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Aim: This guideline (GL) is aimed at providing a reference for the management of non-functioning, benign thyroid nodules causing local symptoms in adults outside of pregnancy. Methods: This GL has been developed following the methods described in the Manual of the National Guideline System. For each question, the panel appointed by Associazione Medici Endocrinology(AME) identified potentially relevant outcomes, which were then rated for their impact on therapeutic choices. Only outcomes classified as “critical” and “important” were considered in the systematic review of evidence and only those classified as “critical” were considered in the formulation of recommendations. Results: The present GL contains recommendations about the respective roles of surgery and minimally invasive treatments for the management of benign symptomatic thyroid nodules. We suggest hemithyroidectomy plus isthmectomy as the first-choice surgical treatment, provided that clinically significant disease is not present in the contralateral thyroid lobe. Total thyroidectomy should be considered for patients with clinically significant disease in the contralateral thyroid lobe. We suggest considering thermo-ablation as an alternative option to surgery for patients with a symptomatic, solid, benign, single, or dominant thyroid nodule. These recommendations apply to outpatients, either in primary care or when referred to specialists. Conclusion: The present GL is directed to endocrinologists, surgeons, and interventional radiologists working in hospitals, in territorial services, or private practice, general practitioners, and patients. The available data suggest that the implementation of this GL recommendations will result in the progressive reduction of surgical procedures for benign thyroid nodular disease, with a decreased number of admissions to surgical departments for non-malignant conditions and more rapid access to patients with thyroid cancer. Importantly, a reduction of indirect costs due to long-term replacement therapy and the management of surgical complications may also be speculated.

Aims: Metformin is the most widely used drug for the first-line treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), but its use and schedule have been poorly investigated in elderly patients. Methods: We conducted an observational, cross-sectional, multicentric study on metformin in T2DM outpatients older than 65 years who were taking the drug for at least 6 months and referred to Italian Endocrinology and Diabetology Services. The primary endpoint was daily metformin dose, and secondary endpoints were the correlations between metformin dose and age, comorbidities, and concomitant use of other drugs. The study was open to all members of AME (Associazione Medici Endocrinologi). Results: Fifteen Italian centers recruited 751 consecutive participants (42.9% older than 75 years, 48.6% females). T2DM duration was 12.9 ± 9.7 years (longer than 10 years in 53.8%). Metformin had been used for 10.3 ± 6.8 years (longer than 10 years in 52.4%). Metformin dose was 1.6 ± 0.9 g/day (>1.5 g/day in 63.4%). As compared to the youngest, participants older than 75 years did not differ for metformin daily dose or number of administrations. Metformin dose was significantly directly correlated to eGFR, diabetes duration, and metformin treatment duration. Conclusion: In this real-world study, the minimum daily effective dose of metformin was prescribed in more than half of older T2DM outpatients.

Background: The discharge from the hospital of insulin-treated hyperglycemic patients is always challenging. This is even more so in patients requiring glucocorticoid treatment, such as those with COVID-19. Patients and Method: A retrospective monocentric study of 23 inpatients was conducted with newly diagnosed or already known diabetes mellitus (DM) who were naïve to insulin treatment, and who were hospitalized with COVID-19 in non-critical settings and then discharged. Patients were followed up for one month after discharge for the management of insulin treatment by a multi-professional team through phone consultations. Results: Insulin prescriptions at discharge were 24.6 ± 14 U/day injected in 2 ± 1.5 daily shots. A mean of three phone consultations was required. One month later, the mean insulin reduction was 1.5 ± 1.3 shots and 6 ± 5 U/day. All patients reached their glycemic target without hypoglycemic events, drop-outs, or readmissions. Conclusion: This study demonstrates the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of a multi-professional approach through telemedicine for managing DM patients after discharge during COVID-19.

Introduction: This guideline (GL) is aimed at providing a reference for the management of prolactin (PRL)-secreting pituitary adenoma in adults. However, pregnancy is not considered. Methods: This GL has been developed following the methods described in the Manual of the Italian National Guideline System. For each question, the panel appointed by Associazione Medici Endocrinologi (AME) has identified potentially relevant outcomes, which have then been rated for their impact on therapeutic choices. Only outcomes classified as “critical” and “important” have been considered in the systematic review of evidence and only those classified as “critical” have been considered in the formulation of recommendations. Results: The present GL provides recommendations regarding the role of pharmacological and neurosurgical treatment in the management of prolactinomas. We recommend cabergoline (Cab) vs. bromocriptine (Br) as the first-choice pharmacological treatment to be employed at the minimal effective dose capable of achieving the regression of the clinical picture. We suggest that medication and surgery are offered as suitable alternative first-line treatments to patients with non-invasive PRL-secreting adenoma, regardless of size. We suggest Br as an alternative drug in patients who are intolerant to Cab and are not candidates for surgery. We recommend pituitary tumor resection in patients 1) without any significant neuro-ophthalmologic improvement within two weeks from the start of Cab, 2) who are resistant or do not tolerate Cab or other dopamine-agonist drugs (DA), 3) who escape from previous efficacy of DA, and 4) who are unwilling to undergo a chronic DA treatment. We recommend that patients with progressive disease notwithstanding previous tumor resection and ongoing DA should be managed by a multidisciplinary team with specific expertise in pituitary diseases using a multimodal approach that includes repeated surgery, radiotherapy, DA, and possibly, the use of temozolomide. Conclusion: The present GL is directed to endocrinologists, neurosurgeons, and gynecologists working in hospitals, in territorial services or private practice, and to general practitioners and patients.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A pajzsmirigy-alulműködés gyakori betegség. Kezelésében a levotiroxin (LT4)-pótlás a szokásos eljárás, mely tabletta vagy gélkapszula formájában áll rendelkezésre Magyarországon. A nemzetközi trendeknek megfelelően az esetek korai felismerése miatt már a kevésbé kifejezett hormonális eltérések idején elindul a kezelés. Az endokrinológusok hypothyreosiskezelési szokásaival kapcsolatban Magyarországon és Európában felmérés eddig nem történt. Célkitűzés: A THESIS (Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Europe by Specialists: an International Survey) célja, hogy felmérjük az európai és közte jelen munkánkban a magyar endokrinológusok hypothyreosiskezelési szokásait és az LT4 esetleges alkalmazását pajzsmirigy-működészavarral nem járó állapotokban. Módszer: A Magyar Endokrinológiai és Anyagcsere Társaság (MEAT) tagjainak e-mailben meghívót küldtünk az online kérdőíves vizsgálathoz. Eredmények: 165 magyar endokrinológus válaszai alapján végeztük az elemzést. A válaszadók többsége, 99,4%-uk első kezelésként LT4-pótlást alkalmaz. Az LT4 + LT3 kombinációt elsősorban olyan betegeknél alkalmazzák, akik LT4 szedése mellett euthyreoid hormonértékek ellenére hypothyreosisra jellemző tüneteket mutatnak (36,1%). Euthyreoid hormonértékek mellett, magas antitestszint és infertilitás esetén 60,3% megfontolná LT4 indítását, amit evidenciák jelenleg nem indokolnak. Számos kórállapot befolyásolja az LT4 felszívódását, ezekben az esetekben a magyar endokrinológusok 66,4%-a preferálja a lágy kapszula alkalmazását, jobb eredményt várva a gyógyszerformák közötti váltástól. Következtetés: A pajzsmirigy-alulműködés kezelésében a magyar endokrinológusok elsődlegesen az LT4-et választják. Az LT4 + LT3 kombinált alkalmazását a pajzsmirigy-stimuláló hormon normális szintjének elérése után perzisztáló hypothyreosisos tünetek esetén fontolják meg. Az újabb gyógyszerformákat a többség preferálja, ha az LT4 hagyományos tablettás formájának alacsonyabb biohasznosulása várható. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(12): 463–472. Summary. Introduction: Hypothyroidism has a high prevalence in the adult population. Levothyroxine (LT4) supplementation is considered to be the gold-standard treatment method. In Hungary, LT4 tablets and soft gel capsules are the available formulations. Similarly to the international trends, hypothyroidism is earlier recognised, leading to early LT4 supplementation. Up till now, there has been no survey on the treatment of hypothyroidism among Hungarian endocrinologists. Objective: THESIS (Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Europe by Specialists: an International Survey) had been conducted to assess treatment preferences among European endocrinologists. Here we report the results on the use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid patients and euthyroid individuals in Hungary. Method: An e-mail invitation to participate, containing the link to the online survey was sent to members of the Hungarian Society for Endocrinology and Metabolism. Results: There were 165 responses with full demographics which were included in the analysis. By the majority (99.4%) of them, LT4 was the first treatment of choice. LT4 + LT3 combination was considered an option in patients with persistent symptoms despite biochemical euthyroidism while on LT4 (36,1%). In euthyroid individuals, 60.3% of the respondents would consider starting LT4 in euthyroid infertile women with high antibody levels, which is hardly supported by evidence. In the presence of comorbidities and interfering medications which may hinder LT4 absorption, 66.4% of Hungarian endocrinologist anticipate significant improvement after switching from tablets to soft gel capsules. Conclusion: The treatment of choice for hypothyroidism is LT4 in Hungary. Combination therapy with LT4 + LT3 was considered for patients with persistent symptoms. In the presence of diseases and interfering medications affecting bioavailability, a high number of Hungarian endocrinologists prefer the new LT4 formulation. The administration of LT4 in euthyroid conditions awaits explanation and calls for intensive discussions at local conferences and courses. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(12): 463–472.

International audience; Aim: To describe practices of French physicians regarding thyroid hormone therapy, focusing on available LT4 formulations.Material and methods: Members of the French Endocrine Society (FES) and affiliated societies (the Endocrine Tumor Group, French College of Teachers of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolic Diseases and the Union of Endocrinology, Diabetology, Metabolic Diseases and Nutrition Specialists) were invited to participate in an online survey.Results: 534 of the 2,094 persons contacted (25.5%) completed the survey and were included in the analysis. The vast majority (99.4%) reported that levothyroxine (LT4) is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism. 7.1% and 14.2% of respondents respectively considered liothyronine (LT3) or a combination of LT4 and LT3 for the treatment of hypothyroidism, mainly when symptoms persisted despite achieving normal TSH concentrations with LT4 therapy. For 44% of respondents, thyroid hormone treatment is never indicated in euthyroid patients, while the remainder would consider treating euthyroid patients with a goiter growing over time (40.2%) and/or euthyroid women with positive anti-TPO antibodies and infertility (31.7%). LT4 tablets were the preferred LT4 formulation. A significant proportion of FES members expected no major clinical differences upon changing to formulations such as soft-gel capsules or liquid solutions, even in specific scenarios such as poor biochemical control or suspicion of malabsorption.Conclusion: The treatment of choice for hypothyroidism in France is LT4. LT3-based therapy is considered by some physicians in case of persistent symptoms of hypothyroidism despite normal TSH level. A significant proportion of respondents (66.0%) would consider treating euthyroid patients, contrary to the present state of knowledge. These outdated practices should be addressed by professional bodies such as the FES.; Objectifs: Décrire les pratiques des médecins français concernant l’utilisation thérapeutique des hormones thyroïdiennes, et notamment des formes galéniques disponibles pour la lévothyroxine (LT4).Matériel et méthodes: Les membres de la Société Française d’Endocrinologie (SFE) et de ses sociétés affiliées (le Groupe d’Etudes des Tumeurs Endocrines, le Collège des Enseignants en Endocrinologie, Diabétologie et Maladies Métaboliques et le Syndicat des médecins spécialistes en Endocrinologie, Diabétologie, Maladies Métaboliques et Nutrition) ont été invités à participer à un sondage en ligne.Résultats: Parmi les 2094 personnes contactées, 534 (25,5%) ont répondu et ont été inclus dans l’étude. Selon une très grande majorité d’entre eux (99,4%) la lévothyroxine (LT4) serait le traitement de choix pour l’hypothyroïdie. Respectivement 7,1% et 14,2% envisageraient d’utiliser la liothyronine (LT3) ou l’association de LT4 et LT3 pour l’hypothyroïdie, surtout en cas de symptômes persistants malgré un taux normal de TSH après traitement par LT4. Pour 44% des sondés, les traitements par hormones thyroïdiennes ne sont jamais indiqués pour les patients euthyroïdiens, alors que les autres pourraient éventuellement traiter un patient euthyroïdien avec goitre progressif (40,2%) et / ou une patiente euthyroïdienne infertile et positive pour le anticorps anti-TPO (31,7%). La forme galénique préférée pour la LT4 était sous forme de cachets. Un pourcentage important des membres de la SFE n’anticipait aucune différence clinique majeur si cette forme est remplacée, par exemple, par des capsules de gel mou ou par une solution liquide, même dans des cas spécifiques comme d’absence de contrôle biologique ou de soupçon de malabsorption.Conclusion: Le traitement de choix pour l’hypothyroïdie en France est la LT4. Certains confrères utilisent la LT3 en cas de symptômes persistants d’hypothyroïdie malgré un taux de TSH normal. Selon un pourcentage important des sondés (66.0%), il serait envisageable de mettre en place des traitements pour les patients euthyroïdiens, ce qui ne correspond pas à l’état actuel des connaissances. Les instances professionnelles comme la SFE devraient s’adresser à ces pratiques désuètes.

Introduction/Objective. Hypothyroidism is a common disease and treatment with levothyroxine (LT4) is effective. However, variations in management are frequent. The aim of this study was to identify practices and attitudes of Serbian physicians relating to the treatment of hypothyroidism. Methods. An anonymized questionnaire was distributed electronically to members of the Serbian Thyroid Society, Serbian Association of Endocrine Surgeons, and Section for Endocrinology of the Serbian Medical Society. Results. Out of 170 invitations, 99 responses were received. LT4 was the first choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism in 90% of patients. After starting LT4 replacement therapy most respondents would recheck thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) in 4?6 weeks (n = 51, 62%) and in eight weeks (n = 29, 35%). In total, 61% of respondents (n = 60) indicated that they would consider treating euthyroid patients with LT4, the commonest indication being female infertility with high levels of thyroid antibodies (54%, n = 50). More than half respondents (58%, n = 45) would recommend combined LT4 + LT3 therapy for patients on LT4 with normal serum TSH who still complain of symptoms of hypothyroidism. 53% (n = 41/77), reported that the frequency of patients with normal serum TSH who still complain of hypothyroid symptoms is less than 5%. Conclusion. LT4 was the first choice of therapy for the treatment of hypothyroid patients, whereas LT3 + LT4 combination treatment is considered in patients with persistent symptoms of hypothyroidism despite normalization of TSH. The most common indication for thyroid hormone treatment in euthyroid patients was female infertility with high levels of thyroid antibodies. Alternative LT4 formulations like liquid solution or soft-gel capsules ?formulations presently not available in Serbia, were largely reserved for specific conditions (interfering drugs, malabsorption, inability to take LT4 in the fasting state, unexplained poor biochemical control of hypothyroidism).

O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar o arcabouço legal do saneamento básico do Brasil, especialmente a Lei 11.445/07, que estabelece as diretrizes nacionais para o saneamento básico brasileiro, e a Lei 14.026/20, que atualiza o marco legal do saneamento básico no Brasil, com destaque para o conceito de saneamento, a nova competência da Agência Nacional de Águas e Saneamento Básico (ANA), a garantia dos contratos de saneamento e o controle social. Como metodologia para realização do trabalho foram levantadas as referidas leis e outras conexas sobre saneamento e utilizada bibliografia interdisciplinar que inclui direito ambiental, notadamente, mas também filosofia, sociologia e política. A partir daí este material foi submetido à análise para se chegar aos resultados. Estes apontaram que as referidas legislações trazem um novo conceito de saneamento básico, que inclui abastecimento de água potável, esgotamento sanitário, limpeza urbana e drenagem e manejo de águas pluviais urbanas, a universalização do sistema, licitação para obras de saneamento e a competência da Agencia Nacional de Águas (ANA) para definir regras. Para concluir é preciso observar que a possibilidade de desestatização do setor com a privatização das empresas públicas poderá estimular a concorrência, aumentar os investimentos e gerar novos empregos, porém é fundamental a efetivação dos princípios do controle social e da participação pública para que a coletividade participe da avaliação do sistema bem como do desenho de políticas públicas de saneamento para que a universalização funcione e promova a qualidade de vida e ambiental. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Marco legal. Saneamento. Universalização.

BackgroundReplacement of thyroid hormones (TH) with Levothyroxine (LT4) is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism, however, there are aspects of treatment where uncertainties exist and practice varies. Factors influencing initiation and choice of TH replacement may impact patient satisfaction, safety, and health care costs.MethodsThe aim of the study was to examine the attitudes of Irish endocrinologists regarding the treatment of hypothyroid and euthyroid patients with TH. Members of the Irish Endocrine Society (IES) were invited to participate in an online survey.ResultsForty-eight invitations were sent, and 39 (81.3%) participants responded. All respondents favoured LT4 tablet therapy for treatment of hypothyroidism, but 20.5% prescribed combination therapy (LT4 and liothyronine), and 13% regularly used desiccated thyroid extract. A significant proportion (51%) might prescribe TH in euthyroid patients; 41% for thyroid auto-antibody positive women seeking pregnancy, 18% for goitre and 5% for unexplained fatigue. Many (38%) consider combination therapy in patients with persistent symptoms. Respondents reported seeing LT4 treated patients with persistent symptomatology more frequently and perceive psychosocial factors and comorbidities to be the most common reasons for such symptoms.ConclusionLT4 tablets are the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism in Ireland. Approximately a third of Irish endocrinologists either regularly use, or would consider, liothyronine for hypothyroid patients. A significant proportion would give TH to euthyroid individuals in specific circumstances. The prescription of TH amongst Irish endocrinologists was generally in keeping with recommended practice, and areas where practice deviated from guidance were typically where evidence was conflicting or insufficient.

Background Inconsistencies in the management of hypothyroidism have been reported among endocrinologists in different European countries. Aim of this study was to explore Czech endocrinologists’ use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients. Methods We used a web-based survey containing 32 questions regarding the use of thyroid hormones. Four-hundred thirty-two members of the Czech Society of Endocrinology received an e-mail invitation to participate in the survey. Results We received and analysed 157 responses (112 females and 45 males) from the 432 members (36.3%). According to 99.4% of the respondents, levothyroxine (LT4) is the primary drug of choice for the treatment of hypothyroidism. Liothyronine (LT3) was used in clinical practice by 29.9% of responders. According to 90.5% of respondents, thyroid hormones may be indicated in biochemically euthyroid patients. Female physicians prescribe thyroid hormones in euthyroid infertile women with high antibody levels more frequently than male physicians (P = 0.003). Most Czech endocrinologists (76.4%) consider combined therapy with LT4 and LT3 in various clinical scenarios, but only 1 of 29 hypothyroid physicians (3.5%) would recommend it to their patients, and only 4 out of 128 respondents (3.1%) would consider LT3 or desiccated thyroid for themselves, if diagnosed with hypothyroidism. Conclusion LT4 is the primary thyroid hormone used in the Czech Republic for treatment of hypothyroidism. At variance with thyroid guideline recommendations, Czech endocrinologists are quite liberal when prescribing thyroid hormones to euthyroid patients and in the use of LT4/LT3 combination treatment for hypothyroid patients with persisting symptoms.

Background: Functional imaging with 68Ga-DOTATATE PET-CT is widely employed to detect both primary and metastatic pheochromocytomas and paragangliomas (PGL), but its results may be occasionally misleading as in the case here reported. Case Presentation: We report here a 75-year-old woman with an interaortocaval PGL that was diagnosed after a hypertensive crisis occurring during the resection of a kidney tumor. 68Ga-DOTATATE PET-CT disclosed pathologic uptake in the abdomen and at the iliac crest. After the resection of the abdominal tumor, with the histological confirmation of PGL, arterial blood pressure and metanephrine levels were normalized. Genetic testing was negative. Thereafter, the bone lesion increased in size and became painful, requiring multiple medications. A selective biopsy disclosed a metastatic lesion arising from the renal tumor. Conclusion: The false-positive result of 68Ga-DOTATATE PET-CT is discussed.

Introduction : Over the past several years new evidence on the management of hypothyroidism has emerged, which has influenced recommendations from professional bodies. The presentation of hypothyroid patients has also changed, and new cases are increasingly diagnosed by indiscriminate screening, often identifying cases with minor biochemical disturbances. Little is known about the physician responses and attitudes to this changing landscape. THESIS (Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Europe by Specialists: an International Survey) is a large-scale survey of European physicians who treat patients with hypothyroidism. Here we document current practices of Polish physicians relating to the use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients. Material and methods: Members of the Polish Society of Endocrinology were invited to participate in the web-based THESIS survey. Results: In total 423 (54.6% of the 774 invited) physicians completed the survey. The majority of respondents (74.2%) would prescribe thyroid hormones for euthyroid patients for certain indications, such as female infertility with elevated thyroid antibodies (63.4%), simple goitre (40.9%), unexplained fatigue (12.1%), obesity (9.7%), hypercholesterolaemia (9.0%), and depression (9.2%). Nearly all physicians (96.0%) declared that the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism is levothyroxine (LT4). However, around one-third (30.3%) were also using LT4 and liothyronine (LT3) combination treatment; LT3 alone was rarely prescribed (1.7%), and none prescribed desiccated thyroid extract. The majority of respondents preferred LT4 tablets. Among alternative formulations, liquid LT4 was most commonly recommended for patients unable to take LT4 in the fasting state (26.0%) and patients with malabsorption (19.9%). Respondents considered prescribing dietary supplements (such as selenium and iodine) in hypothyroid patients with coexisting autoimmune thyroiditis (29.6%) or at the patients’ request (32.2%). LT4 + LT3 combination therapy was used by 32.2% when symptoms persisted notwithstanding normal serum TSH concentration. Psychosocial factors, comorbidities, and the burden of chronic disease were considered as the most likely causes of persistent symptoms. Conclusions: Apart from clinical practice recommendations, other factors influence the thyroid hormone therapy patterns. Moreover, certain areas of clinical practice were identified (the use of thyroid hormones in euthyroid subjects and the use of dietary supplements), which are not in accordance with the current evidence.

Management of hypothyroidism is controversial because of medication cost pressures and scientific uncertainty on how to address treatment dissatisfaction experienced by some patients. The objective was to investigate the experience and preferences of UK endocrinologists in use of thyroid hormones.Web-based survey.UK endocrinologists were invited to participate.Responses to questionnaire.The response rate was 21% (272/1295). While levothyroxine monotherapy is regarded as the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism, 51% of respondents stated that combined treatment with levothyroxine and liothyronine could be considered for levothyroxine-treated patients whose symptoms persist despite normalisation of serum thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) concentration. However, only 40% are currently prescribing such treatment, and just 23% would consider taking it themselves. A small minority prescribe desiccated thyroid extract, and those most likely to do so are aged over 60 years. Most respondents stated that they have no influence over brand or formulation of levothyroxine dispensed to their patients and expect no major differences in efficacy between different formulations. A total of 9% would prescribe levothyroxine for euthyroid enlarging goitre, and 29% for euthyroid female infertility with high titre thyroid peroxidase antibodies, despite recent trials finding no benefit.UK endocrine practice in management of hypothyroidism is broadly in line with international guidance. However, a minority of respondents would consider thyroid hormone supplementation in euthyroid individuals for female infertility, enlarging goitre, and other indications in which evidence of efficacy is lacking. Willingness to consider prescribing combined levothyroxine and liothyronine, for hypothyroid symptoms which persist despite normalised TSH, has increased in comparison to previous international surveys, despite inconsistent evidence of benefit.

Purpose The standard treatment of hypothyroidism is levothyroxine (LT4), which is available as tablets or soft-gel capsules in Denmark. This study aimed to investigate Danish endocrinologists’ use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients. Methods An e-mail with an invitation to participate in an online survey investigating practices about substitution with thyroid hormones was sent to all members of the Danish Endocrine Society (DES). Results Out of 488 eligible DES members, a total of 152 (31.2%) respondents were included in the analysis. The majority (94.1%) of responding DES members use LT4 as the treatment of choice. Other treatment options for hypothyroidism are also used, as 58.6% prescribe combination therapy with liothyronine (LT3) + LT4 in their clinical practice. LT4 + LT3 combination is preferred in patients with persistent symptoms of hypothyroidism despite biochemical euthyroidism on LT4 treatment. Over half of the respondents answered that thyroid hormone therapy is never indicated for euthyroid patients, but 42.1% will consider it for euthyroid infertile women with high antibody levels. In various conditions that could interfere with the absorption of LT4, most responding Danish endocrinologists prefer tablets and do not expect a significant difference when switching from one type of tablet formulation to another. Conclusion The treatment of choice for hypothyroidism is LT4. Combination therapy with LT4 + LT3 is considered for patients with persistent symptoms. Even in the presence of conditions affecting bioavailability, responding Danish endocrinologists prefer LT4 tablets rather than newer LT4 formulations, such as soft-gel capsules. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40618-021-01555-y.

A 24-years old female was admitted for acute renal failure, melanoderma, hyponatremia, and hyperkalemia. The clinical suspicion of Addison’s disease was confirmed by laboratory test and the appropriate replacement therapy with corticosteroids and fludrocortisone was started. In the meantime primary hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus type 1 were disclosed and treated, thus fulfilling a diagnosis of autoimmune polyendocrine syndrome type 2. Eighteen months later she was admitted for right-sided heart failure. The work-up allowed to diagnose pulmonary arterial hypertension. Here, we report the clinical course and discuss the putative link between these two rare diseases.

Acromegaly is a rare disease. Improvements in lifespan in these patients have recently been reported due to transsphenoidal surgery (TSS), advances in medical therapy, and strict criteria for defining disease remission. This document reports the opinions of a group of Italian experts who have gathered together their prolonged clinical experience in the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges of acromegaly patients. Both GH and IGF-I (only IGF-I in those treated with Pegvisomant) are needed in the diagnosis and follow-up. Comorbidities (cardio-cerebrovascular disease, sleep apnea, metabolic derangement, neoplasms, and bone/joint disease) should be specifically addressed. Any newly diagnosed patient should be referred to a multidisciplinary team experienced in the treatment of pituitary adenomas.

IntroductionObesity is a global pandemic and is cause of serious concern in all regions of the world. It is important to raise the attention of health care professionals in order to provide early treatment of patients with obesity. Obesity management, however, varies greatly amongst endocrinologists with respect to attitudes to diagnosis and treatment. Aim of this study was to identify practices and needs of Italian endocrinologists with respect to people with obesity.MethodsIn this study, all members of the Italian Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AME) were invited to participate in a web-based survey concerning the management of obesity.ResultsThe response rate was 24.1% (542/2248). Nutritional and obesity problems were reported as major areas of interest by 29.4% of the participants. A large proportion of patients seeking an endocrine consultation for other reasons are affected by obesity, but one in five respondents addressed the issue in 25% or less of the cases, while one in three always dealt with the problem. Obesity was managed personally/within a dedicated team by 42.6% of participants, while the remainders referred the patient to a dietician/nutritionist or a 2nd level center for obesity therapy. Metformin was used in a median of 30% of the patients (Interquartile range: 10-50) and liraglutide in 10% of the cases (IQR 0-30), while orlistat (median 0%; IQR 0-10) and naltrexone/bupropion (median 0%; IQR 0-5) were seldom prescribed. Cost of therapy was considered as the major limitation to the use of anti-obesity drugs, affecting adherence to long-term treatment. According to 41.9% of respondents, psychological support should be offered to all patients with obesity. Finally, 56% of participants believe that the availability of new drugs will increase the number of patients candidate to drug therapy.DiscussionIn conclusion, it is of primary importance to raise the awareness of endocrinologists towards the problem of obesity and increase their confidence in managing this pathological condition.

Prolactinomas are the most frequent pituitary adenomas. Prolactinoma may occur in different clinical settings and always require an individually tailored approach. This is the reason why a panel of Italian neuroendocrine experts was charged with the task to provide indications for the diagnostic and therapeutic approaches that can be easily applied in different contexts. The document provides 15 recommendations for diagnosis and 54 recommendations for treatment, issued according to the GRADE system. The level of agreement among panel members was formally evaluated by RAND-UCLA methodology. In the last century, prolactinomas represented the paradigm of pituitary tumors for which the development of highly effective drugs obtained the best results, allowing to avoid neurosurgery in most cases. The impressive improvement of neurosurgical endoscopic techniques allows a far better definition of the tumoral tissue during surgery and the remission of endocrine symptoms in many patients with pituitary tumors. Consequently, this refinement of neurosurgery is changing the therapeutic strategy in prolactinomas, allowing the definitive cure of some patients with permanent discontinuation of medical therapy.

BACKGROUND. The standard treatment for hypothyroidism is levothyroxine (LT4), which in the Republic of Belarus is available in tablet form whereas liothyronine (LT3) is not registered, but patients can purchase them on their own abroad. AIM. This study aimed to investigate Belarusian endocrinologists’ attitude of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid and euthyroid patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS. An online survey was conducted, for which members of the Belarusian Medical Association of Endocrinology and Metabolism were invited by posting information in the group chat and by e-mail. The research period was from October 1 to December 26, 2020. 210 questionnaires were received, 146 of which were used. RESULTS. The majority of participants, 145 (99.3%), indicated that they were using LT4 as the first-choice drug for the treatment hypothyroidism. Sixty-one (41.8%) doctors answered that LT3 + LT4 combination likely can be used in patients with long-term untreated hypothyroidism and 15 (10.3%) — in patients with persistent symptoms of hypothyroidism, despite biochemical euthyroidism on therapy LT4. Over half of the respondents 84 (57.5%) answered that thyroid hormone therapy was never indicated for euthyroid patients, but 50 (34.2%) would consider it for female infertility with high level of thyroid antibodies and 36 (24.7%) for simple goiter growing over time. In various conditions that could interfere with absorption of LT4, most responding Belarusian endocrinologists do not expect a significant difference with different formulations (tablets + “I do not expect major changes in different forms” vs. “soft gel capsules” + “liquid solution”; p

Objective To identify the attitudes of German thyroid specialists towards the clinical treatment of hypothyroidism using thyroid hormones (TH). Methods All members of the thyroid section of the German Endocrine Society (DGE) were e-mailed an invitation to participate in a web-based survey about substitution with TH. Results Out of 206 members of the DGE’s thyroid section, 163 (79.1%) responses were received and included in the analysis. Of responding members, 98.6% used levothyroxine (LT4) as the treatment of choice, and 45.4% also prescribed combination therapy with liothyronine (LT4+LT3) in their clinical practice (p Conclusion For German thyroid specialists, LT4 is the treatment of choice for hypothyroidism. Combination therapy with LT4+LT3 was considered for patients with persistent symptoms. Even in conditions that could affect bioavailability, German thyroid specialists prefer LT4 tablets rather than other LT4 formulations, such as liquid or soft-gel capsules. The widespread use of thyroid hormone for non-hypothyroid conditions is not consistent with current evidence and needs further study.

Background. Primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) and thyroid diseases are a frequent concomitant occurrence, but the surgical approach to associated disease is still debated. Methods. We retrospectively evaluated a series of PHPT patients focusing on thyroid disease and surgery. Results. Among 238 PHPT patients undergoing parathyroidectomy (PTX) between 2002 and 2017, 128 were affected also by a benign thyroid disease, namely, goiter in 118 (76 multinodular (MNG) and 42 uninodular (UNG)), autoimmune thyroiditis in 10, and hyperthyroidism in 21. Surgical approach was unilateral neck exploration (UNE) in 59 patients and bilateral neck exploration (BNE) in 69. The PHPT cure rate was 94%. On comparing patients submitted to PTX only and PTX plus thyroidectomy (TX), in the latter MNG and hyperthyroidism were more frequent, and surgical time and length of stay were longer. No difference in surgical complications was found between patients undergoing UNE and BNE. Conclusion. PHPT patients with a concomitant thyroid disease underwent double surgery in almost two-thirds of the cases, mostly by BNE. The main factors driving the decision to perform concomitant PTX and TX were the presence of thyroid nodular disease with the nodule site ipsilateral to the presurgically localized parathyroid adenoma.

Objective: To investigate clinical practice regarding the use of selenium supplementation in patients with Hashimoto’s thyroiditis (HT) among members of the European Thyroid Association (ETA). Methods: ETA members were invited to participate in an online survey investigating the use of selenium supplementation across the spectrum of benign thyroid diseases. Of 872 invited members, 242 (28%) completed the survey. After exclusion of basic scientists and non-European members, survey data from 212 respondents were eligible for further analyses. Responses from 65 (31%) individuals who did not at all recommend selenium, or only considered its use in the setting of a clinical trial, were not included in the final analysis of survey data from 147 respondents. ­Results: While only a minority of respondents (29 of 147, 20%) stated that the available evidence warrants the use of Se in patients with HT, a statistically significant majority (95 of 147; 65%, p < 0.001) used Se occasionally or routinely. Se was predominantly recommended for patients with HT not receiving LT4 (102 of 147; 69%) to reduce circulating thyroid autoantibody levels. Very few respondents routinely recommended Se to pregnant patients with HT. Conclusions: A minority of responding ETA members stated that the available evidence warrants the use of Se in HT, but a majority recommended it to some extent, especially to patients not yet receiving LT4. This is questionable, and selenium is not recommended to patients with HT according to current ETA guidelines. Ongoing and future trials may lead to the reversal of current medical practice.

Objective: To evaluate calcitonin (CT) levels in sporadic primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT), which has to date rarely been considered. Methods: We evaluated serum CT levels in 290 consecutive patients with sporadic PHPT at diagnosis. Results: Mild elevations in CT levels (hyperCT) were found in 25 patients (8.6%), with no correlation among the demographic, clinical, and biochemical findings. In addition, no differences were found between patients with and without hyperCT. Follow-up data were available for 19/25 patients, but CT values were only available for 10. CT normalized in all surgically cured patients regardless of the extent of the surgery (parathyroidectomy [PTX] only in 8 and associated with partial or total thyroidectomy for benign nodular goiters in 7). Conclusion: hyperCT is an uncommon feature of sporadic PHPT and not related to biochemical or clinical features of the disease. In addition, hyperCT is reversible after PTX, regardless of whether concomitant thyroidectomies have been conducted. Abbreviations: CT = calcitonin; eGFR = estimated glomerular filtration rate; hyperCT = hypercalcitoninemia; MEN = multiple endocrine neoplasm; MTC = medullary thyroid carcinoma; PHPT = primary hyperparathyroidism; PPI = proton pump inhibitor; PTH = parathyroid hormone; PTX = parathyroidectomy

Background The clinical presentation of primary hyperparathyroidism (PHPT) has changed greatly during the past few decades. Our aim was to evaluate whether the clinical presentation at diagnosis differed according to age. Methods We evaluated retrospectively a monocentric series of 462 consecutive patients with PHPT, dividing them according to a cutoff of 65 years of age. Results No differences were found in the mean serum PTH, calcium, or vitamin D levels. In older patients (n = 212; 45.9%), the urinary calcium levels were significantly lower (median, 205 mg/24 hour; interquartile range, 220 mg/24 hour) compared with those in younger patients (median, 308 mg/24 hour; interquartile range, 233 mg/24 hour). In addition, renal involvement was significantly less frequent (25% vs 49.2%), and bone involvement significantly more frequent (58% vs 44%) in older patients compared with younger patients. The clinical presentation was significantly different between the two age groups, with a lower frequency of symptomatic forms and a greater frequency of asymptomatic forms not meeting surgical criteria in the older patients (44.4% vs 57.2% and 18.4% vs 5.6%, respectively). Osteoporosis was significantly more frequent in the older adults than in their younger counterparts. The most affected bone site was the forearm in older adults and the lumbar spine in younger ones (50.3% and 50.5%, respectively). Conclusion The clinical presentation of PHPT differs according to age, and this difference can affect the selection of management modalities.

Összefoglaló. Bevezetés: A pajzsmirigy-alulműködés gyakori betegség. Kezelésében a levotiroxin (LT4)-pótlás a szokásos eljárás, mely tabletta vagy gélkapszula formájában áll rendelkezésre Magyarországon. A nemzetközi trendeknek megfelelően az esetek korai felismerése miatt már a kevésbé kifejezett hormonális eltérések idején elindul a kezelés. Az endokrinológusok hypothyreosiskezelési szokásaival kapcsolatban Magyarországon és Európában felmérés eddig nem történt. Célkitűzés: A THESIS (Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Europe by Specialists: an International Survey) célja, hogy felmérjük az európai és közte jelen munkánkban a magyar endokrinológusok hypothyreosiskezelési szokásait és az LT4 esetleges alkalmazását pajzsmirigy-működészavarral nem járó állapotokban. Módszer: A Magyar Endokrinológiai és Anyagcsere Társaság (MEAT) tagjainak e-mailben meghívót küldtünk az online kérdőíves vizsgálathoz. Eredmények: 165 magyar endokrinológus válaszai alapján végeztük az elemzést. A válaszadók többsége, 99,4%-uk első kezelésként LT4-pótlást alkalmaz. Az LT4 + LT3 kombinációt elsősorban olyan betegeknél alkalmazzák, akik LT4 szedése mellett euthyreoid hormonértékek ellenére hypothyreosisra jellemző tüneteket mutatnak (36,1%). Euthyreoid hormonértékek mellett, magas antitestszint és infertilitás esetén 60,3% megfontolná LT4 indítását, amit evidenciák jelenleg nem indokolnak. Számos kórállapot befolyásolja az LT4 felszívódását, ezekben az esetekben a magyar endokrinológusok 66,4%-a preferálja a lágy kapszula alkalmazását, jobb eredményt várva a gyógyszerformák közötti váltástól. Következtetés: A pajzsmirigy-alulműködés kezelésében a magyar endokrinológusok elsődlegesen az LT4-et választják. Az LT4 + LT3 kombinált alkalmazását a pajzsmirigy-stimuláló hormon normális szintjének elérése után perzisztáló hypothyreosisos tünetek esetén fontolják meg. Az újabb gyógyszerformákat a többség preferálja, ha az LT4 hagyományos tablettás formájának alacsonyabb biohasznosulása várható. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(12): 463-472.Hypothyroidism has a high prevalence in the adult population. Levothyroxine (LT4) supplementation is considered to be the gold-standard treatment method. In Hungary, LT4 tablets and soft gel capsules are the available formulations. Similarly to the international trends, hypothyroidism is earlier recognised, leading to early LT4 supplementation. Up till now, there has been no survey on the treatment of hypothyroidism among Hungarian endocrinologists.THESIS (Treatment of Hypothyroidism in Europe by Specialists: an International Survey) had been conducted to assess treatment preferences among European endocrinologists. Here we report the results on the use of thyroid hormones in hypothyroid patients and euthyroid individuals in Hungary.An e-mail invitation to participate, containing the link to the online survey was sent to members of the Hungarian Society for Endocrinology and Metabolism.There were 165 responses with full demographics which were included in the analysis. By the majority (99.4%) of them, LT4 was the first treatment of choice. LT4 + LT3 combination was considered an option in patients with persistent symptoms despite biochemical euthyroidism while on LT4 (36,1%). In euthyroid individuals, 60.3% of the respondents would consider starting LT4 in euthyroid infertile women with high antibody levels, which is hardly supported by evidence. In the presence of comorbidities and interfering medications which may hinder LT4 absorption, 66.4% of Hungarian endocrinologist anticipate significant improvement after switching from tablets to soft gel capsules.The treatment of choice for hypothyroidism is LT4 in Hungary. Combination therapy with LT4 + LT3 was considered for patients with persistent symptoms. In the presence of diseases and interfering medications affecting bioavailability, a high number of Hungarian endocrinologists prefer the new LT4 formulation. The administration of LT4 in euthyroid conditions awaits explanation and calls for intensive discussions at local conferences and courses. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(12): 463-472.