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Introduction. Research has identified significant racial differences in cigarette smoking behavior, associated disease risk, likelihood of cessation, and mortality from smoking-related diseases. The current study assessed, via qualitative narrative analysis, racial differences in participants’ motivations for smoking, perceived consequences of smoking, and how participants deal with cravings/withdrawal, as well as thoughts and feelings about quitting, seeking assistance with quitting, and the importance of social support in quitting. Methods. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 11 Black and 11 White cigarette smokers. Data were analyzed using the Thematic Networks Analysis process, which entailed coding the data and constructing thematic networks by identifying basic and organizing themes. Results. While there were no descriptive racial differences identified in participants’ motivation for smoking or perceived consequences of smoking, differences existed between Blacks and Whites in terms of approaches in dealing with smoking cravings and withdrawal, perceived self-efficacy in controlling cravings, preferred methods of learning about and receiving smoking cessation assistance, and overall preference for receiving cessation-related support. Conclusions. Further investigation is needed into racial differences in methods to deal with cigarette cravings and withdrawal, preferences for receiving cessation information, and social support for cessation. This research will further develop our understanding of and ability to address factors underlying racial disparities in smoking behavior and cessation, as well as inform the development of future smoking cessation interventions.

Crowdsourcing platforms allow researchers to quickly recruit and collect behavioral economic measures in substance-using populations, such as cigarette smokers. Despite the broad utility and flexibility, data quality issues have been an object of concern. In two separate studies recruiting cigarette smokers, we sought to investigate the association between a practical quality control measure (accuracy on an instruction quiz), on internal consistency of number of cigarettes smoked per day and purchasing patterns of tobacco products in an experimental tobacco marketplace (ETM; Study 1), and in a cigarette purchase task (CPT; Study 2). Participants (N = 312 in Study 1; N = 119 in Study 2) were recruited from Amazon mechanical turk. Both studies included task instructions, a quiz, a purchase task, cigarette usage and dependence questions, and demographics. The results show that participants who answered all instruction items correctly: (a) reported the number of cigarettes per day more consistently (partial η² = 0.11, p.001, Study 1; partial η² = 0.09, p = .016, Study 2), (b) demonstrated increased model fit among the cigarette demand curves (partial η² = 0.23, p.001, Study 1; partial η² = 0.08, p = .002, Study 2), and purchased tobacco products in the ETM more consistently with their current usage. We conclude that instruction quizzes before purchase tasks may be useful for researchers evaluating demand data. Instruction quizzes with multiple items may allow researchers to choose the level of data quality appropriate for their studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Crowdsourced methods of data collection such as Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) have been widely adopted in addiction science. Recent reports suggest an increase in poor quality data on MTurk, posing a challenge to the validity of findings. However, empirical investigations of data quality in addiction-related samples are lacking. In this study of individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD), we compared poor quality delay discounting data to randomly generated data. A reanalysis of prior published delay discounting data was conducted comparing included, excluded, and randomly generated data samples. Nonsystematic criteria were implemented as a measure of data quality. The excluded data was statistically different from the included sample but did not differ from randomly generated data on multiple metrics. Moreover, a response bias was identified in the excluded data. This study provides empirical evidence that poor quality delay discounting data in an AUD sample is not statistically different from randomly generated data, suggesting data quality concerns on MTurk persist in addiction samples. These findings support the use of rigorous methods of a priori defined criteria to remove poor quality data post hoc. Additionally, it highlights that the use of nonsystematic delay discounting criteria to remove poor quality data is rigorous and not simply a way of removing data that does not conform to an expected theoretical model. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

E-cigarette use is prohibited in most smoke-free environments. The effect of this policy on tobacco consumption could be examined using the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM). The ETM allows observation of policy on smokers' purchasing behavior under conditions that simulate "real-world" circumstances. A within-subject design was used to evaluate the effect of workplace policy (Vaping Allowed vs. Not Allowed) and nicotine concentration (24 mg/mL vs. 0 mg/mL) on tobacco product consumption. Participants (n = 31) completed one sampling and two ETM/workplace sessions per week for 2 weeks. During the sampling session, participants were given an e-cigarette with a 2-day supply of a commercially available e-liquid of their preferred flavor. Before purchasing, participants were informed whether e-cigarette use was permitted. During the four ETM sessions, participants purchased for the following 24 hr, including the 4-hr work shift that started immediately after buying products in the ETM. The workplace session consisted of data entry tasks in a mock office environment. Participants could use any purchased tobacco products during two 15-min breaks. Condition order was counterbalanced. The results show that permitting E-cigarette use in the workplace increased e-liquid purchase on average, but nicotine concentration had no effect on e-liquid demand. Cigarette demand was unaltered across conditions. The present study suggests that allowing e-cigarette use in the workplace would increase demand for e-liquid regardless of nicotine strength. However, it would not change conventional cigarette demand. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Quality of life (QOL) and delay discounting (preference for smaller, immediate rewards) are significantly associated with substance use status, severity, and treatment outcomes. Associations between delay discounting and QOL among individuals in recovery from substance use have not been investigated. In this 2-study investigation, using data collected from The International Quit & Recovery Registry, we examined the association between QOL, discounting rates, and remission status among individuals in recovery from SUD. Study 1 (N = 166) investigated the relationship between delay discounting and QOL among individuals in recovery from SUD. Study 2 (N = 282) aimed to validate and extend the results of Study 1 by assessing the association between the remission status, delay discounting, and QOL among individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD). In both studies, delay discounting was a significant predictor of QOL domains of physical health, psychological, and environment even after controlling for age, gender, race, ethnicity, education, and days since last use. In Study 2, a mediation analysis using Hayes's methods revealed that the association between the remission status and QOL domains of physical health, psychological and environment were partially mediated by the discounting rates. The current study expands the generality of delay discounting and indicates that discounting rates predict QOL and remission status among individuals in recovery from substance use disorders. This finding corroborates the recent characterizations of delay discounting as a candidate behavioral marker of addiction and may help identify subgroups that require special treatment or unique interventions to overcome their addiction. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).

Prior laboratory studies suggest that scarcity increases delay discounting (devaluation of delayed outcomes) and disturbs other decision-making processes. Recent evidence on the effect of COVID-19 on delay discounting is mixed. In addition, no study has examined the effect of COVID-19-related scarcity on probability discounting (devaluation of probabilistic outcomes). The present study examined cross-sectional associations between COVID-19-related scarcity, delay discounting, and probability discounting. During April 2020, 1012 participants with low income were recruited on Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk) and completed measures of delay and probability discounting of money and food (grocery gift card), COVID-19-related financial impacts, stress, and food security. Regression analyses indicate that compared to those with no COVID-19 related financial impacts, those with severe COVID-19 related financial impacts had greater delay discounting of money and greater delay discounting of food. In addition, greater food insecurity in the past month was associated with greater delay discounting of food but not money. COVID-19 related financial impact was not associated with probability discounting of money or probability discounting of food. Combined with laboratory experiments, the present study provides additional support for the idea that scarcity or income shock may increase delay discounting, particularly during the onset of COVID-19. Submitted version Source info: JBEE-D-22-00698

Although obesity is a result of processes operating at multiple levels, most forms result from decision-making behavior. The aim of this review was to examine the candidacy of temporal discounting (TD) (i.e. the reduction in the value of a reinforcer as a function of the delay to its receipt) as a behavioral marker of obesity. For this purpose, we assessed whether TD has the ability to: identify risk for obesity development, diagnose obesity, track obesity progression, predict treatment prognosis/outcomes, and measure treatment effectiveness. Three databases (Pubmed, PsycINFO, and Web of Science) were searched using a combination of terms related to TD and obesity. A total of 153 papers were reviewed. Several areas show strong evidence of TD's predictive utility as a behavioral marker of obesity (e.g., distinguishing obese from non obese). However, other areas have limited and/or mixed evidence (e.g., predicting weight change). Given the positive relationship for TD in the majority of domains examined, further consideration for TD as a behavioral marker of obesity is warranted.

In this article, a history of behavior-analytic studies on culture in Brazil is presented, beginning with the pioneering work of Fred S. Keller and following its development through different phases, starting with PhD dissertations supervised by Carolina Bori in the 1970s at the University of Sao Paulo, and later continuing with the work by Joao Claudio Todorov at the Universidade de Brasilia and by Maria Amalia Andery at the Pontificia Universidade Catolica de Sao Paulo in the 1990s. We describe how meetings— from Think Tank 1 (2003) in Sao Paulo to Think Tank 6 (2019) in Brasilia and other symposia (at national events) —were important in bringing together national and international investigators, who contributed to the development of the area called behavioral analysis of culture (BAC) in Brazil. We also highlight how the institutionalization of BAC in Brazil occurred through the establishment of lines of research in graduate programs, and how the graduate students of these programs accepted positions at other universities, spreading BAC throughout the country and helping to increase interest in the subject. In addition, we describe other relevant facts such as special issues of scientific journals and books published in Portuguese. Finally, we point out some current directions and future perspectives such as the development of courses verified by the Association for Behavior Analysis International for the certification of behavior analysts interested in culturo-behavior science.

OBJECTIVE: Obesity and cigarette smoking are leading preventable causes of mortality, and the combined mortality risk increases when these disorders occur together. Comorbid obesity and cigarette smoking may affect the valuation of cigarettes. The present study examines the demand for cigarettes between individuals that smoke cigarettes and are obese or non-obese. METHODS: One-hundred and eighty-seven participants from four in-laboratory studies completed the hypothetical cigarette purchase task. According to participants reported height and weight, their body mass index (BMI) was calculated and they were assigned to the obese group if their BMI was equal or greater than 30 and to the non-obese group if their BMI was less than 30. RESULTS: Significant differences in demand intensity were observed between individuals with and without obesity groups (F(1,168) = 9.284, p = 0.003), with individuals who smoke and are obese showing higher demand intensity (product purchasing when free). These differences in demand intensity between groups remained after adjusting for the number of cigarettes consumed per day. No differences were observed in elasticity of demand (F(1,168) = 1.033, p = 0.311). CONCLUSIONS: The results reported here suggest that individuals who smoke and are obese may value brief, intense, and immediate reinforcers more than individuals who smoke that are not obese. Further research may suggest Reinforcer Pathology as a basis for this result.

Behavior analysis has a long and strong tradition in Brazil. Following the introduction of the concepts of metacontingencies and macrocontingencies, Brazilian researchers and universities developed prominent areas of research and training in the behavior analysis of culture. This article aims to review and characterize the Brazilian literature (in the form of articles, dissertations, and theses) related to the behavior analysis of sociocultural phenomena in general and the experimental studies with meta- and macrocontingencies as units of analysis (between 2015 and 2020) in particular. The choice of different descriptors and the inclusion of dissertations and theses extend previous reviews and help demonstrate the contribution of the country’s graduate programs in training young scientists in the field. The results showed an increasing number of studies since 2002; the predominance of basic studies, mainly experimental; and a greater number of studies based on the concept of metacontingency. This analysis demonstrates the need for international and interinstitutional collaborations. We conclude that Brazilian graduate programs in psychology had a pivotal role in the development of interpretative and experimental research on metacontingencies. Furthermore, the growing impact of conceptual and experimental studies by these academic groups suggests their strong commitment to expanding the behavior analysis of culture by training a new generation of researchers and practitioners.

O presente artigo tem como objetivo apresentar as contribuições de João Claudio Todorov para o campo da análise de práticas sociais e culturais a partir da análise de leis e documentos. Leis são instrumentos de controle que descrevem contingências na medida em que especificam comportamentos individuais e suas consequências. Adicionalmente, leis descrevem inter-relações entre comportamentos de diferentes indivíduos e consequências selecionadoras deste conjunto de comportamentos. Desse modo, leis também descrevem metacontingências. O primeiro artigo interpretativo de leis publicado por Todorov, com base no conceito de metacontingência, analisou a Assembleia Constituinte. Posteriormente, ao analisar o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, Todorov propôs um método sistemático de análise de leis, o qual foi posteriormente ampliado para analisar o processo de elaboração de uma lei. A identificação das contingências e metacontingências descritas em leis e normas infralegais foi também o ponto de partida para analisar a aplicabilidade e efetividade de leis, bem como para a implementação de uma ação intersetorial. O método proposto por Todorov foi utilizado por outros pesquisadores brasileiros para análise de diferentes instrumentos legais. Por fim, aponta-se para possibilidade de uso de sua proposta por agentes legais no âmbito dos três poderes.Palavras-chave: Leis, contingência, metacontingência, práticas culturais.

This work explores ways policy can be designed to incentivize impoverished people to change their decision making. It proposes the retargeting of a federal apprenticeship program to 16- and 17-year-olds from low-income families who drop out of school and choose to go early into the job market in Brazil. The study focused on a large-scale intervention across multiple actors and sectors. A multiple-baseline design across settings was carried out with the intervention in 6 municipalities in 3 phases. The results show that (a) intersectoral arrangements increased the supply and demand of apprenticeship positions and (b) apprenticeship increased school attendance on average. The provision of social services could be improved through intersectoral coordination, leading to increased access to better paying jobs, increased school attendance, and improved school-to-work transition.

Previous research with individuals with substance use disorder indicated that different narratives have different effects on one’s behaviors and decision-making. One question that remains unanswered is whether simulating real-world consequences of illegal purchases using narratives would induce psychological distress levels as expected in real-world situations. The present experiment used a between group design to study how different narratives regarding penalties impact smokers’ affective state, and more specifically, psychological distress. Participants (N=93) were randomized into one of the three groups: (1) legal tobacco purchases, (2) illegal tobacco purchases with fines, (3) illegal tobacco purchases with fines, criminal record, and negative public exposure to complete an online survey. The survey contained one narrative randomly assigned to each participant, demographic questions, the heaviness of smoking index, the Positive and Negative Affect Schedule, and a single-item psychological distress question. The results showed that 1) narratives about making illegal tobacco purchases significantly increased psychological distress when compared to narratives about making legal tobacco purchases, 2) no differences were observed on psychological distress and negative affective state between a narrative describing a fine and a narrative describing a fine, a criminal record, and negative public exposure, and 3) a narrative about a criminal record had the greatest effect on psychological distress among the different narratives about penalty types. Narratives involving illegal purchases increase psychological distress, which varies according to the hypothetical penalties described. More research regarding the use of narratives on decision making and purchasing of hypothetical substances is warranted.

The life-history theory is a well-established framework that predicts behaviors and explains how and why organisms allocate effort and resources to different life goals. Delay discounting (DD) is associated with risky behaviors and has been suggested as a candidate behavioral marker of addiction. Thus, we investigated the relationship between DD, life-history strategies, and engagement in risky behaviors among individuals in recovery from alcohol use disorder (AUD).Data from 110 individuals in recovery from addiction from The International QuitRecovery Registry, an ongoing online registry designed to understand recovery phenotype, were included in the analysis. The association between life-history strategies, DD, engagement in risky behaviors, and remission status were assessed.Life-history strategy scores were significantly associated with DD rates and finance, health, and personal development behaviors after controlling for age, sex, race, ethnicity, years of education, marital status, smoking status, and history of other substance use. Remission status was significantly associated with life-history strategy, DD, drug use, fitness, health, and safe driving after controlling for age, sex, race, years of education, marital status, and smoking status. In addition, a mediation analysis using Hayes' methods revealed that the discounting rates partially mediated the association between remission status and life-history strategy scores.Life-history strategies and remission status are both significantly associated with DD and various health and finance behaviors among individuals in recovery from AUD. This finding supports the characterizations of DD as a candidate behavioral marker of addiction that could help differentiate subgroups needing special attention or specific interventions to improve the outcomes of their recovery. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to understand the relationships between changes in life-history strategies, DD, maladaptive health behaviors, and remission status over time.

SignificanceRestrictive e-cigarette policies may increase purchases from illegal sources. The Illegal Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (IETM) allows examination of how restrictions impact illegal purchases. We investigated (1) the effect of a vaping ban, total flavour vaping ban and partial flavour vaping ban on the probability of purchasing illegal vaping products among different regulatory environments (USA, Canada and England) and tobacco user types (cigarette smokers, dual users and e-cigarette users); and (2) the relation between ban endorsement and illegal purchases.MethodsParticipants (N=459) from the International Tobacco Control Survey rated their support of bans and chose to purchase from a hypothetical legal experimental tobacco marketplace or IETM under control and the three ban conditions.ResultsIn total, 25% of cigarette smokers, 67% of dual users and 79% of e-cigarette users made IETM purchases. Cross-country comparisons depicted dual users from Canada (OR: 19.8), and e-cigarette users from the USA (OR: 12.9) exhibited higher illegal purchases odds than the same user type in England. Within-country comparisons showed e-cigarette and dual users are more likely to purchase from the IETM than cigarette smokers in the most restrictive condition, with the largest effects in e-cigarette users (England—OR: 1722.6, USA—OR: 22725.3, Canada—OR: 6125.0). Increased opposition towards partial or total flavour ban was associated with increased IETM purchasing in the corresponding condition.ConclusionsVaping restrictions may shift users’ preference to the illegal marketplace in a regulatory environment. Evidence of the IETM generalisability in a geographically dispersed sample enhances its utility in tobacco regulatory science.

Taxes are a demonstrably effective method to suppress tobacco use. This study examined the effects of the tobacco parity (i.e., imposing taxes equally on all tobacco products) and the harm reduction (i.e., applying taxes in proportion to the products’ levels of harm) tax proposals on demand and substitution across products. A crowdsourced sample of cigarette smokers (n = 35) completed purchasing trials with increasing tax magnitudes across different tax tiers in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace in a repeated-measures design. Products were placed in three tax tiers (high, medium, and no tax) according to each proposal’s goal. The results indicated that total nicotine (mg) purchased was not significantly different between the proposals, with higher taxes yielding lower demand. However, as taxes increased, the tobacco parity proposal decreased the purchasing of all tobacco products and increased the purchasing of medicinal nicotine (i.e., the no tax tier). Conversely, the harm reduction proposal resulted in greater purchases of electronic nicotine delivery systems and smokeless tobacco (i.e., the medium tax tier). These findings support tobacco taxation as a robust tool for suppressing purchasing and suggest that differential taxation in proportion to product risk would be an effective way to incentivize smokers to switch from smoked to unsmoked products. Further studies should investigate the unintended consequences of their implementation.

INTRODUCTION: Substance use disorders (SUDs) remain challenging maladies to treat in the United States and impose significant societal costs. Despite these challenges, a significant number of individuals endorse being in recovery from SUD. The scientific understanding of SUD recovery has evolved to include not only improvements in substance use but also improvements in personal wellness and psychosocial functioning. The devaluation of future rewards (delay discounting; DD) is broadly associated with SUD inception and outcomes. We sought to investigate the relationship between DD, time in recovery, and recovery progress. METHODS: We conducted an online assessment of 127 individuals in recovery from SUD who the study recruited via the International Quit and Recovery Registry (IQRR). The research team obtained measures of recovery progress via the Addiction Recovery Questionnaire (ARQ) and the Treatment Effectiveness Assessment (TEA). Additionally, the study collected measures of DD, time in recovery, and endorsement of abstinence in recovery (i.e., requiring abstinence vs. not). We utilized linear regression to test for associations among these variables and performed a mediation analysis to test the role of DD in mediating the relationship between time in recovery and measures of recovery progress. RESULTS: Time in recovery was positively associated with the ARQ (p

Objectives Banning vaping products may have unintended outcomes, such as increased demand for illegal products. This study experimentally examined the effects of a vaping ban and a flavored vaping ban on the probability of purchasing illicit vaping products, and factors affecting purchasing from a hypothetical illegal marketplace. Methods A crowdsourced sample of exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive e-cigarette users, and frequent dual users (n = 150) completed hypothetical purchasing trials in an Experimental Tobacco Marketplace under three conditions (no ban, vaping ban, and flavored vaping ban). Participants chose to purchase in a hypothetical legal experimental tobacco marketplace (LETM) or illegal experimental tobacco marketplace (IETM). Vaping products were available in each marketplace depending on the condition. Other tobacco products were always available in the LETM. A hypothetical illicit purchase task with five fine amounts assessed the effect of monetary penalties. Results Participants from all groups were more likely to purchase from the IETM when product availability in the LETM was more restricted, with e-cigarette users being most affected. The likelihood of purchasing illegal products was systematically decreased as monetary penalties associated with the IETM increased, with e-cigarette users showing greater persistence in defending their illicit purchases. Conclusions Restricting vaping products from the marketplace may shift preference towards purchasing vaping products in the illegal marketplace. Nevertheless, penalties imposed on consumer’s behavior might be effective in preventing illicit trade. The IETM is a methodological extension that supports the utility and flexibility of the ETM as a framework for understanding the impact of different tobacco regulatory policies. Implications This study suggests that limiting or banning vaping products as a possible strategy to reduce the adverse effects of vaping products could result in some tobacco-users seeking banned products from illegal sources. Monetary fines were shown to reduce illegal purchases. Therefore, policymakers should consider implementing strategies that may mitigate illegal purchases.

What characterizes behavior analysis is the scientific method, not only experimentation, and not exclusively individual behavior. Behavior analysis is a search for order, for uniformities, for lawful relations among environment and behavior. The behavior of a single subject can be observed under many circumstances, even when other individuals are present. When working with social issues, the focus on a single subject can be expanded to the analysis of cultural practices involving groups of persons behaving in concert, where the behavior of a person has sense only when considered in the context of the result of the group. Functional units of behavior like macrocontingencies and metacontingencies help us describe the behavior of persons in groups and propose interventions at a larger scale. In this context, behavior analysts should pay attention to the tools used by controlling agencies to control behavior. Among those agencies, the government plays a special role in regulating not only the behavior of controlees, but also the behavior of the controllers. By codifying which behaviors are legal or illegal and applying systematic consequences to their occurrence, the government is in a position to shape social behavior. Public policy is a crucial tool used by governments to change behavior at large scales. Research from behavior analysts can acquire discriminative functions for the decision-making behavior of policymakers. This chapter presents concepts used in the analysis of cultural practices showing research in several areas, not necessarily experimental work, and describes a scientific approach to the description, prediction, and control of behavior that may contribute to the formulation, implementation, and evaluation of government interventions.

Objectives Regulating filter ventilation will change the relative reinforcing value of products resulting in nicotine/tobacco users facing the explore/exploit dilemma (ie, choice between unfamiliar and familiar options). This study examined the effects of price increases in higher-ventilated cigarettes (HVCs) and exposure to lower-ventilated cigarettes (LVCs) on explore/exploit patterns of tobacco-product purchasing in the Experimental Tobacco Marketplace (ETM). Methods HVC smokers (N = 20) completed one assessment session and 3 ETM sessions separated by weeks of at-home LVC exposure. In each ETM session, participants made 7-days of tobacco-product purchases as HVCs price increased across trials. Results Prohibitive prices of HVC decreased the likelihood of HVCs purchases and increased the likelihood of LVC purchases. Initial exposure (week 1) to LVC reduced the number of cigarettes purchased when HVC prices were high and increased exploration of alternative tobacco products. Successive exposure to LVC (repeated access in weeks 2,5,6,9,10) decreased likelihood of HVCs and alternative product purchases and increased the likelihood of LVCs purchases. Conclusions Regulating filter ventilation may initially increase exploration of alternative tobacco products but lead to exploitation of LVCs over time. Tobacco control strategies should take advantage of this transition period when smokers seek information on unfamiliar products to implement harm reduction strategies.

Natural resource conservation concerns have been prevalent around the world, and a range of solutions has been implemented to prevent their depletion. This paper brings together the literature on the commons and on behavioral principles to understand how traditional communities’ management of common pool resources can contribute to this discussion. More specifically, it highlights how these communities can offer lessons to governments on how to develop and manage environmental policies to ensure sustainable development. Whereas Ostrom’s work focuses on investigating how local communities succeed at managing common pool resources without external interference, behavior analysis can explain how cultural practices are selected. Through this combined framework, we investigate the practices of an extractive reserve (RESEX) in Brazil. A RESEX is an area of land, generally state owned, where access and use rights, including natural resource extraction, are allocated to local groups. The RESEX Mae Grande de Curuca is an example of common pool resource management that uses governmental tools to benefit the community. Fisherfolks are able to successfully conserve one of their main sources of livelihood: the fiddler crab. Finally, this paper describes and behavioral interactions regarding the conservation of resources that governments may want to consider.

Until pharmacological measures are effective at containing the COVID-19 outbreak, adopting protective behaviors is paramount. In this work, we aim at informing interventions to limit the spread of the contagion and prepare against any future outbreaks by developing a behavioral framework to interpret and prescribe both the individual and large-scale uptake of non-pharmaceutical measures. First, we analyze the barriers and facilitators to adherence to protective behaviors according to a three-term contingency by exploring potential gaps in terms of setting stimuli, motivating operations, delayed consequences, and positive or negative consequences. We explore their roles in the likelihood of individual compliance to protective behaviors, taking physical distancing as an example of functional analysis. Second, we interpret contagion control as the cumulative effect of large-scale adherence to protective behaviors. We explore the interrelations between societal problems caused or amplified by similar behaviors presented by many individuals and the coordination of agents or agencies aiming at promoting large-scale behavioral change. Then, we highlight the potential of developing a behavioral vaccine, and practical steps for applying it to promote sustainable cultural change that may protect against health, social, and economic losses in future outbreaks. This study was financed by OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University and in part by Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior—Brasil (Capes)—Finance Code 001. Article Processing Charges were funded by OsloMet—Oslo Metropolitan University (project number 415016).

A multideterminação do comportamento humano via três fontes de controle – filogenética, ontogenética e cultural – integra os princípios da ciência comportamental iniciada por B. F. Skinner nos anos 1930, tendo posteriormente, o artigo seminal Selection by Consequences (Skinner, 1981/1987a). A unidade de análise, a contingência de três termos, envolve a descrição de relações entre eventos ambientais antecedentes e subsequentes e a alteração da probabilidade futura de uma resposta alvo. A replicação fortalece análises funcionais em condições experimentais, assim como interpretações de eventos ocorridos no ambiente natural (i.e., análise funcional descritiva). Esse movimento é identificado também no terceiro nível de seleção, o nível cultural. Uma das possibilidades analíticas é oferecida pela descrição de macrocomportamentos em macrocontingências à seleção de linhagens culturo-comportamentais e produções agregadas em metacontingências. Nestas, há recorrência de contingências comportamentais entrelaçadas e seus respectivos produtos agregados [CCEsàPAs], as quais podem envolver diferentes sistemas como a família, igreja e Estado. O objetivo deste trabalho é apresentar uma revisão mostrando a evolução de estudos de práticas culturais, com a criação de novas unidades de análise, a partir do modelo de seleção por consequências. Destaca-se que o desenvolvimento desta área conjuga observação, experimentação, com interpretações de variáveis presentes em análogos experimentais, e no ambiente natural.Palavras-chave: análise do comportamento, análise experimental do comportamento, contingência, metacontingência, macrocontingência.

Baseados na Constituição de 1988 e no Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente, de 1990, o Centro de Defesa dos Direitos da Criança e do Adolescente de Interlagos (CEDECA Interlagos) traz um relato de experiência de uma metodologia alternativa de acompanhamento de adolescentes inseridos em medidas socioeducativas em meio aberto na região da Capela do Socorro e Parelheiros. Essa proposta utiliza o futebol como meio que possibilita ao adolescente refletir sobre sua realidade e suas práticas cotidianas, reconhecendo suas possibilidades de se desenvolver como sujeito de direito e de se tornar protagonista no que diz respeito às ações que busquem sua promoção social e a construção e o exercício da cidadania ativa. É possível observar que, com esse tipo de linguagem, mais próximo do desejo desses jovens, os mesmos atribuem um novo sentido ao acompanhamento a que foram submetidos. Na lógica socioeducativa, procuram superar obstáculos no sentido de buscar cada vez mais seu protagonismo, sua autoria, para reafirmar o que o ato infracional revelou, que é a busca por ser sujeito. Based on the Brazilian Constitution (1988) and on the Child and Adolescente Statute (ECA/1990, Brazilian Statute for the Protection of Children and Adolescents), the Defense Center of the Child and Adolescent’s Rights (CEDECA Interlagos) has developed and applied an alternative methodology for socioeducational measures for those who work with young offenders on parole. This report concerns a particular project for the adolescents who live in Capela do Socorro and Parelheiros - districts in the city of São Paulo with several social problems that lead to high levels of social vulnerability. The project has used soccer as a means of reflection on the youngsters’ reality and everyday lives. The process focuses on the opportunity they are given to develop self-consciousness as citizens who have rights. The aim of the project, therefore, is the promotion of their own social well-being, so that they may become active citizens. It is possible to see that this kind of language, closer to the desire of these adolescents, gives them a new meaning to the monitoring they have undergone. In a socioeducative point of view, they seek to overcome the obstacles in order to find out what is their increasingly prominet role, and so they reaffirm what the act of infraction pointed out, that is, their search to be subjects of their rights. Basados en la Constitución de 1988 y en el Estatuto del Niño y del Adolescente, de 1990, el Centro de Defensa de los Derechos del Niño y del Adolescente de Interlagos (CEDECA Interlagos) trae un relato de experiencia de una metodología alternativa de acompañamiento de adolescentes inseridos en medidas socioeducativas en medio abierto en la región de Capela do Socorro y Parelheiros. Esa propuesta utiliza el fútbol como medio que posibilita al adolescente reflejar sobre su realidad y sus prácticas cotidianas, reconociendo sus posibilidades de desarrollarse como sujeto de derecho y de convertirse en protagonista en lo que se refiere a las acciones que busquen su promoción social y la construcción y el ejercicio de la ciudadanía activa. Es posible observar que, con ese tipo de lenguaje, más próximo del deseo de estos jóvenes, los mismos atribuyen un nuevo sentido al acompañamiento a que fueron sometidos. En la lógica socioeducativa, buscan superar obstáculos en el sentido de buscar cada vez más su protagonismo, su autoría, para reafirmar lo que el acto de la infracción reveló, que es la búsqueda por ser sujeto.

A arbitragem é, sem dúvida, um dos aspectos mais polêmicos de uma competição esportiva. Citados por atletas e técnicos como os responsáveis por seus insucessos e como fonte de “stress” durante os jogos, os árbitros têm sido pouco estudados e, portanto, pouco se sabe sobre como eles observam e se sentem nesse processo competitivo e quais as situações de jogo que lhes causam “stress” Neste estudo com 20 oficiais do basquetebol brasileiro (10 árbitros e 10 mesários), todos atuando em nível nacional e internacional, procurou-se identificar quais as situações de jogo são causadoras de “stress” para esses oficiais. Foi utilizado o Formulário para Identificação de Situações de “Stress” no Basquetebol, adaptado para arbitragem. Além disto, foram identificadas as situações de “stress” mais críticas na carreira desses oficiais. Os resultados mostraram que as situações envolvendo agressões ou tentativa de agressões foram as mais freqüentes, seguidas por situações envolvendo fatores de desempenho no jogo. As situações mais críticas de “stress” citadas também envolveram as agressões, questões éticas e atuação no jogo. Esse estudo desperta a atenção para a necessidade de se pesquisar com maior freqüência os árbitros, já que, tanto quanto atletas e técnicos, eles fazem parte integrante do jogo e não podem ser ignorados no processo competitivo

Os princípios de gerenciamento de recursos de uso comum (common-pool resources ou CPR) de Elinor Ostrom têm sido estudados, em grande parte, na gestão de recursos naturais. Alguns estudos mostram que tais princípios podem ser aplicados a grupos que gerenciam outros recursos, inclusive recursos intangíveis e sociais. O objetivo deste trabalho foi realizar uma análise descritiva de como recursos humanos em um projeto de extensão se autogerenciam e são compartilhados entre as suas frentes de trabalho tomando os princípios de CPR de Ostrom como ferramenta de análise em conjunto com conceitos da Análise Comportamental da Cultura. O projeto de extensão trata-se de uma força-tarefa para atendimentos voluntários a pessoas afetadas direta ou indiretamente pela pandemia da doença causada pelo novo coronavírus de 2019 (covid-19) no Brasil. Três equipes do projeto foram selecionadas para averiguar o uso dos princípios de Ostrom em cada uma delas e para comparar se o uso desses princípios pode ser eficaz para evitar o esgotamento de recursos humanos. Foram realizadas oito entrevistas semiestruturadas e os dados foram analisados à luz dos princípios de Ostrom, evidenciando os processos comportamentais e culturais envolvidos na variação e seleção de práticas de compartilhamento e autogestão em uma força-tarefa voluntária em meio à crise. Como parte dos resultados, além do diálogo entre as duas áreas, o estudo apresentou o estabelecimento de macrocontingências e metacontingências presentes no projeto, demonstrou que os princípios de Ostrom podem ser utilizados para o gerenciamento de recursos humanos e que as equipes nas quais a utilização desses princípios estavam mais presentes também tiveram menos relatos de exaustão emocional relacionada ao trabalho, menos rotatividade de gestores, e que a produtividade se manteve adequada em todas as equipes. Elinor Ostrom?s principles for governing common-pool resources (CPR) have been studied mainly for managing natural resources. Some studies show that such principles can be applied to groups that manage other sorts of resources, including intangible and social ones. The goal of this study is to carry out a descriptive analysis of how human resources are self-managed as well as shared among different work fronts in an extension project, taking Ostrom's principles of common-pool resources as a framework along with concepts from Behavioral analysis of culture. The extension project is a task force that aims to offer voluntary assistance to any person in Brazil who was directly or indirectly affected by the pandemic caused by the new coronavirus disease of 2019 (covid-19). Three teams of the project were selected to investigate the use of Ostrom's principles in each of them and to compare whether the use of these principles can be effective in avoiding human resources depletion. Eight semi-structured interviews were carried out and the data was analyzed in the light of Ostrom's principles, highlighting the behavioral and cultural processes involved in the selection of sharing and self-management practices in a voluntary task force in the midst of a crisis. As part of the results, in addition to the dialogue between the two areas, the study showed the establishment of macrocontingencies and metacontingencies on the project, that Ostrom's principles can be used on human resource management and that teams in which the use of these principles were more present also had fewer reports of emotional exhaustion related to work, less manager turnover, and productivity remained adequate in all teams.