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1. Endogenous Interleukin-17a Contributes to Normal Spatial Memory Retention but Does Not Affect Early Behavioral or Neuropathological Outcomes after Experimental Traumatic Brain Injury

Author

Dennis W. Simon, Itay Raphael, Kendall M. Johnson, C. Edward Dixon, Vincent Vagni, Keri Janesko-Feldman, Patrick M. Kochanek, H?lya Bayir, Robert S.B. Clark, and Mandy J. McGeachy

Subjects
head trauma, interleukin, lymphocyte, neuroinflammation, Medical emergencies. Critical care. Intensive care. First aid, RC86-88.9
Abstract

Interleukin-17 (IL-17) is a proinflammatory cytokine primarily secreted in the brain by inflammatory T lymphocytes and glial cells. IL-17+ T-helper (Th17) cells are increased in the ipsilateral hemisphere after experimental traumatic brain injury (TBI), and IL-17 levels are increased in serum and brain tissue. We hypothesized that il17a and related gene expression would be increased in brain tissue after TBI in mice and il17a?/? mice would demonstrate neuroprotection versus wild type. The controlled cortical impact (CCI) model of TBI in adult male C57BL6/J mice was used for all experiments. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance (ANOVA) or repeated-measures two-way ANOVA with the Bonferroni correction. A value of p?0.05 determined significance. Expression of il17a was significantly reduced in the ipsilateral cortex and hippocampus by day 3 after TBI, and expression remained low at 28 days. There were no differences between il17a?/? and il17a+/+ mice in beam balance, Morris water maze performance, or lesion volume after CCI. Surprisingly, na?ve il17a?/? mice performed significantly (p?=?0.02) worse than na?ve il17a+/+ mice on the probe trial. In conclusion, sustained depression of il17a gene expression was observed in brains after TBI in adult mice. Genetic knockout of IL-17 was not neuroprotective after TBI. IL-17a may be important for memory retention in na?ve mice.

Published
2022
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2. Association between pediatric TBI mortality and median family income in the United States: A retrospective cohort study

Author

Jonathan H. Pelletier, Jaskaran Rakkar, Dennis Simon, Alicia K. Au, Dana Y. Fuhrman, Robert S.B. Clark, Patrick M. Kochanek, and Christopher M. Horvat

Subjects
Traumatic brain injury, mortality, pediatrics, epidemiology, Public aspects of medicine, RA1-1270
Abstract

Summary: Background: There are regional disparities in pediatric traumatic brain injury (TBI) mortality across the United States, but the factors underlying these differences are unclear. Methods: We performed a retrospective cross-sectional analysis of the Pediatric Health Information System database including inpatient hospital encounters for children less than 18 years old with a primary diagnosis of TBI between 2010-2019. Findings: Lower median family income was associated with pediatric TBI mortality. Encounters from zip-codes with a median family income of $80,000 (p = 0.00096). In multivariable logistic regression, every $10,000 of income was associated with an odds ratio of mortality of 0.94 (95% confidence interval 0.90 - 0.98). 82.5% (397/481) of ballistic TBI injuries were caused by a firearm. Lower income was associated with a higher proportion of ballistic TBI injuries (2.5% [24/950] for $80,000, p < 0.0001). In multivariable logistic regression, ballistic TBI injuries were associated with an odds ratio of mortality of 5.19 (95% confidence interval 4.00 - 6.73). United States regional variation in pediatric TBI mortality was linearly associated with the percentage of ballistic TBI (adjusted r-squared 0.59, p = 0.0097). Interpretation: Children from lower income zip-codes are more likely to sustain a ballistic TBI, and more likely to die. Further work is necessary to determine causal factors underlying these associations and to design interventions that prevent these injuries and/or improve outcomes. Funding: National Institutes of Health.

Published
2022
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3. The role of autophagy in acute brain injury: A state of flux?

Author

Michael S. Wolf, Hülya Bayır, Patrick M. Kochanek, and Robert S.B. Clark

Subjects
Autophagic flux, Cerebral ischemia, Hypoxia-ischemic brain injury, Traumatic brain injury, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

It is established that increased autophagy is readily detectable after various types of acute brain injury, including trauma, focal and global cerebral ischemia. What remains controversial, however, is whether this heightened detection of autophagy in brain represents a homeostatic or pathologic process, or an epiphenomenon. The ultimate role of autophagy after acute brain injury likely depends upon: 1) the degree of brain injury and the overall autophagic burden; 2) the capacity of individual cell types to ramp up autophagic flux; 3) the local redox state and signaling of parallel cell death pathways; 4) the capacity to eliminate damage associated molecular patterns and toxic proteins and metabolites both intra- and extracellularly; and 5) the timing of the pro- or anti-autophagic intervention. In this review, we attempt to reconcile conflicting studies that support both a beneficial and detrimental role for autophagy in models of acute brain injury.

Published
2019
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4. Autophagy in acute brain injury: Feast, famine, or folly?

Author

Craig M. Smith, Yaming Chen, Mara L. Sullivan, Patrick M. Kochanek, and Robert S.B. Clark

Subjects
Autophagosome, Autophagic stress, Hypoxia–ischemia, Lipophagy, Mitophagy, Traumatic brain injury, Neurosciences. Biological psychiatry. Neuropsychiatry, RC321-571
Abstract

In the central nervous system, increased autophagy has now been reported after traumatic brain and spinal cord injury, cerebral ischemia, intracerebral hemorrhage, and seizures. This increase in autophagy could be physiologic, converting damaged or dysfunctional proteins, lipids, and/or organelles to their amino acid and fatty acid components for recycling. On the other hand, this increase in autophagy could be supraphysiologic, perhaps consuming and eliminating functional proteins, lipids, and/or organelles as well. Whether an increase in autophagy is beneficial (feast) or detrimental (famine) in brain likely depends on both the burden of intracellular substrate targeted for autophagy and the capacity of the cell's autophagic machinery. Of course, increased autophagy observed after brain injury could also simply be an epiphenomenon (folly). These divergent possibilities have clear ramifications for designing therapeutic strategies targeting autophagy after acute brain injury and are the subject of this review. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled “Autophagy and protein degradation in neurological diseases.”

Published
2011
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5. The potential for bio-mediators and biomarkers in pediatric traumatic brain injury and neurocritical care

Author

Patrick M. Kochanek, Rachel P. Berger, Ericka L. Fink, Alicia K. Au, Hülya eBayır, Michael J. Bell, C. Edward eDixon, and Robert S.B. Clark

Subjects
Shaken Baby Syndrome, Traumatic Brain Injury, Cardiac arrest, Children, UCH-L1, GFAP, Neurology. Diseases of the nervous system, RC346-429
Abstract

The use of biomarkers of brain injury in pediatric neurocritical care has been explored for at least 15 years. Two general lines of research on biomarkers in pediatric brain injury have been pursued, 1) studies of bio-mediators in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of children after traumatic brain injury (TBI) to explore the components of the secondary injury cascades in an attempt to identify potential therapeutic targets and 2) studies of the release of structural proteins into the CSF, serum, or urine in order to diagnose, monitor, and/or prognosticate in patients with TBI or other pediatric neurocritical care conditions. Unique age-related differences in brain biology, disease processes, and clinical applications mandate the development and testing of brain injury bio-mediators and biomarkers specifically in pediatric neurocritical care applications. Finally, although much of the early work on biomarkers of brain injury in pediatrics has focused on TBI, new applications are emerging across a wide range of applications specifically for pediatric neurocritical care including abusive head trauma, cardiopulmonary arrest, septic shock, extracorporeal membrane oxygenation, hydrocephalus, and cardiopulmonary bypass. The potential scope of the utility of biomarkers in pediatric neurocritical care is thus also discussed.

Published
2013
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6. Limbic pathway vulnerability associates with neurologic outcome in children after cardiac arrest

Author

Jessica M. Jarvis, Joy Roy, Vanessa Schmithorst, Vince Lee, Danielle Devine, Benjamin Meyers, Neil Munjal, Robert S.B. Clark, Patrick M. Kochanek, Ashok Panigrahy, Rafael Ceschin, and Ericka L. Fink

Subjects
Emergency Medicine, Emergency Nursing, Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine
Abstract

To analyze whether brain connectivity sequences including diffusion tensor imaging (DTI) and resting state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rsfMRI) identify vulnerable brain regions and networks associated with neurologic outcome after pediatric cardiac arrest.Children aged 2 d-17 y with cardiac arrest were enrolled in one of 2 parent studies at a single center. Clinically indicated brain MRI with DTI and rsfMRI and performed within 2 weeks after arrest were analyzed. Tract-wise fractional anisotropy (FA) and axial, radial, and mean diffusivity assessed DTI, and functional connectivity strength (FCS) assessed rsfMRI between outcome groups. Unfavorable neurologic outcome was defined as Pediatric Cerebral Performance Category score 4-6 or change 1 between 6 months after arrest vs baseline.Among children with DTI (n = 28), 57% had unfavorable outcome. Mean, radial, axial diffusivity and FA of varying direction of magnitude in the limbic tracts, including the right cingulum parolfactory, left cingulum parahippocampal, corpus callosum forceps major, and corpus callosum forceps minor tracts, were associated with unfavorable neurologic outcome (p 0.05). Among children with rsfMRI (n = 12), 67% had unfavorable outcome. Decreased FCS in the ventromedial and dorsolateral prefrontal cortex, insula, precentral gyrus, anterior cingulate, and inferior parietal lobule were correlated regionally with unfavorable neurologic outcome (p 0.05 Family-Wise Error corrected).Decreased multimodal connectivity measures of paralimbic tracts were associated with unfavorable neurologic outcome after pediatric cardiac arrest. Longitudinal analysis correlating brain connectivity sequences with long term neuropsychological outcomes to identify the impact of pediatric cardiac arrest in vulnerable brain networks over time appears warranted.

Published
2023

7. Association of EEG and Blood-Based Brain Injury Biomarker Accuracy to Prognosticate Mortality After Pediatric Cardiac Arrest: An Exploratory Study

Author

Katherine M. Anetakis, Satyanarayana Gedela, Patrick M. Kochanek, Robert S.B. Clark, Rachel P. Berger, Anthony Fabio, Derek C. Angus, R. Scott Watson, Clifton W. Callaway, Michael J. Bell, Yoshimi Sogawa, and Ericka L. Fink

Subjects
Developmental Neuroscience, Neurology, Brain Injuries, Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health, Humans, Infant, Electroencephalography, Neurology (clinical), Prospective Studies, Child, Prognosis, Biomarkers, Heart Arrest
Abstract

Evaluate the accuracy of brain-based blood biomarkers neuron-specific enolase (NSE) and S100b and electroencephalography (EEG) features alone and in combination with prognosticate 6-month mortality after pediatric cardiac arrest. We hypothesized that the combination of blood brain-based biomarkers and EEG features would have superior classification accuracy of outcome versus either alone.Children (n = 58) aged between 1 week and 17 years admitted to the ICU following cardiac arrest at a tertiary care children's hopital were eligible for this secondary study. Blood NSE and S100b were measured closest to 24 hours after return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC). EEGs closest to 24 hours (median 11, interquartile range [IQR] 6 to 16 h) post-ROSC were evaluated by two epileptologists. EEG grade was informed by background frequency, amplitude, and continuity. Sleep spindles were present or absent. Mortality was assessed at six months post-ROSC. Area under the receiver operator curve (AUC) was performed for individual and combined brain-based biomarkers and EEG features.Children were aged 2.6 (IQR 0.6 to 10.4) years, and 25 (43%) died. Children who died had increased blood NSE (49.7 [28.0 to 63.1] vs 18.2 [9.8 to 31.8] ng/mL) and S100b (0.118 [0.036 to 0.296] vs 0.012 [0.003 to 0.021] ng/mL) and poor (discontinuous or isoelectric) EEG grade (76% vs 33%) more frequently than survivors (P 0.05). AUC for NSE to predict mortality was 0.789, and was 0.841 when combined with EEG grade and spindles. S100b AUC for mortality was 0.856 and was optimal alone.In this exploratory study, the combination of brain-based biomarkers and EEG features may provide more accurate prognostication than either test alone after pediatric cardiac arrest.

Published
2021

8. Paediatric traumatic brain injury: prognostic insights and outlooks

Author

Robert S.B. Clark and Alicia K. Au

Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty, education.field_of_study, Injury control, Accident prevention, Traumatic brain injury, business.industry, Population, Poison control, medicine.disease, nervous system diseases, 03 medical and health sciences, 0302 clinical medicine, Neurology, 030225 pediatrics, Brain Injuries, Traumatic, Injury prevention, medicine, Humans, Neurology (clinical), Child, Intensive care medicine, business, education, 030217 neurology & neurosurgery, Cause of death
Abstract

Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a leading cause of death and disability in children. Prognostication of outcome following TBI is challenging in this population and likely requires complex, multimodal models to achieve clinically relevant accuracy. This review highlights injury characteristics, physiological indicators, biomarkers and neuromonitoring modalities predictive of outcome that may be integrated for future development of sensitive and specific prognostic models.Paediatric TBI is responsible for physical, psychosocial and neurocognitive deficits that may significantly impact quality of life. Outcome prognostication can be difficult in the immature brain, but is aided by the identification of novel biomarkers (neuronal, astroglial, myelin, inflammatory, apoptotic and autophagic) and neuromonitoring techniques (electroencephalogram and MRI). Investigation in the future may focus on assessing the prognostic ability of combinations of biochemical, protein, neuroimaging and functional biomarkers and the use of mathematical models to develop multivariable predication tools to improve the prognostic ability following childhood TBI.Prognostication of outcome following paediatric TBI is multidimensional, influenced by injury severity, age, physiological factors, biomarkers, electroencephalogram and neuroimaging. Further development, integration and validation of combinatorial prognostic algorithms are necessary to improve the accuracy and timeliness of prognosis in a meaningful fashion.

Published
2017

9. Acute Encephalitis

Author

Dennis W. Simon, Yong Sing Da Silva, Giulio Zuccoli, and Robert S.B. Clark

Subjects
Diagnostic Imaging, Adolescent, Critical Care, Encephalopathy, Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine, Intensive Care Units, Pediatric, Antiviral Agents, Spinal Puncture, Article, Diagnosis, Differential, Acute disseminated encephalomyelitis, Humans, Child, Hematologic Tests, Contraindications, Altered mental status, Infant, Newborn, Infant, Electroencephalography, General Medicine, Seizure, Anti-Bacterial Agents, Child, Preschool, Acute Disease, Metabolome, Encephalitis
Abstract

Acute encephalitis remains one of the contemporary challenges of critical care medicine. The diagnosis is difficult and sometimes unconfirmed, and encephalitis remains without clear evidence-based therapies or even therapeutic goals for the prevention of high neurologic sequelae. This article provides a framework for pediatric intensivists to guide the diagnosis and management of patients with suspected encephalitis. It provides an in-depth review of the most common causes of encephalitis in children. The article promotes early recognition, appropriate testing and empiric treatment, and management of the expected complications of acute encephalitis.

Published
2013

10. Contributors

Author

Rajesh K. Aneja, Alicia K. Au, Monika Cahova, Karen Castillo, Somi Kim Cho, Robert S.B. Clark, Robert Clarke, Sergio Comincini, Ramón Corbalán, James J. Driscoll, Lorena García, Ricardo Gargini, Camila Gherardelli, Xianling Guo, M.A. Hayat, Claudio Hetz, Yoshitaka Isaka, Marta Izquierdo, Lijun Jia, Yanan Jiang, Tomonori Kimura, Mohamed Abdel Malek, Danilo Medinas, Clelia Miracco, Melissa Nassif, Silvia Palumbo, Diana Pang, Zully Pedrozo, Ronit Pinkas-Kramarski, Luigi Pirtoli, Subbiah Pugazhenthi, Clara Quiroga, Christiane Richter-Landsberg, Peggy Robinet, Eran Schmukler, Jessica L. Schwartz-Roberts, Balindiwe J.N. Sishi, Jonathan D. Smith, Jianrui Song, Yujiao Song, Yeon Woo Song, Kai Sun, Yi Sun, Yoshitsugu Takabatake, Atsushi Takahashi, Rodrigo Troncoso, Hugo Verdejo, Lixin Wei, and Shanshan Zhang

Published
2015

11. Brain Injury

Author

Robert S.B. Clark, Patrick Kochanek, Robert S.B. Clark, and Patrick Kochanek

Subjects
Neurology, Critical care medicine, Nervous system—Surgery, Anesthesiology
Abstract

Brain Injury is the second volume in the book series, Molecular and Cellular Biology of Critical Care Medicine. In this volume, a group of internationally regarded experts in important areas of neuroscience and neurointensive care research address the molecular and cellular basis of acute brain injury. This text covers acute brain injury within a context relevant to the care of patients with critical neurologic injuries such as cardiac arrest, trauma and stroke. It includes recent data pertaining to established pathways such as neurotransmission, exitotoxicity, ionic-mechanisms, oxidative stress, inflammation, and cerebral vascular injury. In addition, rapidly developing areas such as cell signaling, adenosine pharmacology, apoptosis, mitochondrial dysfunction, neurocytoskeletal changes, and the role of trophic factors are reviewed from the level of in vitro modeling to human data. Other topics covered that are highly clinically relevant include the effect of genetic background and gender differences in outcome after brain injury, preconditioning, and the effects of currently used anesthetics and sedative agents in patients with brain injury.

Published
2012

12. Contributors

Author

Edward Abraham, Peter Abrams, Kareem Abu-Elmagd, Yasir Abu-Omar, Carlos Agustí, William C. Aird, Philip Alapat, Ali H. Al-Khafaji, Gustavo G. Angaramo, Derek C. Angus, Anastasia Antoniadou, Anupam Anupam, Andrew C. Argent, John H. Arnold, Anna Arroyo, Stephen Ashwal, Mark E. Astiz, Elie Azoulay, Omer A. Bajwa, Anthony Baldea, Marie R. Baldisseri, Zsolt J. Balogh, Rasheed Abiodun Balogun, Arna Banerjee, Philip S. Barie, Brendan Barrett, Robert Bartlett, John G. Bartlett, Gianluigi Li Bassi, Sarice L. Bassin, Julie A. Bastarache, Colin Bauer, Daniel G. Bausch, Hülya Bayýr, David T. Bearden, Gregory J. Beilman, Rinaldo Bellomo, E. David Bennett, Gordon R. Bernard, Jay K. Bhama, Joost J.L.M. Bierens, Walter L. Biffl, Thomas P. Bleck, Thomas A. Bledsoe, Karen C. Bloch, Frank Bloos, Desmond Bohn, Nicole C. Bouchard, Arthur J. Boujoukos, William J. Brady, Serge Brimioulle, Daniel E. Brooks, Richard C. Brundage, Jeffrey P. Burns, Belén Cabello, Karen H. Calhoun, Clifton W. Callaway, Peter M.A. Calverley, John Camm, Diane M. Cappelletty, Joseph A. Carcillo, Anthony J. Carlese, Juan Carlos-Puyana, Franco A. Carnevale, Edward D. Chan, Sanjay Chawla, Lakshmipathi Chelluri, David C. Chen, Annie S. Chevrier, Su Min Cho, Robert S.B. Clark, Michael A. Coady, Stephen M. Cohn, Alan D. Cook, Deborah J. Cook, Robert N. Cooney, Susan J. Corbridge, Thomas C. Corbridge, Howard L. Corwin, Mark A. Crowther, Burke A. Cunha, Cheston B. Cunha, J. Randall Curtis, Vincenzo D’Intini, Pirouz Daeihagh, Joseph M. Darby, James M. Dargin, Michaël Darmon, Joseph F. Dasta, John D. Davies, Robert W. Derlet, Mark Dershwitz, Anne Marie G.A. de Smet, Monica Dhand, Anahat Dhillon, Rajeev Dhupar, Michael N. Diringer, Peter Doelken, Michael Donahoe, Timothy R. Donahue, David J. Dries, Thomas D. DuBose, Susan Duthie, Randy Edwards, Philippe Eggimann, Waleed A. Elhassan, E. Wesley Ely, Guillaume Emeriaud, Gregory A. Eschenauer, Joel H. Ettinger, Joshua H. Ettinger, David Clay Evans, Gregory T. Everson, Derek V. Exner, Ronald J. Falk, Jeremy Farrar, Alan P. Farwell, Kathryn Felmet, Niall D. Ferguson, Miguel Ferrer, Mitchell P. Fink, Ericka L. Fink, Douglas N. Fish, Diana F. Florescu, Brett E. Fortune, Bradley D. Freeman, Blake Froberg, John J. Fung, Brent Furbee, Richard L. Gamelli, Raúl J. Gazmuri, Robert H. Geelkerken, Todd W.B. Gehr, Michael A. Gentile, M. Patricia George, Herwig Gerlach, R. Mark Ghobrial, Helen Giamarellou, Fredric Ginsberg, Thomas G. Gleason, Jacques P. Goldstein, Hernando Gomez, Sherilyn Gordon Burroughs, Jeremy David Gradon, Cornelia R. Graves, Cesare Gregoretti, Jeffrey S. Groeger, R. Michael Grounds, Paul O. Gubbins, Kyle J. Gunnerson, Fahim A. Habib, Mitchell L. Halperin, Mary E. Hartman, Maurene A. Harvey, Moustafa A. Hassan, Yoshiro Hayashi, Jan A. Hazelzet, Stephen O. Heard, Paul C. Hébert, Elizabeth D. Hermsen, Daren K. Heyland, Jonathan R. Hiatt, Robert W. Hickey, Tran Tinh Hien, Thomas L. Higgins, Nicholas S. Hill, Horacio Hojman, Steven M. Hollenberg, J. Terrill Huggins, David T. Huang, Christopher G. Hughes, Russell D. Hull, Margaret Isaac, James P. Isbister, Connie Jastremski, Larry Jenkins, Paul Jodka, Robert G. Johnson, Philippe G. Jorens, Vern C. Juel, Rose Jung, Christina R. Kahl, Andre C. Kalil, Edo Kaluski, Kamel S. Kamel, Sandra Kane-Gill, Jeffrey P. Kanne, Lionel Karlin, Marinka Kartalija, James Kasiewicz, Kenneth D. Katz, David Kaufman, John A. Kellum, Rick Kingston, Orlando C. Kirton, Kurt Kleinschmidt, Jason Knight, Patrick M. Kochanek, W. Andrew Kofke, Jeroen J. Kolkman, Robert L. Kormos, Rosemary A. Kozar, David J. Kramer, John W. Kreit, James A. Kruse, Anand Kumar, Vladimir Kvetan, Jacques Lacroix, Gilles Lebuffe, Virginie Lemiale, Angela M. Leung, Sharon Leung, Allan D. Levi, Phillip D. Levin, Mitchell M. Levy, Mah Chou Liang, Scott Liebman, Stuart L. Linas, Gregory Y.H. Lip, Pamela A. Lipsett, Alan Lisbon, Carmen Lucena, Andrew I.R. Maas, Neil R. MacIntyre, Duncan Macrae, Bernhard Maisch, Amer M. Malik, Jordi Mancebo, Henry J. Mann, Sanjay Manocha, Stéphane Manzo-Silberman, Paul E. Marik, John J. Marini, Donald W. Marion, Steven J. Martin, Alvaro Martinez-Camacho, Anne Marie Mattingly, Gary R. Matzke, Adeline Max, George V. Mazariegos, Joanne Mazzarelli, Stephen A. McClave, Ryan M. McEnaney, John K. McIllwaine, Michelle K. McNutt, Sangeeta Mehta, Dieter Mesotten, Kimberly S. Meyer, David J. Michelson, Saar Minha, Marek A. Mirski, Rima A. Mohammad, Xavier Monnet, Frederick A. Moore, Laura J. Moore, Anne-Sophie Moreau, Delphine Moreau, Alison Morris, Amy E. Morris, Bruno Mourvillier, Mark A. Munger, Raghavan Murugan, Claus-Martin Muth, Kurt G. Naber, Lena M. Napolitano, Stanley A. Nasraway, Jovany Cruz Navarro, Lewis S. Nelson, Michael S. Niederman, Jessica C. Njoku, Scott Norwood, Juan B. Ochoa, Mark D. Okusa, Keith M. Olsen, Steven M. Opal, James P. Orlowski, Catherine M. Otto, Heleen M. Oudemans-van Straaten, Pratik P. Pandharipande, Joseph E. Parrillo, David L. Paterson, Frédéric L. Paulin, Andrew B. Peitzman, Daleen Aragon Penoyer, Bradley Peterson, Graham F. Pineo, Michael R. Pinsky, Greta Piper, Didier Pittet, Fred Plum, Murray M. Pollack, Lucido L. Ponce, Robert Pousman, Peter J. Pronovost, Przemyslaw B. Radwański, Thomas G. Rainey, Thomas Rajan, Vito Marco Ranieri, Konrad Reinhart, Jorge Reyes, Andrew Rhodes, Zaccaria Ricci, Christian Richard, John R. Richards, John Riordan, Arsen D. Ristic, Sandro Rizoli, Claudia S. Robertson, Emmanuel Robin, Ferran Roche-Campo, Paul Rogers, Claudio Ronco, John C. Rotschafer, Gordon D. Rubenfeld, Randall A. Ruppel, Laura T. Russo, Daniel E. Rusyniak, Steven A. Sahn, Juan C. Salgado, Cristina Santonocito, Penny Lynn Sappington, John Sarko, Richard H. Savel, Irina Savelieva, Benoit Schlemmer, Minka Schofield, Kristine S. Schonder, Anton C. Schoolwerth, Robert W. Schrier, Carl Schulman, Evan Schwarz, Aaron M. Scifres, Donna L. Seger, Amelie Seguin, Frank W. Sellke, Sajid Shahul, M. Khaled Shamseddin, Erik S. Shank, Eduard Shantsila, Kapil Sharma, Robert L. Sheridan, Ariel L. Shiloh, Debra J. Skaar, Anthony D. Slonim, Teresa L. Smith Jacobs, Pablo Solís-Muñoz, Michael D. Sosin, Charles L. Sprung, Vincenzo Squadrone, Thomas E. Starzl, Steven M. Steinberg, David M. Steinhorn, Eric J. Stern, Thomas E. Stewart, Nino Stocchetti, Joerg-Patrick Stübgen, Sanjay Subramanian, Justin Szawlewicz, David Szpilman, David P. Taggart, Daniel Talmor, Jean-Louis Teboul, Isaac Teitelbaum, Stephen R. Thom, C. Louise Thwaites, Jean-François Timsit, Alan Tinmouth, Samuel A. Tisherman, S. Rob Todd, Antoni Torres, Robert D. Truog, Krista Turner, Edith Tzeng, Nir Uriel, Benoit Vallet, Greet Van den Berghe, P. Vernon van Heerden, Benjamin W. Van Tassell, Frédéric Vanden Eynden, Olivier Varenne, Ramesh Venkataraman, Kathleen M. Ventre, Zvi Vered, Jean-Louis Vincent, Elizabeth A. Vitarbo, Louis Voigt, Florian M.E. Wagenlehner, Christina J. Wai, Keith R. Walley, Nicholas S. Ward, Lorraine B. Ware, Robert J. Weber, Lawrence R. Wechsler, David Weill, Craig R. Weinert, Julia Wendon, Michel Wolff, Benjamin Wrigley, Richard G. Wunderink, Lam M. Yen, Sergio L. Zanotti-Cavazzoni, Allyson R. Zazulia, Janice Zimmerman, and Walter Zingg

Published
2011

14. Contributors

Author

Veda L. Ackerman, P. David Adelson, Rachel S. Agbeko, Melvin C. Almodovar, Estella M. Alonso, Raj K. Aneja, Derek C. Angus, Andrew C. Argent, Francois P. Aspesberro, Adnan M. Bakar, Barbara Bambach, Lee M. Bass, Hülya Bayir, Pierre Beaulieu, Michael J. Bell, M.A. Bender, Jeffrey C. Benson, Wade W. Benton, Robert A. Berg, Darryl H. Berkowitz, Omar J. Bhutta, Katherine C. Biagas, Julie Blatt, Douglas L. Blowey, Jeffrey L. Blumer, John S Bradley, Barbara W. Brandom, Linda Brodsky, Thomas V. Brogan, Adam W. Brothers, Timothy E. Bunchman, Randall S. Burd, Jeffrey Burns, Sean P. Bush, Louis L. Bystrak, Angela J.P. Campbell, Christopher R. Cannavino, Joseph A. Carcillo, Hector Carrillo-Lopez, Antonio Cassara, Michael G. Caty, John R. Charpie, Adrian Chavez, John C. Christenson, Jonna D. Clark, Robert S.B. Clark, Katherine C. Clement, Jacqueline J. Coalson, Craig M. Coopersmith, Christopher P. Coppola, Seth J. Corey, Peter N. Cox, James J. Cummings, Martha A.Q. Curley, Marek Czosnyka, Christopher A. D’Angelis, Mary K. Dahmer, Heidi J. Dalton, Peter J. Davis, M. Theresa de la Morena, Cláudio Flauzino de Oliveira, Sonny Dhanani, Emily L. Dobyns, Elizabeth J. Donner, Lesley Doughty, Didier Dreyfuss, Christine Duncan, Philippe Durand, Susan Duthie, Howard Eigen, Waleed M. Maamoun El-Dawy, Steven Elliott, Helen M. Emery, Mauricio A. Escobar, Jacqueline M. Evans, Kate Felmet, Jeffrey R. Fineman, Ericka L. Fink, Richard T. Fiser, Frank A. Fish, James E. Fletcher, Michael J. Forbes, Amber E. Fort, Norman Fost, Joel E. Frader, Deborah E. Franzon, F. Jay Fricker, Stuart Friess, Bradley P. Fuhrman, Xiomara Garcia-Casal, France Gauvin, J. William Gaynor, Eli Gilad, James C. Gilbert, Nicole S. Glaser, Stuart L. Goldstein, Denise M. Goodman, Ana Lía Graciano, Björn Gunnarsson, Cecil D. Hahn, Mark Hall, Melinda Fiedor Hamilton, Yong Y. Han, Cherissa Hanson, Cary O. Harding, Mary E. Hartman, Jan A. Hazelzet, Christopher M.B. Heard, Ann Marie Heine, Lynn J. Hernan, Jeremy S. Hertzig, Mark J. Heulitt, Julien I.E. Hoffman, James C. Huhta, Rebecca Ichord, Andrew Inglis, Gretchen A. Linggi Irby, Brian Jacobs, David Jardine, Alberto Jarillo-Quijada, Etienne Javouey, Christa C. Jefferis Kirk, James A. Johns, Prashant Joshi, Richard J. Kagan, Prince J. Kannankeril, Robert K. Kanter, Oliver Karam, Kevin R. Kasten, Michael Kelly, Paritosh C. Khanna, Patrick M. Kochanek, Keith C. Kocis, Samuel A. Kocoshis, Ildiko H. Koves, Thomas J. Kulik, Vasanth H. Kumar, Jacques Lacroix, Satyan Lakshminrusimha, Joanne M. Langley, Peter C. Laussen, Daniel L. Levin, Mithya Lewis-Newby, Mary W. Lieh-Lai, Daphne Lindsey, Catherine Litalien, Robert E. Lynch, Amy T. Makley, James P. Marcin, Mary Michele Mariscalco, Barry Markovitz, Lynn D. Martin, Norma J. Maxvold, Paula M. Mazur, Jennifer A. McArthur, Jerry McLaughlin, Gwenn E. McLaughlin, Karen McNiece Redwine, Nilesh M. Mehta, Renuka Mehta, Ann J. Melvin, Sharad Menon, Ayesa N. Mian, Kelly Michelson, Kelly A. Michienzi, Patricia A. Moloney-Harmon, Paul Monagle, Michele M. Moss, Steven S. Mou, Jared T. Muenzer, Vinay Nadkarni, Thomas A. Nakagawa, Navyn Naran, Trung Nguyen, Carol E. Nicholson, Katie R. Nielsen, Tracie Northway, Victoria F. Norwood, Daniel A. Notterman, Jeffrey E. Nowak, Peter Oishi, Richard A. Orr, Yves Ouellette, Daiva Parakininkas, Margaret M. Parker, Tony Pearson-Shaver, J. Julio Pérez Fontán, Mark Peters, Catherine Pihoker, Maury N. Pinsk, Murray M. Pollack, Steven Pon, Michael Quasney, Surender Rajasekaran, Sally E. Rampersad, Suchitra Ranjit, Erin P. Reade, James J. Reese Jr., Monica Relvas, Kenneth E. Remy, Jean-Damien Ricard, Tom B. Rice, Debra Ann Ridling, Joan S. Roberts, Ashley S. Ross, Kimberly R. Roth, Alexandre T. Rotta, Mark E. Rowin, John Roy, Christopher M. Rubino, Randall A. Ruppel, Cynda H. Rushton, Rita M. Ryan, Rosanne Salonia, Joshua Salvin, Ronald C. Sanders Jr., Ajit A. Sarnaik, Ashok P. Sarnaik, Georges Saumon, Robert Sawin, Matthew C. Scanlon, Kenneth A. Schenkman, Stephen M. Schexnayder, Charles L. Schleien, George J. Schwartz, Steven M. Schwartz, Frank Shann, Dennis W.W. Shaw, Sam D. Shemie, Mish Shoykhet, V. Ben Sivarajan, Peter W. Skippen, Anthony D. Slonim, Laurie Smith, Lincoln S. Smith, Stephen W. Standage, Joel B. Steinberg, David M. Steinhorn, Sasko D. Stojanovski, Elizabeth A. Storm, Michael H. Stroud, Marc G. Sturgill, Robert M. Sutton, Jordan M. Symons, Muayyad Tailounie, Julie-An Talano, Robert Tamburro Jr., Robert C. Tasker, Ann E. Thompson, Ann H. Tilton, Alan Tinmouth, Joseph D. Tobias, Nicole H. Tobin, I. David Todres, Marisa Tucci, Kalia P. Ulate, Kevin M. Valentine, David J. Vaughan, Shekhar T. Venkataraman, Mihaela Visoiu, Amélie von Saint André–von Arnim, Mark S. Wainwright, Martin K. Wakeham, R. Scott Watson, Ashley N. Webb, Carl Weigle, Maria B. Weimer, David L. Wessel, Randall C. Wetzel, Hector R. Wong, Ellen G. Wood, Alan D. Woolf, James J. Woytash, Ofer Yanay, Arno Zaritsky, Danielle M. Zerr, and Jerry J. Zimmerman

Published
2011

15. Contributors

Author

P. David Adelson, David B. Allen, Estella M. Alonso, Gülay Pinar Alper, Derek C. Angus, Sidney Anthone, Andrew Argent, John H. Arnold, Barbara Bambach, Hülya Bayir, Pierre Beaulieu, Laurie O. Beitz, Jorge R. Beltrán, Wade W. Benton, Robert A. Berg, Ira Bergman, Julie Blatt, Douglas L. Blowey, Jeffrey L. Blumer, John S. Bradley, Barbara W. Brandom, Martin L. Brecher, Richard J. Brilli, Guy F. Brisseau, Thomas V. Brogan, Timothy E. Bunchman, Sean P. Bush, Joseph Carcillo, Aaron L. Carrel, Hector Carrillo-Lopez, Victoria Cartwright, Hugo F. Carvajal, Leticia Castillo, Michael G. Caty, Pelin Cengiz, Anthony C. Chang, John R. Charpie, Adrián Chávez, Russell W. Chesney, Michael A. Cimino, Robert S.B. Clark, Jacqueline J. Coalson, D. Ryan Cook, Craig M. Coopersmith, Christopher P. Coppola, Seth J. Corey, Peter N. Cox, Kathleen Culver, James J. Cummings, Martha A.Q. Curley, Marek Czosnyka, Heidi J. Dalton, Stéphane Dauger, Peter J. Davis, Jenina Deshler, Sonny Dhanani, Rhonda M. Dick, Emily L. Dobyns, Elizabeth J. Donner, Didier Dreyfuss, Philippe Durand, Susan Duthie, Richard G. Ellenbogen, Jacqueline Evans, James C. Fackler, Kathryn Felmet, Jeffrey R. Fineman, Debra H. Fiser, Frank A. Fish, James E. Fletcher, J. Julio Pérez Fontán, Michael L. Forbes, Norman Fost, Joel E. Frader, Deborah Franzon, F. Jay Fricker, Aaron L. Friedman, Bradley P. Fuhrman, France Gauvin, Eli Gilad, James C. Gilbert, Brett P. Giroir, Stuart L. Goldstein, James Graham, Jerril W. Green, Thomas P. Green, Stephanie Greene, James A. Griffith, Mauro Grossi, Björn Gunnarsson, Scott A. Hagen, Cecil D. Hahn, Craig Hallstrom, Yong Y. Han, Cary O. Harding, William G. Harmon, Eric Harry, Mary E. Hartman, Christopher Heard, Lynn Hernan, Mark J. Heulitt, Robert W. Hickey, Julien I.E. Hoffman, Karen T. Hofmann, Gregory A. Hollman, James C. Huhta, Hector E. James, David Jardine, Alberto Jarillo, Etienne Javouey, James A. Johns, Kristin K. Johnson, Michael V. Johnston, Deborah P. Jones, Prashant Joshi, Prince J. Kannankeril, Robert K. Kanter, John A. Kellum, Michael Kelly, Patrick M. Kochanek, Samuel A. Kocoshis, Thomas J. Kulik, Vasanth H. Kumar, Jacques Lacroix, Yichen Lai, Joanne M. Langley, Stanley T. Lau, Peter Laussen, Yi-Horng Lee, Mary W. Lieh-Lai, D. Michael Lindsay, Catherine Litalien, Naomi L.C. Luban, Robert E. Lynch, Frank Maffei, James P. Marcin, Mary Michele Mariscalco, Barry P. Markovitz, Lynn D. Martin, Anne G. Matlow, John E. Mayer, Paula Mazur, E. Dean McKenzie, Gwenn E. McLaughlin, Nilesh Mehta, Renuka Mehta, Ann J. Melvin, Jean-Christophe Mercier, Kelly Michelson, Kelly A. Michienzi, Patricia A. Moloney-Harmon, Frederick C. Morin, Michele Moss, Vinay Nadkarni, Carol E. Nicholson, Victoria F. Norwood, Daniel Notterman, Alan Nugent, Peter Oishi, Victor Olivar, Richard A. Orr, Yves Ouellette, Daiva Parakininkas, Margaret M. Parker, Anthony L. Pearson-Shaver, Mary Jane F. Petruzzi, Maury N. Pinsk, Murray M. Pollack, Steven Pon, Alice Pong, Lara Primak, Audra Prince, Jean-Damien Ricard, Tom B. Rice, Gail E. Richards, Debra Ann Ridling, Joan Roberts, Kimberly Roth, Alexandre T. Rotta, Daniel Rubens, Jeffrey S. Rubenstein, Christopher M. Rubino, Randall Ruppel, Peter J. Safar, Ashok P. Sarnaik, Joel B. Sarner, Georges Saumon, Matthew C. Scanlon, Kenneth Schenkman, Stephen M. Schexnayder, Charles L. Schleien, Timothy A. Sentongo, Thomas P. Shanley, Frank Shann, Dennis W.W. Shaw, Sam D. Shemie, Peter Skippen, Anthony D. Slonim, Laurie Smith, Lincoln Smith, David M. Steinhorn, Waldemar E. Storm, Marc Sturgill, Marianne T. Sweetser, Jordan M. Symons, Robert C. Tasker, Ann E. Thompson, Ann Henderson Tilton, Nicole H. Tobin, I. David Todres, Peter Trinkaus, David J. Vaughan, Shekhar T. Venkataraman, Rapheus C.Q. Villanueva, Patricia C. Wankum, R. Scott Watson, Wayne R. Waz, Carl G.M. Weigle, Maria B. Weimer, Ed Weinberger, David L. Wessel, William T. West, Randall C. Wetzel, Dale Whitby, Hector R. Wong, Ellen G. Wood, Alan D. Woolf, James Woytash, Ofer Yanay, Arno Zaritsky, Danielle M. Zerr, and Jerry J. Zimmerman

Published
2006

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