of the different ions, LET spectra, tissues and fractionation schemes, has been developed. The model has been benchmarked with published in vitro data, HSG, V79 and CHO cells in aerobic and hypoxic conditions, for different ion irradiation. The model has been included in the simulation of treatments for a clinical case (brain tumour) using proton, lithium, helium, carbon and oxygen ion beams. A study of the tumour control probability (TCP) as a function of oxygen partial pressure, dose per fraction and primary ion type has been performed. The modelled OER depends on both the LET and ion type, also showing a decrease for an increased dose per fraction with a slope that depends on the LET and ion type, in good agreement with the experimental data. In the investigated clinical case, a significant increase in TCP has been found upon increasing the ion charge. Higher OER variations as a function of dose per fraction have also been found for low-LET ions (up to 15% varying from 2 to 8 Gy(RBE) for protons). This model could be exploited in the identification of treatment condition optimality in the presence of hypoxia, including fractionation and primary particle selection.

Published
2018

37. Heuristic optimization of the scanning path of particle therapy beams

Author

Roberto Sacchi, N. Givehchi, F. Bourhaleb, M. Donetti, Roberto Cirio, A. La Rosa, A. Pecka, M. A. Garella, Flavio Marchetto, Abdolkazem Ansarinejad, G. V. Russo, Simona Giordanengo, Andrea Attili, Vincenzo Monaco, Cristiana Peroni, and J. Pardo

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Particle therapy, Ion beam, Heuristic (computer science), Heuristic, Annealing (metallurgy), Computer science, medicine.medical_treatment, General Medicine, Radiation therapy, Zigzag, Simulated annealing, medicine, Dosimetry, Medical physics, Radiation treatment planning, Algorithm, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Quasidiscrete scanning is a delivery strategy for proton and ion beam therapy in which the beam is turned off when a slice is finished and a new energy must be set but not during the scanning between consecutive spots. Different scanning paths lead to different dose distributions due to the contribution of the unintended transit dose between spots. In this work an algorithm to optimize the scanning path for quasidiscrete scanned beams is presented. The classical simulated annealing algorithm is used. It is a heuristic algorithm frequently used in combinatorial optimization problems, which allows us to obtain nearly optimal solutions in acceptable running times. A study focused on the best choice of operational parameters on which the algorithm performance depends is presented. The convergence properties of the algorithm have been further improved by using the next-neighbor algorithm to generate the starting paths. Scanning paths for two clinical treatments have been optimized. The optimized paths are found to be shorter than the back-and-forth, top-to-bottom (zigzag) paths generally provided by the treatment planning systems. The gamma method has been applied to quantify the improvement achieved on the dose distribution. Results show a reduction of the transit dose when the optimized paths are used. The benefit is clear especially when the fluence per spot is low, as in the case of repainting. The minimization of the transit dose can potentially allow the use of higher beam intensities, thus decreasing the treatment time. The algorithm implemented for this work can optimize efficiently the scanning path of quasidiscrete scanned particle beams. Optimized scanning paths decrease the transit dose and lead to better dose distributions.

Published
2009

38. Ionizing radiation effects on a 64-channel charge measurement ASIC designed in CMOS 0.35μm technology

Author

Andrea Attili, G. Mazza, M. Donetti, S. Iliescu, J. Pardo, N. Givehchi, F. Bourhaleb, Roberto Cirio, G. Pittà, Cristiana Peroni, A. Pecka, A. La Rosa, Simona Giordanengo, M. A. Garella, and F. Marchetto

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Detector, Radiation, Chip, CMOS, Application-specific integrated circuit, Radiation damage, Optoelectronics, Dosimetry, Irradiation, business, Instrumentation
Abstract

A 64-channel circuit Application Specific Integrated Circuit (ASIC) for charge measurement has been designed in CMOS 0.35mm technology and characterized with electrical tests. The ASIC has been conceived to be used as a front-end for dosimetry and beam monitoring detector read-out. For that application, the circuitry is housed at a few centimeters from the irradiated area of the detectors and therefore radiation damages can affect the chip performances. The ASIC has been tested on an X-ray beam. In this paper, the results of the test and an estimate of the expected lifetime of the ASIC in a standard radio-therapeutical treatment environment are presented. An increase of the background current of 2 fA/Gy has been observed at low doses, whilst the gain changes by less than 3% when irradiated up to 15 kGy. Furthermore it has been assessed that, when used as an on-line beam monitor and the annealing effect has been taken into account, the background current increase is � 440 fA/year.

Published
2008

39. Design and test of a 64-channel charge measurement ASIC developed in CMOS 0.35μm technology

Author

Simona Giordanengo, Cristiana Peroni, Andrea Attili, G. Mazza, A. Pecka, F. Marchetto, S. Iliescu, L. Luetto, G. Pittà, J. Pardo, M. A. Garella, Roberto Cirio, M. Donetti, N. Givehchi, A. La Rosa, and F. Bourhaleb

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, business.industry, Dynamic range, Detector, Linearity, Charge (physics), Integrated circuit, law.invention, Application-specific integrated circuit, CMOS, law, Optoelectronics, business, Instrumentation, Communication channel
Abstract

A 64-channel charge measurement (Application-Specific Integrated Circuit) ASIC has been designed and tested: it is intended to serve as a front-end electronic read-out for detectors to monitor and measure radiotherapeutical beams. The ASIC has been designed in a CMOS 0.35 μm technology with particular attention to the linearity over a wide input range and can accept currents of both polarities. The linearity is better than 1.5% for a dynamic range of the input current between 500 pA and 3 μA. For a charge resolution of 350 fC, the spread (r.m.s.) of the gain is less than 1%.

Published
2007

40. Online monitor detector for the protontherapy beam at the INFN Laboratori Nazionali del Sud-Catania

Author

G.V. Russo, M.A. Garella, A. Attili, G.A.P. Cirrone, Giacomo Cuttone, L. Raffaele, Roberto Cirio, Marco Donetti, Cristiana Peroni, Flavio Marchetto, S. Iliescu, A. Pecka, P. Lojacono, A. Boriano, G. Pittà, N. Givehchi, P. Nicotra, S. Giordanengo, F. Di Rosa, L.M. Valastro, Maria Gabriella Sabini, A. La Rosa, and F. Bourhaleb

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Optics, Beamline, business.industry, Ionization chamber, Detector, Beam geometry, Patient treatment, Beam position monitor, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

A detector to monitor online the protontherapy beam at the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Laboratori Nazionali del Sud (LNS) has been built and characterized. The detector is made of two ionization chambers: each chamber has the anode splitted into 256 0.5 mm strips with vertical and horizontal orientation. The chambers are part of the beam line: signals can be processed online at a speed up to 100 Hz and results are promptly available. Thus the beam geometry can be controlled continuously during patient treatment, and in case of deviation from the required conditions, the treatment can be directly concluded.

Published
2007

41. A pixel ionization chamber used as beam monitor at the Institut Curie—Centre de Protontherapie de Orsay (CPO)

Author

F. Bourhaleb, Cristiana Peroni, Flavio Marchetto, G. Pittà, F. Martin, S. Meyroneinc, Roberto Cirio, Marco Donetti, M.A. Garella, N. Givehchi, A. La Rosa, and S. Giordanengo

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, medicine.medical_specialty, Pixel, business.industry, Beam monitor, Detector, Collimator, law.invention, Optics, Beamline, law, Ionization chamber, medicine, Medical physics, Delivery system, business, Instrumentation, Proton therapy
Abstract

The Dipartimento di Fisica Sperimentale and the Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Torino, in collaboration with the Institut Curie—Centre de Protontherapie de Orsay (CPO), have developed and built a pixel parallel plate ionization chamber to be used as monitor for the proton therapy beam line at the Institut Curie—CPO (Orsay, France). The sensitive area of the detector is (160×160) mm2, with the anode segmented in 1024 square pixels arranged in a 32×32 matrix; the area of each pixel is (5×5) mm2. The detector has been placed on the beam line just upstream of the last collimator to monitor the beam shape and to measure the stability and reproducibility of the delivery system. In this paper, we present a detailed description of the detector and the results of a set of preliminary tests.

Published
2006

42. A method for the inter-calibration of a matrix of sensors

Author

F. Bourhaleb, A. Boriano, Iwan Cornelius, A. La Rosa, Simona Giordanengo, M. Donetti, F. Marchetto, Cristiana Peroni, E. Garelli, Roberto Cirio, and U. Nastasi

Subjects
Field (physics), Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Transducers, Fluence, Matrix (mathematics), Optics, Ionization, Calibration, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiometry, Physics, Models, Statistical, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, Phantoms, Imaging, business.industry, Detector, Reproducibility of Results, Water, Radiotherapy Dosage, Transducer, Radiotherapy, Intensity-Modulated, business, Algorithm, Algorithms
Abstract

We present a quick and easy method for the calibration of a matrix of sensors. The algorithm is based on a three-step irradiation procedure which relies only on the constancy of the delivered fluence at each step. With this method the gain of each sensor is derived relative to a reference detector. The algorithm has been applied to a matrix of (32 x 32) ionization chambers. After the calibration coefficients have been applied, by comparing the response of the matrix of chambers to a reference detector over a large field, we determined that the fluence measurement of individual chambers is better than 0.7%. The algorithm solves the cumbersome problem of the relative gain calibration of a matrix of a large number of sensors.

Published
2006

43. Preliminary results with a strip ionization chamber used as beam monitor for hadrontherapy treatments

Author

Maria Gabriella Sabini, Cristiana Peroni, F. Marchette, Roberto Cirio, F. Bourhaleb, Luigi Raffaele, M. Donetti, Giacomo Cuttone, Simona Giordanengo, G.A.P. Cirrone, A. Boriano, E. Garelli, A. Luparia, and L. M. Valastro

Subjects
DYNAMIC-RANGE, PERFORMANCES, THERAPY, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Beam diameter, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Physics::Medical Physics, Detector, Analytical chemistry, Collimator, Fluence, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, law.invention, Optics, Beamline, law, Ionization chamber, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Laser beam quality, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Preliminary results are presented from a test of a parallel plate ionization chamber with the anode segmented in strips (MOPI) to be used as a beam monitor for therapeutical treatments on the 62 MeV proton beam line of the INFN-LNS Superconducting Cyclotron. Ocular pathologies have been treated at the Catana facility since March 2002. The detector, placed downstream of the patient collimator, will allow the measurement of the relevant beam diagnostic parameters during treatment such as integrated beam fluence, for dose determination; the beam baricentre, width and asymmetry will be obtained from the fluence profile sampled with a resolution of about 100 Urn at a rate up to 1 kHz with no dead time. In this test, carried out at LNS, the detector has been exposed to different beam shapes and the integrated fluence derived by the measured beam profiles has been compared with that obtained with other dosimeters normally used for treatment. The skewness of the beam profile has been measured and shown to be suitable to on-line check variations of the beam shape.

Published
2006

44. D-IMRT verification with a 2D pixel ionization chamber: dosimetric and clinical results in head and neck cancer

Author

Iwan Cornelius, Cristiana Peroni, I. Gomola, A. Sardo, M. Porzio, E. Garelli, A. Boriano, Simona Giordanengo, Roberto Cirio, C. J. Sanz Freire, Flavio Marchetto, F. Bourhaleb, Marco Donetti, and Michele Stasi

Subjects
Materials science, Particle detector, Dosimetry, Ionization, Chordoma, Humans, X-Ray Intensifying Screens, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Radiotherapy, Radiological and Ultrasound Technology, business.industry, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, X-Ray Film, Skull, Detector, Parotid Neoplasms, Multileaf collimator, Ethmoid Bone, Head and Neck Neoplasms, Ionization chamber, Measuring instrument, Nuclear medicine, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Dynamic intensity-modulated radiotherapy (D-IMRT) using the sliding-window technique is currently applied for selected treatments of head and neck cancer at Institute for Cancer Research and Treatment of Candiolo (Turin, Italy). In the present work, a PiXel-segmented ionization Chamber (PXC) has been used for the verification of 19 fields used for four different head and neck cancers. The device consists of a 32 × 32 matrix of 1024 parallel-plate ionization chambers arranged in a square of 24 × 24 cm2 area. Each chamber has 0.4 cm diameter and 0.55 cm height; a distance of 0.75 cm separates the centre of adjacent chambers. The sensitive volume of each single ionization chamber is 0.07 cm3. Each of the 1024 independent ionization chambers is read out with a custom microelectronics chip.The output factors in water obtained with the PXC at a depth of 10 cm were compared to other detectors and the maximum difference was 1.9% for field sizes down to 3 × 3 cm2. Beam profiles for different field dimensions were measured with the PXC and two other types of ionization chambers; the maximum distance to agreement (DTA) in the 20–80% penumbra region of a 3 × 3 cm2 field was 0.09 cm. The leaf speed of the multileaf collimator was varied between 0.07 and 2 cm s−1 and the detector response was constant to better than 0.6%. The behaviour of the PXC was measured while varying the dose rate between 0.21 and 1.21 Gy min−1; the mean difference was 0.50% and the maximum difference was 0.96%. Using fields obtained with an enhanced dynamic wedge and a staircase-like (step) IMRT field, the PXC has been tested for simple 1D modulated beams; comparison with film gave a maximum DTA of 0.12 cm. The PXC was then used to check four different IMRT plans for head and neck cancer treatment: cervical chordoma, parotid, ethmoid and skull base. In the comparison of the PXC versus film and PXC versus treatment planning system, the number of pixels with γ parameter ≤1 was 97.7% and 97.6%, respectively.

Published
2005

45. A 64-channel wide dynamic range charge measurement ASIC for strip and pixel ionization detectors

Author

Flavio Marchetto, A. Luparia, Cristiana Peroni, Roberto Cirio, Giacomo Mazza, A. La Rosa, and Marco Donetti

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Dynamic range, Detector, ComputingMethodologies_IMAGEPROCESSINGANDCOMPUTERVISION, Electrical engineering, Integrated circuit, Chip, law.invention, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Optics, Nuclear Energy and Engineering, CMOS, Application-specific integrated circuit, law, Nuclear electronics, Ionization, Wide dynamic range, Hardware_INTEGRATEDCIRCUITS, Optoelectronics, Electrical and Electronic Engineering, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

In this paper we report a 64-channel application specified integrated circuit (ASIC) for the readout of parallel plate strip and pixel ionization detectors. The detectors measure the intensity and the geometrical characteristics of a hadron beam for hadrontherapy cancer treatments. The ASIC is based on a current to frequency converter followed by a counter. It uses a charge balancing integration technique to obtain a dynamic range in excess of 10/sup 5/ with a nonlinearity of less than 1%. The ASIC has been designed in a CMOS 0.8 /spl mu/m technology and it has been used for the readout of both strip ionization detectors for beam calibration and pixel detectors for beam monitoring during treatment. A new version of the chip in CMOS 0.35 /spl mu/m technology which allows bipolar input currents has been designed and is currently under test.

Published
2005

46. Test beam analysis of the first CMS drift tube muon chamber

Author

E. Conti, Anna Teresa Meneguzzo, M. Benettoni, Michele Gulmini, Pablo Garcia-Abia, Andrea Perrotta, Francesco Navarria, Marina Passaseo, Nicanor Colino, I. Jimenez, Hans Reithler, A. Garcı́a-Raboso, V. Monaco, J. Fernández de Trocóniz, Kerstin Hoepfner, Ezio Torassa, Paolo Giacomelli, Alessandra Romero, Chiara Mariotti, Roberto Cirio, P. Arce, Cristiana Peroni, Sandro Ventura, Thomas Hebbeker, I. Josa, Marcos Cerrada, Tiziano Rovelli, Francesca Romana Cavallo, F. Dal Corso, L. Romero, Amedeo Staiano, Matteo Pegoraro, Carmen Albajar, Andrea Mario Rossi, S. Hermann, V. Vaniev, Maria Cruz Fouz, Nicola Amapane, Marco Bellato, Alessandro Montanari, Paolo Ronchese, Jose Caballero, Silvia Maselli, J. Puerta, Gianni Zumerle, Stefano Lacaprara, C. Villanueva, M. Bontenackels, Gaetano-Marco Dallavalle, B. De La Cruz, F. Odorici, Carlos Willmott, S. Vanini, Fabio Montecassiano, Stefano Marcellini, F. Gasparini, Alberto Benvenuti, M. Sowa, Roberto Sacchi, G. Maron, Christian Autermann, Cristina Fernández, Franco Gonella, Ugo Gasparini, C. Montanari, Pierluigi Zotto, N. Toniolo, C. Albajar, N. Amapane, P. Arce, C. Autermann, M. Bellato, M. Benettoni, A. Benvenuti, M. Bontenackel, J. Caballero, F.R. Cavallo, M. Cerrada, R. Cirio, N. Colino, E. Conti, B. de la Cruz, F. Dal Corso, G.M. Dallavalle, C. Fernandez, J. Fernandez de Troconiz, M.C. Fouz, P. Garcıa-Abia, A. Garcıa-Raboso, F. Gasparini, U. Gasparini, P. Giacomelli, F. Gonella, M. Gulmini, T. Hebbeker, S. Hermann, K. Hoepfner, I. Jimenez, I. Josa, S. Lacaprara, S. Marcellini, C. Mariotti, G. Maron, S. Maselli, A.T. Meneguzzo, V. Monaco, A. Montanari, C. Montanari, F. Montecassiano, F.L. Navarria, F. Odorici, M. Passaseo, M. Pegoraro, C. Peroni, A. Perrotta, J. Puerta, H. Reithler, A. Romero, L. Romero, P. Ronchese, A. Rossi, T. Rovelli, R. Sacchi, M. Sowa, A. Staiano, N. Toniolo, E. Torassa, V. Vaniev, S. Vanini, S. Ventura, C. Villanueva, C. Willmott, P. Zotto, and G. Zumerle

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Drift tube, Large Hadron Collider, Muon, PROTOTYPE, CMS, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, Detector, Gamma ray, DRIFT TUBES, Nuclear physics, Muon chamber, MUON DETECTOR, LHC, Physics::Accelerator Physics, muon detector, drift tubes, Instrumentation, Beam (structure), Data reduction
Abstract

In October 2001 the first produced CMS Barrel Drift Tube (DT) Muon Chamber was tested at the CERN Gamma Irradiation Facility (GIF) using a muon beam. A Resistive Plate Chamber (RPC) was attached to the top of the DT chamber, and, for the first time, both detectors were operated coupled together. The performance of the DT chamber was studied for several operating conditions, and for gamma rates similar to the ones expected at LHC. In this paper we present the data analysis; the results are considered fully satisfactory.

Published
2004

47. Dosimetric characterization of a large area pixel-segmented ionization chamber

Author

A. Boriano, Andrea Fidanzio, E. Trevisiol, Roberto Cirio, F. Marchetto, Angelo Piermattei, S. Amerio, U. Nastasi, E. Garelli, Cristiana Peroni, F. Bourhaleb, E. Madon, M. Donetti, Simona Giordanengo, A. Sardo, and C. J. Sanz Freire

Subjects
Materials science, X-ray detector, Dose profile, Electrons, Percentage depth dose curve, Optics, Ionization, Image Processing, Computer-Assisted, Humans, Dosimetry, Cobalt Radioisotopes, Radiometry, Ions, Photons, Radiotherapy, Phantoms, Imaging, business.industry, Radiotherapy Planning, Computer-Assisted, X-Rays, Detector, Water, Radiotherapy Dosage, General Medicine, Multileaf collimator, Ionization chamber, Radiotherapy, Conformal, Nuclear medicine, business, Algorithms, Software
Abstract

A pixel-segmented ionization chamber has been designed and built by Torino University and INFN. The detector features a 24 x 24 cm2 active area divided in 1024 independent cylindrical ionization chambers and can be read out in 500 micros without introducing dead time; the digital charge quantum can be adjusted between 100 fC and 800 fC. The sensitive volume of each single ionization chamber is 0.07 cm3. The purpose of the detector is to ease the two-dimensional (2D) verifications of fields with complex shapes and large gradients. The detector was characterized in a PMMA phantom using 60Co and 6 MV x-ray photon beams. It has shown good signal linearity with respect to dose and dose rate to water. The average sensitivity of a single ionization chamber was 2.1 nC/Gy, constant within 0.5% over one month of daily measurements. Charge collection efficiency was 0.985 at the operating polarization voltage of 400 V and 3.5 Gy/min dose rate. Tissue maximum ratio and output factor have been compared with a Farmer ionization chamber and were found in good agreement. The dose profiles have been compared with the ones obtained with an ionization chamber in water phantom for the field sizes supplied by a 3D-Line dynamic multileaf collimator. These results show that this detector can be used for 2D dosimetry of x-ray photon beams, supplying a good spatial resolution and sensibly reducing the time spent in dosimetric verification of complex radiation fields.

Published
2004

48. Design of an innovative beam monitor for particle therapy for the simultaneous measurement of beam fluence and energy

Author

Roberto Cirio, M.I. Ferrero, M. Varasteh Anvar, V. Monaco, Nicolo Cartiglia, Francesca Cenna, Simona Giordanengo, Roberto Sacchi, F. Marchetto, L. Fanola, and A. Vignati

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, Materials science, Particle therapy, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, Beam monitor, Hematology, Fluence, Optics, Oncology, Radiology Nuclear Medicine and imaging, medicine, Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and imaging, Medical physics, business, Energy (signal processing), Beam (structure)
Published
2016
Full Text
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49. The magic cube and the pixel ionization chamber: detectors for monitor and dosimetry of radiotherapy beams

Author

E. Garelli, Cristiana Peroni, F. Bourhaleb, S. Amerio, Simona Giordanengo, A. Boriano, Roberto Cirio, E. Trevisiol, A. Sardo, U. Nastasi, C. J. Sanz Freire, M. Donetti, F. Marchetto, and E. Madon

Subjects
Physics, INTEGRATOR, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Dosimeter, business.industry, medicine.medical_treatment, DYNAMIC-RANGE, Detector, Radiation, Atomic and Molecular Physics, and Optics, Radiation therapy, Optics, Ionization, Ionization chamber, medicine, Dosimetry, business, Beam (structure)
Abstract

Tumor therapy takes advantage of the energy deposition of radiation to concentrate high doses in the target while sparing healthy tissue. Elective pathologies for highly conformal radiotherapies such as photon Intensity Modulated Radiotherapy (IMRT) and radiotherapy with hadrons are head and neck, eye, prostate and in general all tumors that are either deep or located close to critical organs. In the world there are several centers that are using such techniques and a common problem that is being experienced is the verification of treatment plans and monitoring of the beam. We have designed and built two detectors that allow 2D and 3D measurements of dose and fluence of such beams. The detectors allow measurements on big surfaces, up to 25∗25 cm2. The active media are parallel plate, strip and pixel segmented ionization chambers with front-end Very Large Scale Integration (VLSI) readout and PC based data acquistion. The description of dosimeter, chamber and electronics will be given with results from beam tests and therapy plan verification.

Published
2003

50. Radiation damage studies of a recycling integrator VLSI chip for dosimetry and control of therapeutical beams

Author

P.G. Degiorgis, E Rizzi, F. Bourhaleb, C SanzFreire, M Donetti, F. Marchetto, M. Marletti, Roberto Cirio, Cristiana Peroni, and G. Mazza

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, medicine.medical_specialty, Radiotherapy, Physics::Instrumentation and Detectors, business.industry, Dosimetry, Physics::Medical Physics, Chip, Particle detector, Neutron temperature, Computer Science::Hardware Architecture, Optics, Integrator, medicine, Physics::Accelerator Physics, Medical physics, Neutron, Irradiation, business, Instrumentation, Beam (structure)
Abstract

A VLSI chip based on a recycling integrator has been designed and built to be used as front-end readout of detectors for dosimetry and beam monitoring. The chip is suitable for measurements with both conventional radiotherapy accelerators (photon or electron beams) and with hadron accelerators (proton or light ion beams). As the chips might be located at few centimeters from the irradiation area and they are meant to be used in routine hospital practice, it is mandatory to assert their damage to both electromagnetic and neutron irradiation. We have tested a few chips on a X-ray beam and on thermal and fast neutron beams. Results of the tests are reported and an estimate of the expected lifetime of the chip for routine use is given.

Published
2002

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