48 results on '"Robert Nash Parker"'
Search Results
2. The Link between Theory and Practice
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,0502 economics and business ,05 social sciences ,Sociology ,050207 economics ,Social science ,Link (knot theory) ,050203 business & management - Published
- 2017
3. Alcohol availability and youth homicide in the 91 largest US cities, 1984-2006
- Author
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Kevin McCaffree, Kirk R. Williams, Robert Nash Parker, Kevin J. Strom, Kelle Barrick, Angela Browne, and Emily K. Acensio
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Geography ,Homicide ,Injury prevention ,Forensic engineering ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Census ,Alcohol availability ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Demography - Abstract
The aggregate relationship between homicide and alcohol availability is well established across a number of national and sub-national settings in North America, Europe and some parts of Asia. However, results linking youth homicide and alcohol availability at the retail level are largely absent from the literature, especially at the city level and across longer time periods. In a multivariate, pooled time series and cross-section study, youth homicide offending rates for two age groups, 13-17 and 18-24, were analysed for the 91 largest cities in the USA between 1984 and 2006. Data for social and economic characteristics, drug use, street gang activity and gun availability were also used as time series measures. Data on the availability of alcohol for each city were gathered from the US Census of Economic Activity, which is conducted every 5 years. These data were used to construct an annual time series for the density of retail alcohol outlets in each city. Results indicated that net of other variables, several of which had significant impacts on youth homicide, the density of alcohol outlets had a significant positive effect on youth homicide for those aged 13-17 and 18-24. Such positive effects have been found for adults in national and neighbourhood level studies, but this is the first study to report such evidence for teenagers and young adults. An important policy implication of these findings is that the reduction of the density of retail alcohol outlets in a city may be an effective tool for violent crime reduction among such youth.[Parker RN, Williams KR, McCaffree KJ, Acensio EK, Browne A, Strom KJ, Barrick K. Alcohol availability and youth homicide in the 91 largest US cities, 1984-2006. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:505-514]. Language: en
- Published
- 2011
4. The impact of retail practices on violence: The case of single serve alcohol beverage containers
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker, Daniel Skiles, and Kevin McCaffree
- Subjects
Engineering ,Health (social science) ,business.industry ,Ceteris paribus ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Poison control ,Public policy ,Human factors and ergonomics ,social sciences ,Suicide prevention ,Unit of analysis ,Economic indicator ,Forensic engineering ,Marketing ,business ,Neighbourhood (mathematics) ,health care economics and organizations - Abstract
Introduction and Aims. This paper examines the role that sales of single serve alcoholic beverages plays in violent crime in surrounding areas. Increasingly a target of regulatory measures, this is the first study to systematically assess the impact of single serve containers on neighbourhood violence. Design and Methods. The relative proportion of shelf space in each liquor establishment in San Bernardino, CA devoted to single serve alcohol containers was surveyed. Assuming that this is a rough indicator of the amount of sales derived from single serve containers, we use this indicator as a measure of the impact of specific retail practice on violence around the outlet. Results. Results show that the average proportion of shelf space devoted to single serve containers in the unit of analysis, the US Census Bureau block group, was positively related to violent crime, net of overall retail availability of alcohol and relevant social and economic indicators often used to predict violent crime rates in such units. Discussion and Conclusions. These findings suggest that if the city were to make the voluntary ban on single serve container sales mandatory, violence in the surrounding areas would decline, all other things being equal. This study provides a much more grounded and specific justification for enacting such policy changes and once again shows the utility of alcohol policy for the reduction of crime and violence.[Parker RN, McCaffree KJ, Skiles D. The impact of retail practices on violence: The case of single serve alcohol beverage containers. Drug Alcohol Rev 2011;30:496-504]. Language: en
- Published
- 2011
5. Availability, Gang Violence, and Alcohol Policy: Gaining Support for Alcohol Regulation via Harm Reduction Strategies
- Author
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Kate Luther, Robert Nash Parker, and Lisa Marie Murphy
- Subjects
Harm reduction ,Health (social science) ,Poverty ,Alcohol industry ,business.industry ,Health Policy ,050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Alcohol ,Criminology ,chemistry.chemical_compound ,Alcohol policy ,chemistry ,Cultural diversity ,Gang violence ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Alcohol outlet ,0509 other social sciences ,business ,Law ,Social psychology ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
The purpose of this article is to examine the relationship between alcohol availability and gang violence. The goal of this study is to examine this relationship and the possibility that alcohol policy can prevent gang violence. Gang crimes and retail outlets were geocoded, and analyzed in conjunction with U.S. census data on race, ethnic diversity, family structure, poverty, and housing composition. A spatially aware pooled cross-sectional and time-series design was utilized. A relationship between alcohol outlet density and youth gang activity was found, as were relationships between youth gang activity and family structure, vacant housing and owner-occupied housing. Existing regulations on density of alcohol outlets may reduce or prevent gang-related violence. This possibility could give new life to policy levers that are under pressure from the alcohol industry and others in the alcohol policy arena.
- Published
- 2007
6. Editors' Introduction International Perspectives on Alcohol Policy Effect Studies, Policy Opinion, and Policy Formation
- Author
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Norman Giesbrecht, Salme Ahlström, Ilana Pinksy, and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Consumption (economics) ,education.field_of_study ,Health (social science) ,International studies ,Health Policy ,Population ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Psychological intervention ,Binge drinking ,Social issues ,Purchasing ,Harm ,Environmental health ,Psychology ,education ,Law - Abstract
In recent decades there have been dramatic international changes in alcohol policy initiatives, access to alcohol, level of consumption, drinking patterns, and damage associated with alcohol consumption. A number of studies have shown strong associations among drinking levels, drinking patterns and the physical harms and social problems derived from the effects of alcohol (e.g., Babor, Caetano, Casswell, Edwards, Giesbrecht, Graham, et al. 2003; Edwards, Anderson, Babor, Casswell, Ferrence, Giesbrecht et al. 1994; Rehm, Chisholm, Room & Lopez 2006). Concurrently, evaluations and reviews of alcohol policies and other interventions demonstrate that some prevention strategies are more effective than others in reducing alcohol-related harms (Babor et al. 2003). However, recent changes in many jurisdictions have effectively increased access to alcohol, suggesting that drinking rates and levels of damage may increase in the future (e.g., WHO 2007).While research has documented the substantial damage from alcohol (Rehm et al. 2006; WHO 2002) and pointed to effective interventions, some of the most effective policy levers have been eroded in recent years (Room, Babor & Rehm 2005). Thus it is expected that alcohol-related social and health harms will increase, particularly in jurisdictions where controls on alcohol are eroded or underdeveloped, where a large portion of drinking occasions involve high-volume consumption and/or where overall alcohol consumption rates are on the rise.The articles in this issue and its companion issue (Volume 34, No. 3) are based on some of the research papers presented at a thematic symposium of the Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol (KBS), which was held in Toronto, Canada, in October 2006. The title of the symposium was "Population Level Studies of Alcohol Consumption and Harm." It offered an opportunity to provide an update on recent and ongoing international studies of alcohol consumption and damage and to examine their implications and impact, if any, on the policy process or outcomes. Of particular interest were international and national studies that examined population-level studies of changes in alcohol management and access to alcohol, alcohol control systems, drinking patterns and levels, and damage associated with alcohol use.As illustrated in this issue and its companion issue, articles were presented from several Latin American countries, two European jurisdictions, Canada, and the United States. The ten articles in this edition are organized into two groups: the first four are policy-effect studies and the next six focus on themes of policy opinion and policy formation and implementation. In the companion issue the focus is on population surveys and epidemiological studies.Salme Ahlstrom and Petri Huhtanen (2007) use a combination of archival data (minimum legal purchasing age or MLDA) and cross-sectional self-reported data from 30 countries that participated in the 2003 European School Survey Project on Alcohol and Other Drugs (ESPAD). The authors examine the perceived availability of alcoholic beverages, reported purchasing habits, and prevalence of drinking and intoxication. Perceived good availability of wine and spirits was associated with the probability of purchasing and drinking wine and spirits; however, perceived availability was not associated with prevalence of self-reported intoxication.Martin Stafstrom (2007) uses two cross-sectional student surveys conducted in southern Sweden in 2003 and 2005 to examine the drinking patterns of adolescents. Between the two surveys he found an increase of 31% in the proportion reporting that they often or always consumed imported alcohol, but a significant decrease in binge drinking. In recent years an increase in access to alcohol, particularly in southern Sweden-brought about by a dramatic elevation in import upper limits from the late 1990s and increased transportation access to cheaper alcohol in Denmark and Germany-appears to have contributed to changes in beverage choices among adolescents in southern Sweden, but not necessarily to an increase in binge drinking. …
- Published
- 2007
7. Editors' Introduction International Perspectives on Drinking and Damage Based on Population Surveys and Epidemiological Studies
- Author
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Norman Giesbrecht, Ilana Pinksy, Salme Ahlström, and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health (social science) ,International studies ,Health Policy ,Alcohol dependence ,Population ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Psychological intervention ,Public policy ,Social issues ,Mental health ,National Comorbidity Survey ,Environmental health ,medicine ,education ,Psychology ,Psychiatry ,Law - Abstract
In recent decades there have been dramatic international changes in alcohol policy initiatives, access to alcohol, level of consumption, drinking patterns and damage associated with alcohol consumption. A number of studies have shown strong associations among drinking levels, drinking patterns and the physical harms and social problems derived from the effects of alcohol (e.g., Babor, Caetano, Casswell, Edwards, et al. 2003; Edwards 1994; Rehm, Chisholm, Room & Lopez 2006). Concurrently, evaluations and reviews of alcohol policies and other interventions demonstrate that some prevention strategies are more effective than others in reducing alcohol-related harms (Babor et al. 2003). However, recent changes in many jurisdictions have effectively increased access to alcohol, suggesting that drinking rates and levels of damage may increase in the future (e.g., World Health Organization (WHO) 2007).While research has documented the substantial damage from alcohol (Rehm et al. 2006; WHO 2002) and pointed to effective interventions, some of the most effective policy levers have been eroded in recent years (Room, Babor & Rehm 2005). Thus it is expected that alcohol-related social and health harms will increase, particularly in jurisdictions where controls on alcohol are eroded or underdeveloped, where a large portion of drinking occasions involve high-volume consumption and/or where overall alcohol consumption rates are on the rise.The articles in this issue and its companion issue (Volume 34, No. 4) are based on some of the research papers presented at a thematic symposium of the Kettil Bruun Society for Social and Epidemiological Research on Alcohol (KBS), which was held in Toronto, Canada, in October 2006. The title of the symposium was "Population Level Studies of Alcohol Consumption and Harm." It offered an opportunity to provide an update on recent and ongoing international studies of alcohol consumption and damage and to examine their implications and impact, if any, on the policy process or outcomes. Of particular interest were international and national studies that examined population-level studies of changes in alcohol management and access to alcohol, alcohol control systems, drinking patterns and levels, and damage associated with alcohol use.As illustrated in this issue and its companion issue, articles were presented from several Latin American countries, two European jurisdictions, Canada and the United States. The seven articles in this edition focus on population surveys and epidemiological studies. In the companion edition the focus is on policy-effect studies and policy formation and implementation themes.In the first article, Guilherme Borges and colleagues (2007) report on the Mexican National Comorbidity Survey, which involved 5,826 interviews. They note that just under 8% of respondents were classified as being dependent on alcohol during their lifetimes, but only 31% of all respondents with an alcohol-use disorder had ever used any treatment services, and in many cases only after a delay of several years.A second article from Mexico focuses on interviews with a sample of 211 female inmates. Martha Romero Mendoza (2007) notes that 20% of the women qualified for alcohol dependence on three or more criteria, and many experienced a combination of health problems associated with alcohol consumption, as well as mental health problems such as a major episode of depression. The author points to the need to have enhanced public policies for marginalized women that provide greater access to mental health services and addictions treatment.Maria Lima and colleagues (2007) report on the results of a household interview survey of 1,473 Sao Paulo City residents. They use a logistic regression model to analyze heavy drinking, and note that for both genders heavy drinking was associated with having a heavy-drinking partner, as well as with feeling less inhibited about sex when drinking. …
- Published
- 2007
8. How much of a good thing is too much? Explaining the failure of a well-designed, well-executed intervention in Juvenile Hall for 'hard-to-place' delinquents
- Author
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Deborah Plechner, Robert Nash Parker, and Emily K. Asencio
- Subjects
Actuarial science ,Strategy and Management ,Interpretation (philosophy) ,fungi ,Applied psychology ,Psychological intervention ,food and beverages ,Poison control ,Context (language use) ,Management Science and Operations Research ,Suicide prevention ,Outcome (game theory) ,Education ,Intervention (counseling) ,Juvenile delinquency ,Psychology - Abstract
This report focuses on lessons concerning the design of interventions and the interpretation of outcome and cost-benefit analyses. An intervention can fail due to the implementation of an intervention component in the context of standard treatments, and the interpretation of costs and benefits can change substantially if one considers the alternative long-term outcomes in the absence of the intervention.
- Published
- 2006
9. Alcohol and Violence : The Nature of the Relationship and the Promise of Prevention
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker, Kevin J. McCaffree, Robert Nash Parker, and Kevin J. McCaffree
- Subjects
- Violent crimes--United States--Prevention, Alcoholism and crime--United States, Violent crimes--United States
- Abstract
Many people have experienced or witnessed situations in which people drinking alcohol get aggressive, obnoxious, and violent. Scientific research has shown evidence of a relationship between alcohol and violence, and even evidence that alcohol plays a role in causing violent and aggressive responses. The book explores a number of aspects of this relationship. If you have been drinking are you more likely to be a victim of crime? If victimized, does drinking alcohol make you more likely to be injured? How does availability of alcohol in the community influence rates of violence among Mexican American youth? Does advertising that links sex and alcohol result in higher rates of sexual assault in Latino neighborhoods? How do elementary school children react to experimentation with drugs, alcohol, and aggression? Do countries outside the United States have alcohol and violence problems, and do these impact men and women differently? We presents original research that shows the depths and conditions under which alcohol and violence are linked, further strengthening the evidence that alcohol use and availability is an important factor in violence in our cities, neighborhoods, school, and homes. The good news is that we regulate alcohol use and availability effectively, with a body of established laws and procedures. We can, therefore, find ways using this existing system to develop new ways to prevent the alcohol related violence studied here. The second half of the book begins this task by laying out the principles of environmental prevention, a strategy that has been very successful in a number of health and safety related domains. The next four chapters show just how environmental prevention strategies have worked, and worked very effectively, to lower rates of violence by reducing alcohol availability and alcohol consumption. The research reported here shows communities different approaches and mechanisms to achieve reductions in violence, and they provide a road map for communities everywhere to follow suit and reduce alcohol related violence. Reducing violence can be accomplished, everyone can do it if they work together, and the result is a safer and better society.
- Published
- 2013
10. Introduction to Room Presidential Symposium
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,Presidential system ,Political science ,Media studies - Published
- 2017
11. Youth Homicide in the United States
- Author
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Angela Browne, Kirk R. Williams, Kevin J. Strom, Robert Nash Parker, and Kelle Barrick
- Subjects
03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Homicide ,030508 substance abuse ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Sociology ,Criminology ,0305 other medical science - Published
- 2014
12. Alcohol, Drugs, and Violence
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker and Kathleen Auerhahn
- Subjects
Empirical research ,Sociology and Political Science ,Injury prevention ,Poison control ,Social environment ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Sociology ,Scientific literature ,Criminology ,Suicide prevention ,Social psychology ,Occupational safety and health - Abstract
A review of the scientific literature on the relationship between alcohol and violence and that between drugs and violence is presented. A review and analysis of three major theoretical approaches to understanding these relationships are also presented. A number of conclusions are reached on the basis of these efforts. First, despite a number of published statements to the contrary, we find no significant evidence suggesting that drug use is associated with violence. Second, there is substantial evidence to suggest that alcohol use is significantly associated with violence of all kinds. Third, recent theoretical efforts reviewed here have, despite shortcomings, led to significant new understanding of how and why alcohol and drugs are related to violence. Fourth, these theoretical models and a growing number of empirical studies demonstrate the importance of social context for understanding violence and the ways in which alcohol and drugs are related to violence. Fifth, the shortcomings of these theoretical models and the lack of definitive empirical tests of these perspectives point to the major directions where future research on the relationship between alcohol and violence, and between drugs and violence, is needed.
- Published
- 1998
13. Immigrants and Violence: The Importance of Neighborhood Context
- Author
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Randi Cartmill, Robert Nash Parker, and Maria Luisa Alaniz
- Subjects
Cultural Studies ,Linguistics and Language ,education.field_of_study ,Social Psychology ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,Immigration ,Population ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,050109 social psychology ,Context (language use) ,050106 general psychology & cognitive sciences ,Anthropology ,Environmental health ,Injury prevention ,Juvenile delinquency ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,education ,Psychology ,Socioeconomic status ,media_common - Abstract
This study examined the relationship between violence and immigration. The importance of neighborhood context, including alcohol availability, was also investigated. Using data from block groups, these relationships were examined in three California communities with significant immigrant populations. Data on socioeconomic characteristics were combined with police data concerning youth and data on alcohol availability. These data were geocoded in a block group, and population-based rates were calculated. A specialized regression package was used to examine these relationships. Results indicated that immigration and youth violence were not related, but that violence was predicted by alcohol availability. Contextual factors such as family breakdown and professional role models were also found to be significant predictors of youth violence. Furthermore, the context of violence is important in understanding why violence varies within communities. Violence prevention efforts may benefit from regulatory efforts to reduce the high concentrations of alcohol outlets that exist in Latino neighborhoods.
- Published
- 1998
14. Alcohol, Homicide, and Cultural Context
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
050901 criminology ,05 social sciences ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Drinking culture ,Criminology ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Homicide ,Injury prevention ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology (miscellaneous) ,0509 other social sciences ,Causation ,Psychology ,Law ,050104 developmental & child psychology - Abstract
The study of homicide in North America has been limited by its focus on U.S. data and cross-sectional analyses, as well as a lack of consideration of alcohol in homicide causation. European research has been more dynamic, dealing extensively with the alcohol and violence relationship, but these studies also have limited generalizability. A cross-national dynamic analysis of homicide victimization by gender is reported here as an extension and replication of Gartner's theoretical model of homicide, with alcohol-related concepts integrated into this model. Results based on the analysis of 17 nationstates for the period 1950-1980 provide evidence that two aspects of alcohol-related behavior, consumption rates and the drinking culture, produce interaction effects with divorce rates that are strongly predictive of homicide victimization. However, gender differences are in the nature of these interactions. The importance of these results for homicide causation and violence prevention policy are discussed.
- Published
- 1998
15. Bringing 'Booze' Back In: The Relationship Between Alcohol and Homicide
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Social Psychology ,05 social sciences ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Social environment ,Poison control ,Alcohol abuse ,Criminology ,medicine.disease ,0506 political science ,Empirical research ,Homicide ,Injury prevention ,050602 political science & public administration ,050501 criminology ,medicine ,Deterrence (legal) ,Psychology ,0505 law - Abstract
Although there has been a great deal of theoretical and empirical research on the causes and distribution of homicide during the past 30 years, almost all of this research has excluded from consideration the relationship between homicide and alcohol consumption. Based on theoretical analysis, a U.S. state-level study was conducted to test hypotheses concerning the relationship between alcohol and homicide from four major theoretical perspectives; specific predictions based on previous research on the causes of types of homicide were also derived. Five types of homicide rates were examined, with findings revealing that alcohol consumption rates change the way important predictors such as poverty and deterrence are related to specific types of homicide. Alcohol consumption has important direct net effects on two types of primary homicide, and alcohol regulation was found to interact with other forms of social control like capital punishment. Support was also found for a rational choice-based interaction between alcohol consumption and the application of death sentences. The article concludes with a discussion of the value of theoretical analysis, particularly when applied to the prediction of interactions.
- Published
- 1995
16. The impact of alcohol beverage container warning labels on alcohol-impaired drivers, drinking drivers and the general population in northern California
- Author
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Michael Hennessy, Robert F. Saltz, and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Automobile Driving ,Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ,Adolescent ,Alcohol Drinking ,Population ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Poison control ,Risk Assessment ,Suicide prevention ,California ,Occupational safety and health ,Environmental health ,Injury prevention ,Humans ,education ,Aged ,Drug Labeling ,education.field_of_study ,Alcoholic Beverages ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Middle Aged ,Risk perception ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Public Opinion ,Mental Recall ,Female ,Psychology ,Risk assessment ,Alcoholic Intoxication - Abstract
Using data collected in a random-digit dial telephone survey in a northern California county, an examination of the impact of alcohol beverage container warning labels was conducted. In a broadly conceived approach to the possible impact of warning labels, we examined recall and content as well as risk assessment and the use of warning labels as public policy to combat drunk driving. In a repeated measures pre- and post-design, respondents reported significantly higher recall of labels and their content in the post-introduction period. Evidence from a multivariate analysis of post-introduction data indicate that both drinking drivers and impaired drivers (based on self-reports) were more likely to recall the labels and their content, an indication that warning labels are reaching "at risk" individuals. In addition, increases in the perceived risk of driving and drinking are consistent with the notion that warning labels, as one part of a larger social movement, are helping to create an atmosphere in which drinking and driving is less acceptable. However, our findings also indicate that, at least among at risk drinking and impaired drivers, increased use of public policies such as warning labels in an effort to reduce the negative consequences of drinking and driving may generate a public opinion backlash. Language: en
- Published
- 1994
17. Community readiness for change and youth violence prevention: a tale of two cities
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker, Roxanna Alcaraz, and Pedro R. Payne
- Subjects
Health (social science) ,Evidence-based practice ,Adolescent ,Psychological intervention ,Poison control ,Context (language use) ,Violence ,Community Networks ,Residence Characteristics ,Humans ,Cities ,Cooperative Behavior ,Program Development ,Social Change ,Applied Psychology ,Strategic planning ,Harm reduction ,Local Government ,business.industry ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Public relations ,United States ,Health psychology ,Harm ,Juvenile Delinquency ,business ,Psychology ,Social psychology - Abstract
This case study identifies a situation in which there exists a set of preconditions for the successful application of evidence based practice to bear on the community based problem of youth violence. The concept of readiness to change and its impact on the success or failure of interventions designed to change harmful or dangerous behavior among individuals is well established and understood in intervention research. In recent years this concept has been discussed and developed in the community intervention and harm reduction literatures. The current study is one of a community where an attempt was made to identify community levels of harm, develop a strategic plan to reduce the source of harm, and develop, implement, and evaluate youth violence prevention interventions. Over more than 5 years of involvement by university based researchers and community partners, the effort was largely unsuccessful. The events of this project are discussed within the context of the Community Readiness Model Edwards et al. (J Community Psychol 28(3): 291–307, 2000) and we present a narrative that helps to highlight the reasons for the relative lack of success of the effort. We suggest additional strategies and actions that might have helped to overcome the lack of readiness of this particular community to reduce the harms associated with youth violence. Suggestions that may improve chances for a more successful set of outcomes for other communities in similar states of readiness to change and with similar challenges are given.
- Published
- 2011
18. Understanding U.S. alcohol consumption with social and economic factors: a multivariate time series analysis, 1950-1986
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker, Andrew J. Treno, and Harold D. Holder
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,Gerontology ,Multivariate analysis ,Alcohol Drinking ,Social Values ,Population ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Poison control ,Family income ,Social Environment ,Per capita ,Economics ,Humans ,Family ,education ,Life Style ,Socioeconomic status ,General Psychology ,Consumption (economics) ,education.field_of_study ,Models, Statistical ,Alcoholic Beverages ,United States ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Multivariate Analysis ,Female ,Demographic economics ,Social status - Abstract
The contribution of social and economic variables to changes in per capita alcohol consumption occurring between 1950 and 1986 is examined within a multivariate time series analysis framework. Specifically, we consider the net effects of family income, age structure of the population, marital instability, female labor force participation, real alcohol price and daily life routines on total alcohol consumption. Our findings indicate that changes in the population age structure and in daily life routines were associated with predicted changes in consumption over the period studied. They also indicate associations between marital instability and female labor force participation and consumption, although in the direction contrary to our prediction. Unlike a number of previous studies in which economic variables were found to be the major determinants of consumption trends, we find that family income and the price of alcohol play a minor role in the model we estimated. These results indicate that social structural factors have greater utility for our understanding of alcohol consumption patterns, and, by implication, for attempts to reduce alcohol-related social problems, than do economic factors.
- Published
- 1993
19. Assessing legal change: Recidivism and administrative per se laws
- Author
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Kathryn Stewart, Paul J. Gruenewald, and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Recidivism ,Drunk driving ,Political science ,Law ,Social change ,Sanctions ,Legislation ,License ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Test (assessment) ,Social policy - Abstract
Tougher sanctions for drunk driving have often been advocated as a means to reduce this problematic behavior. In a test of administrative per se laws as a specific deterrent, the impact of introducing such laws is evaluated by examining reconviction rates of offenders before and after implementation of the Jaw in three states (North Dakota, Louisiana, and Mississippi), with comparisons made to a fourth state during the same time period that did not implement an administrative per se law (California). Recidivism is analyzed using survival models. The results indicate that administrative per se laws reduce rates of reconviction in some situations but not in others. In particular, if implementation of the law is accompanied by changes in overall rates of license actions, the specific deterrent effects of the law may be outweighed by the increased efficiencies of this judicial process.
- Published
- 1992
20. Mapping for Analysis, Policy, and Decision Making
- Author
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Emily K. Asencio and Robert Nash Parker
- Published
- 2009
21. GIS and Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker and Emily K. Asencio
- Published
- 2009
22. Geospatial Modeling and GIS
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker and Emily K. Asencio
- Subjects
Geospatial predictive modeling ,Data science - Published
- 2009
23. Introduction to Geocoding and Mapping
- Author
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Emily K. Asencio and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Computer science ,Geocoding ,Cartography - Published
- 2009
24. Trends in victimization in schools and elsewhere, 1974?1981
- Author
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William R. Smith, Robert Nash Parker, David R. Smith, and Jackson Toby
- Subjects
education ,Victimology ,Social environment ,social sciences ,Criminology ,humanities ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Dynamic models ,behavior and behavior mechanisms ,Statistical analysis ,School environment ,Sociology ,Law ,health care economics and organizations ,Demography - Abstract
Trends in the rate of victimizations of juveniles in three settings-schools, homes, and streets/parks-are examined monthly during the period 1974–1981. The relationship between in-school victimization rates and those occurring outside of school are analyzed with multivariate ARMA models informed by previous research on school victimization (Gottfredson and Gottfredson, 1985) and an importation perspective on the source of crime and victimization in institutions such as schools. Results indicate that the overall in-school victimization rate remained relatively stable during this period but that victimization rates of juveniles in other settings had significant effects on in-school victimizations. This suggests that underlying causes of victimization in general are important determinants of victimization in schools. These results are limited, however, as we examine these sources of victimization only indirectly via relationships among the different victimization rates in dynamic models and by the aggregate nature of the monthly data from the National Crime Survey.
- Published
- 1991
25. Youth Violence Prevention Among White Youth
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker and Louis Tuthill
- Subjects
White (horse) ,Political science ,Criminology ,Youth violence ,Positive Youth Development - Published
- 2006
26. Alcohol and violence: connections, evidence and possibilities for prevention
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Alcohol Drinking ,business.industry ,Alcoholic Beverages ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,Public policy ,Foundation (evidence) ,Public Policy ,social sciences ,Violence ,Suicide prevention ,United States ,Crime prevention ,mental disorders ,Injury prevention ,Medicine ,Humans ,Empirical evidence ,business ,Social psychology ,health care economics and organizations ,General Psychology - Abstract
This article reviews a number of theoretical and substantive arguments and models concerning the link between alcohol and violent crime which have appeared in the research literature in the past decade. These arguments and models form a firm foundation for the expectation that alcohol plays a causal role in violent crime, and that interventions designed to reduce or eliminate this link between alcohol and violence have the potential to become effective violence prevention policies. Four studies on the relationship between alcohol and violence are summarized, including one in which a natural alcohol policy experiment is evaluated. Taken together, these studies provide substantial empirical evidence that alcohol policy can be an effective crime prevention tool.
- Published
- 2004
27. GIS and Spatial Analysis for the Social Sciences : Coding, Mapping, and Modeling
- Author
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Robert Nash Parker, Emily K. Asencio, Robert Nash Parker, and Emily K. Asencio
- Subjects
- Spatial analysis (Statistics), Social sciences--Geographic information systems
- Abstract
This is the first book to provide sociologists, criminologists, political scientists, and other social scientists with the methodological logic and techniques for doing spatial analysis in their chosen fields of inquiry. The book contains a wealth of examples as to why these techniques are worth doing, over and above conventional statistical techniques using SPSS or other statistical packages. GIS is a methodological and conceptual approach that allows for the linking together of spatial data, or data that is based on a physical space, with non-spatial data, which can be thought of as any data that contains no direct reference to physical locations.
- Published
- 2009
28. Drugs, Alcohol, and Homicide
- Author
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Kathleen Auerhahn and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Homicide ,medicine ,Drugs/alcohol ,Psychiatry ,Psychology - Published
- 1999
29. Effect of alcoholism treatment on cirrhosis mortality: a 20-year multivariate time series analysis
- Author
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Harold D. Holder and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Multivariate statistics ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cirrhosis ,Multivariate analysis ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,Liver Cirrhosis, Alcoholic ,Cause of Death ,Medicine ,Humans ,Longitudinal Studies ,Consumption (economics) ,Models, Statistical ,business.industry ,Multivariate time series analysis ,medicine.disease ,Chronic alcohol ,Survival Analysis ,United States ,Surgery ,Psychiatry and Mental health ,Alcoholism ,Multivariate Analysis ,Positive relationship ,Substance Abuse Treatment Centers ,business ,Alcoholism treatment ,Demography - Abstract
Substantial empirical evidence suggests that alcohol consumption is an important cause of cirrhosis mortality levels. However, recent research has failed to find the expected positive relationship between consumption and cirrhosis mortality, in both the United States and Canada, when data from the mid-1970s through the late 1980s are analysed. Although recent studies have investigated a number of possible explanations, this study examines the hypothesis that an increase in the provision of treatment for alcoholism resulted in a disjuncture in the established relationship between consumption and cirrhosis deaths. This hypothesis if evaluated with a multivariate time series model in which the relationship between consumption and cirrhosis mortality is estimated with controls for treatment and the unemployment rate, using data from the US state of North Carolina. The results indicate that with treatment controlled, changes in cirrhosis mortality are independent of consumption. Further, treatment has a significant short-term lagged effect on cirrhosis mortality, suggesting that the impact of treatment on chronic alcohol abusers may be one of delaying the consequences of such abuse.
- Published
- 1992
30. Alcohol and Homicide in the United States 1934-1995: Or One Reason Why U.S. Rates of Violence May Be Going down
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker and Randi Cartmill
- Subjects
business.industry ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Poison control ,medicine.disease ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Body of knowledge ,Race (biology) ,Homicide ,Injury prevention ,Medicine ,Demographic economics ,Medical emergency ,business ,Law - Abstract
In the last few years, a great deal of attention has been devoted to the apparent decline in rates of homicide and other kinds of violence in the United States. Commentators debate whether rates of violence are actually declining, and what are the reasons for this apparent decline. The purpose of this paper is to explore the possibility that one reason for the apparent recent decline in homicide may be its relationship to the rate of alcohol consumption during this same time period. As there is a growing body of research that shows a significant relationship between alcohol and violence at different levels of aggregation, in different countries and sub-units of countries, among different types of people, and across time periods, we will also explore the homicide and alcohol relationship by race and by type of alcoholic beverage. There are also the beginnings of a theoretical body of knowledge that would explain why variations in alcohol consumption and availability should be considered part of the explanation for variations in the rate of homicide and other types of violence. These issues will be discussed in detail in this
- Published
- 1998
31. Impact of Banning Alcohol on Outpatient Visits in Barrow, Alaska
- Author
-
Pedro E. Perez, Robert Nash Parker, and Arva Y. Chiu
- Subjects
Gerontology ,medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Public health ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Public policy ,General Medicine ,Social issues ,Suicide prevention ,Occupational safety and health ,Environmental health ,Injury prevention ,Medicine ,business - Abstract
Context. —Community availability of alcohol affects alcohol consumption patterns and alcohol-related health and social problems. In Barrow, Alaska, an isolated community at the northernmost reaches of the United States, during a 33-month period, possession and importation of alcohol were legal, completely banned, made legal again, and then banned again. Objective. —To determine the impact of these public policy changes on alcohol-related outpatient visits at the area hospital. Design. —Retrospective review of outpatient records; time-series analysis of alcohol-related visits with respect to community alcohol policy. Main Outcome Measures. —Total monthly outpatient visits for alcohol-related problems. Results. —There was a substantial decrease in the number of alcohol-related outpatient visits when the ban on possession and importation was imposed compared with baseline. When the ban was lifted, outpatient visits increased; when the ban was reimposed, the number of outpatient visits again decreased. Interrupted time-series analyses confirm that the alcohol ban, its lifting, and its reimposition had a statistically significant and negative effect on the number of alcohol-related out-patient visits ( P Conclusion. —In a geographically isolated community, the prohibition of alcohol can be an effective public health intervention, reducing the health problems associated with alcohol use.
- Published
- 1997
32. Alcohol and Homicide: A Deadly Combination of Two American Traditions
- Author
-
Harold D. Holder, Robert Nash Parker, and Linda-Anne Rebhun
- Subjects
Public health service ,History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Healthcare policy ,Homicide ,Health Policy ,Environmental health ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,National health policy ,Journal of Public Health ,Public health policy ,Public health care - Published
- 1996
33. Cross-National Evidence on Homicide and the Age Structure of the Population
- Author
-
Rosemary Gartner and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Anthropology - Published
- 1990
34. AN ERRORS-IN-VARIABLE MODEL OF THE EFFECT OF POVERTY ON URBAN HOMICIDE RATES
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker and Colin Loftin
- Subjects
Variable (computer science) ,Poverty ,Homicide ,Instrumental variable ,Economics ,Econometrics ,Criminology ,Violent crime ,Law ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine - Abstract
Inconsistent findings on the relationship between poverty and violent crime have led some authors to question the presence of a structural relationship. There is reason, however, to believe that many of the existing estimates are biased because measures of poverty contain errors which are confounded with disturbances in the estimated models. In this paper we specify and estimate a model which accommodates the measurement error and provides an instrumental variable estimate of the effects of poverty on homicide rates in the 49 largest cities in the U.S. Compared to similar OLS estimates, the instrumental variable estimates are much larger and fit a model in which poverty increases the homicide rate. The results are similar when homicides are divided into four types: family homicides, other primary homicides, robbery homicides, and other-felony homicides
- Published
- 1985
35. Constructing an index of officially recorded crime: The use of confirmatory factor analysis
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker and David McDowall
- Subjects
Index (economics) ,media_common.quotation_subject ,social sciences ,LISREL ,Confirmatory factor analysis ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,Weighting ,mental disorders ,Crime statistics ,Econometrics ,population characteristics ,Psychology ,Construct (philosophy) ,human activities ,Law ,health care economics and organizations ,Seriousness ,media_common - Abstract
Researchers using officially reported crime statistics must frequently combine rates of individual crimes into a single composite. The most popular composite is the FBI Crime Index, which is the sum of the seven “Part I” crimes; alternatives include forming separate indices for personal and property crimes and weighting the crime categories by their seriousness before summing them. In this paper we construct crime composites through the use of confirmatory factor analysis methods. The results suggest that the measurement assumptions of conventional crime indices are problematic and demonstrate how more satisfactory alternatives can be developed with confirmatory factor analysis techniques.
- Published
- 1986
36. Correlation In Time Series Regression
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,05 social sciences ,Autocorrelation ,050401 social sciences methods ,Inference ,Regression analysis ,0506 political science ,Test (assessment) ,Exact test ,0504 sociology ,Ordinary least squares ,Statistics ,050602 political science & public administration ,Econometrics ,Test statistic ,Time series ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Mathematics - Abstract
Sociologists have recently become more interested in testing dynamic models of social change via time series regression techniques (e.g., Snyder, 1975; Franke and Kaul, 1978; Burstein and Freudenburg, 1978). The existence of serial correlation in the disturbance term, which would constitute a violation of one of the standard regression model assumptions, is usually tested for in such models via the Durbm-Watson (1950, 1951) d test statrstic. However, the Durbin-Watson test often allows no inference concerning the existence of serial correlation because the critical values of the test cannot be tabulated exactly. Geary †1970∪ proposed a test statistic, tau, which is easy to calculate and has an exact probability distribution. This article discusses serial correlation and its consequences for OLS regression equations, proposes the Geary test as a convenient addition to the Durbin-Watson test, and argues that the Geary test provides additional information, especially in the case of indeterminancy in the Durbin-Watson. The use of tau is illustrated by replications of three sociological studies and, although the Geary test is consistently less powerful than the Durbin-Watson test, it is a useful additional piece of information in most situations.
- Published
- 1980
37. Deterrence, Poverty, and Type of Homicide
- Author
-
M. Dwayne Smith and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
education.field_of_study ,Actuarial science ,Sociology and Political Science ,Poverty ,business.industry ,Population ,Poison control ,Human factors and ergonomics ,Empirical research ,Homicide ,Injury prevention ,Medicine ,Deterrence (legal) ,education ,business ,Demography - Abstract
The assumption that homicide is a unidimensional phenomenon has rarely been questioned in empirical research. Using newly available data, this analysis classifies homicide into two types, primary and nonprimary, based on the victim/offender relationship. Two models that have appeared in the literature are replicated, utilizing this classificatory scheme. State primary-homicide rates are found to be related to poverty and to the percentage of the population aged 20-34, while nonprimary homicide rates are significantly related only to the percentage of the state living in urban areas. Replication of the original models demonstrates that the failure to classify homicides in this manner results in the incorrect assessment of the relative size and importance of the various predictors of homicide included in these models.
- Published
- 1979
38. Longitudinal Design and Longitudinal Analysis
- Author
-
Richard T. Campbell, Elizabeth Mutran, and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Analysis of Variance ,Retirement ,030505 public health ,Health (social science) ,Social Psychology ,Longitudinal data ,05 social sciences ,050401 social sciences methods ,Models, Theoretical ,computer.software_genre ,Data science ,03 medical and health sciences ,0504 sociology ,Geriatrics ,Research Design ,Longitudinal Studies ,Data mining ,Geriatrics and Gerontology ,0305 other medical science ,Psychology ,computer - Abstract
The desirability of longitudinal data is generally accepted among researchers in aging and gerontology. In recent years, a great deal of such data have been collected either in the form of large scale national surveys of more local efforts. Not uncommonly, such data are underanalyzed. While part of the reason for this waste of data has to do with the unavailability of suitable methods of data analysis, recent developments provide researchers with several new and exciting ways of looking at longitudinal data. This article surveys three of them: multivariate analysis of variance, the LISREL model, and event history analysis.
- Published
- 1986
39. Aggregation, ratio variables, and measurement problems in criminological research
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Empirical research ,Variables ,Homicide ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Econometrics ,Psychology ,Law ,Pathology and Forensic Medicine ,media_common - Abstract
Issues of measurement error, level of aggregation, and ratio variables have been considered serious problems in criminological research. Although there have been many recent discussions of these issues in sociology and criminology, studies designed to assess the impact of these problems on the results of empirical research have, for the most part, been absent. After reviewing what is known theoretically and conceptually about these issues, an investigation which compares empirical analyses of a particular type of crime, homicide, that use different measurement strategies, different levels of aggregation, and ratio versus nonratio variables is presented. Utilizing homicide data from the mid-1970s and selected independent variables, the results of this investigation indicate that these three problems can interact in an empirical setting such that potential solutions to these problems do not always apply in the manner suggested in previous studies. The results also indicate that there is great risk in ignoring one or more of these problems in empirical research, in that different substantive conclusions can be reached from analyses that ignore these issues compared with analyses that deal directly with them.
- Published
- 1985
40. Measuring Social Participation
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,Occupational prestige ,Use of time ,Gender studies ,Sociology ,Social engagement - Abstract
Sewell, William H., Robert M. Hauser and Wendy C. Wolf 1980 "Sex, schooling, and occupational status." American Journal of Sociology 86:551-83. Singelmann, Joachim 1978 "The sectoral transformation of the labor force in seven industrialized countries." American Journal of Sociology 83:1224-34. Smith, Ralph E. 1979 "The movement of women into the labor force." Pp. 1-29 in Ralph E. Smith (ed.), The Subtle Revolution: Women at Work. Washington, D.C.: Urban Institute. Sweet, James A. 1975 "Recent trends in the employment of American women." Working Paper 75-14, Center for Demography and Ecology, University of Wisconsin, Madison. Szalai, Alexander (ed.) 1972 The Use of Time: Daily Activities of Urban and Suburban Populations in Twelve Countries. The Hague: Mouton. Tilly, Louise A. and Joan W. Scott 1978 Women, Work, and Family. New York: Holt, Rinehart & Winston. Treiman, Donald J. 1977 Occupational Prestige in Comparative. Perspective. New York: Academic Press.
- Published
- 1983
41. Structural Constraints and Individual Career Earnings Patterns
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Labour economics ,Sociology and Political Science ,Earnings ,media_common.quotation_subject ,Dual economy ,Economic history ,Wage ,Economics ,Labor market segmentation ,Early career ,media_common - Abstract
Achievement in the Early Career. New York: Academic Press. Stolzenberg, Ross 1975 "Occupations, labor markets and the process of wage attainment." American Sociological Review 40:645-65. Talbert, Joan and Christine E. Bose 1977 "Wage-attainment processes: the retail clerk case." American Journal of Sociology 83:403-24. Theil, Henri 1971 Principles of Econometrics. New York: Wiley. Tolbert, Charles M., II, Patrick M. Horan, and E. M. Beck 1980 "The structure of economic segmentation: a dual economy approach." American Journal of Sociology 85:1095-116. Vietorisz, Thomas and Bennett Harrison 1973 "Labor market segmentation: positive feedback and divergent development." The American Economic Review 63:366-76.
- Published
- 1981
42. 'Equality, Success, and Social Justice in England and the United States': A Commentary and Critique
- Author
-
Alan C. Kerckhoff and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
Sociology and Political Science ,Political science ,Public administration ,Social justice - Published
- 1979
43. Campus Policing: The Nature of University Police Work
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker, Diane C. Bordner, and David M. Petersen
- Subjects
Law - Published
- 1985
44. Poverty, Subculture of Violence, and Type of Homicide
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Anthropology - Published
- 1989
45. High Correlations or Multicollinearity, and What to Do about Either: Reply to Light
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker and M. Dwayne Smith
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Anthropology - Published
- 1984
46. The Pareto Curve and Its Utility for Open-Ended Income Distributions in Survey Research
- Author
-
Robert Nash Parker and Rudy Fenwick
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Anthropology - Published
- 1983
47. Assimilation or Consciousness: Perceptions of U.S. Society among Recent Latin American Immigrants to the United States
- Author
-
Alejandro Portes, Robert Nash Parker, and Jose A. Cobas
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Anthropology - Published
- 1980
48. Substantive and Statistical Considerations in the Interpretation of Multiple Measures of SES
- Author
-
Richard T. Campbell and Robert Nash Parker
- Subjects
History ,Sociology and Political Science ,Anthropology - Published
- 1983
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