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Most resistance genes thus far isolated from wheat have a very limited number of functional alleles, with the exception of the powdery mildew PM3 resistance locus. Here we report the isolation of most of the alleles at wheat stem rust resistance gene locus SR9, representing the largest multi-allelic rust resistance locus in common wheat. The seven previously reported resistance alleles (Sr9a, Sr9b, Sr9d, Sr9e, Sr9f, Sr9g, and Sr9h) at the locus were characterised using a synergistic strategy. Loss-of-function mutants and/or transgenic complementation were used to confirm Sr9b, two haplotypes of Sr9e (Sr9e_h1, Sr9e_h2), Sr9g, and Sr9h. Each allele encodes a highly related nucleotide-binding site leucine-rich repeat (NB-LRR) type immune receptor, containing a previously unreported motif at their N termini and an unusual long LRR domain, that confers resistance to a unique spectrum of isolates of the wheat stem rust pathogen. The only SR9 protein effective against stem rust pathogen race TTKSK (Ug99), SR9H, differed from SR9B by a single amino acid. SR9B and SR9G resistance proteins were also distinguished by only a single amino acid. The SR9 allelic series found in the B subgenome are orthologs of wheat stem rust resistance gene Sr21 located in the A subgenome with around 85% identity in protein sequences.

Despite nearly 25 years of research on the topic, there is still no consensus on whether prism adaptation is an effective therapy for visuospatial neglect. We present a meta-analysis from 1998 to 2021 on immediate treatment effects measured by paper-and-pencil clinical tests (BIT-C and cancellation tasks combined), and a standard assessment of neglect in everyday activities (Catherine Bergego Scale). We combined the Behavioural Inattention Test-conventional sub-tests (BIT-C) and cancellation scores into one random effect meta-analytic model, justified by the fact that 89% of the BIT-C score is determined by cancellation tasks. With this approach, we were able to obtain a larger dataset than previous meta-analyses while also including a more specific patient sample: right hemisphere stroke patients with left-sided neglect. We found no evidence for beneficial effects of prism adaptation within our main meta-analytic model (BIT-C/cancellation) where sixteen randomised and non-random controlled trials, altogether including 430 patients for the task of interest, were included. Nor did we find evidence for therapeutic effects as measured by CBS, albeit half as many studies were available for this analysis. The lack of effect was consistent after the removal of influential outliers, when studies with high risk-of-bias were excluded, and when an alternative measure of effect size was considered. These results do not support the routine use of prism adaptation as therapy for spatial neglect.

Key message: Stem rust resistance genes, SrRL5271 and Sr672.1 as well as SrCPI110651, from Aegilops tauschii, the diploid D genome progenitor of wheat, are sequence variants of Sr46 differing by 1–2 nucleotides leading to non-synonymous amino acid substitutions. Abstract: The Aegilops tauschii (wheat D-genome progenitor) accessions RL 5271 and CPI110672 were identified as resistant to multiple races (including the Ug99) of the wheat stem rust pathogen Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici (Pgt). This study was conducted to identify the stem rust resistance (Sr) gene(s) in both accessions. Genetic analysis of the resistance in RL 5271 identified a single dominant allele (SrRL5271) controlling resistance, whereas resistance segregated at two loci (SR672.1 and SR672.2) for a cross of CPI110672. Bulked segregant analysis placed SrRL5271 and Sr672.1 in a region on chromosome arm 2DS that encodes Sr46. Molecular marker screening, mapping and genomic sequence analysis demonstrated SrRL5271 and Sr672.1 are alleles of Sr46. The amino acid sequence of SrRL5271 and Sr672.1 is identical but differs from Sr46 (hereafter referred to as Sr46_h1 by following the gene nomenclature in wheat) by a single amino acid (N763K) and is thus designated Sr46_h2. Screening of a panel of Ae. tauschii accessions identified an additional allelic variant that differed from Sr46_h2 by a different amino acid (A648V) and was designated Sr46_h3. By contrast, the protein encoded by the susceptible allele of Ae. tauschii accession AL8/78 differed from these resistance proteins by 54 amino acid substitutions (94% nucleotide sequence gene identity). Cloning and complementation tests of the three resistance haplotypes confirmed their resistance to Pgt race 98-1,2,3,5,6 and partial resistance to Pgt race TTRTF in bread wheat. The three Sr46 haplotypes, with no virulent races detected yet, represent a valuable source for improving stem resistance in wheat.

Stripe rust resistance gene YrAet672 from Aegilops tauschii accession CPI110672 encodes a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat domain containing protein similar to YrAS2388 and both these members were haplotypes of Yr28. New sources of host resistance are required to counter the continued emergence of new pathotypes of the wheat stripe rust pathogen Puccinia striiformis Westend. f. sp. tritici Erikss. (Pst). Here, we show that CPI110672, an Aegilops tauschii accession from Turkmenistan, carries a single Pst resistance gene, YrAet672, that is effective against multiple Pst pathotypes, including the four predominant Pst lineages present in Australia. The YRAet672 locus was fine mapped to the short arm of chromosome 4D, and a nucleotide-binding and leucine-rich repeat gene was identified at the locus. A transgene encoding the YrAet672 genomic sequence, but lacking a copy of a duplicated sequence present in the 3' UTR, was transformed into wheat cultivar Fielder and Avocet S. This transgene conferred a weak resistance response, suggesting that the duplicated 3' UTR region was essential for function. Subsequent analyses demonstrated that YrAet672 is the same as two other Pst resistance genes described in Ae. tauschii, namely YrAS2388 and Yr28. They were identified as haplotypes encoding identical protein sequences but are polymorphic in non-translated regions of the gene. Suppression of resistance conferred by YrAet672 and Yr28 in synthetic hexaploid wheat lines (AABBDD) involving Langdon (AABB) as the tetraploid parent was associated with a reduction in transcript accumulation.

Stem rust, caused by Puccinia graminis, is a destructive group of diseases. The patho - gen uses Berberis species as alternate hosts to complete its life cycle. B. vulgaris and the endemic species B. hispanica and B. garciae are present in Spain. The objective of this study was to investigate the functionality of the indigenous barberry as alternate hosts. Field surveys were conducted in 2018 and 2019 in Huesca, Teruel and Albacete provinces of Spain. Aecial samples on barberry were analysed via infection assays and DNA analysis. B. garciae was predominant in Huesca and Teruel provinces, often found in the field margins of cereal crops. Aecial infections on B. garciae were ob- served in May and uredinial infections on cereal crops in June. Scattered B. hispanica bushes were occasionally found near cereal crops in Albacete, where aecial infections on B. hispanica were observed in June when most cereal crops were mature. Infection assays using aeciospores resulted in stem rust infections on susceptible genotypes of wheat, barley, rye and oat, indicating the presence of the sexual cycle for P. graminis f. sp. tritici, f. sp. secalis and f. sp. avenae. Sequence analyses from aecial samples sup- ported this finding as well as the presence of Puccinia brachypodii. This study provides the first evidence that indigenous Berberis species play an active role in the sexual cycle of P. graminis under natural conditions in Spain The research was supported by the United States Department of Agriculture‐Agricultural Research Service, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and the United Kingdom Department for International Development managed by Cornell University, USA, grant number: DGGW‐OPP1133199, and the State Research Agency (AEI), Spain, project PID2020‐118650RR‐C31. Thanks to Dr Fanny Álvaro for the initial observation and sampling of aecial infection on barberry. The assistance of Dr Joan Pedrol and Dr Rosario Fanlo (University of Lleida, Spain) in grass species identification is gratefully acknowledged. We thank the assistance of Amparo López Olmeda (Teruel Plant Health Service), Gloria Herrero Sánchez (Cereales Teruel Sociedad Cooperativa) and Vicente Lozano Herrera (farmer cereal producer). Meteorological data from the El Ballestero site (Albacete province) were kindly provided by Manuel Fernández. Data from surface cropping area of Aragón have been provided by Sección de estadística del Departamento de Agricultura, Ganadería y Medio Ambiente del Gobierno de Aragón (Silvia Quílez‐Domingo). The support of Daniel Gómez and Alberto Pastoriza (Herbarium curators in the Pyrenean Institute of Ecology, IPE‐CSIC, Jaca) is thankfully acknowledged. Technical assistance of Melissa Carter, Jerry Johnson and Kim‐Phuong Nguyen from USDA‐ARS is acknowledged. Dr Villegas acknowledges the contribution of the CERCA program (Generalitat de Catalunya, Spain).

Case-control comparisons are a class of statistical tests allowing researchers to compare single cases to populations estimated from a sample. Such tests have wide potential utility, but historically have been applied mostly in the fields of cognitive and clinical neuropsychology, to infer whether individuals have suffered significant cognitive changes as the consequence of a brain lesion. One may wish to estimate whether that individual has abnormally low performance on some cognitive ability, or if one cognitive ability is abnormally discrepant with respect to another cognitive ability. John Crawford, Paul Garthwaite and colleagues have developed several related methods to statistically test for abnormality on a single variate and abnormality of the difference between two variates when a single case is compared to a small sample, while controlling the Type I error rate (Crawford et al., 2011; Crawford & Garthwaite, 2002, 2007, 2005; e.g., Crawford & Howell, 1998). This paper presents the R package singcar in which they are implemented. Due to recent discussion on the fundamental power limits of these tests (McIntosh & Rittmo, 2020) the package also includes associated power calculators.

Stem rust, caused by

Optic ataxia is a rare condition following dorsal visual stream lesions characterized by peripheral misreaching. This ‘pure’ visuomotor condition is claimed to be dissociable from attentional disorders, such as visual neglect and extinction. However, the relationship between optic ataxia, neglect and extinction is still controversial and recently it has even been suggested these conditions have a common attentional cause. In this single-case report, we investigated 67-year-old female patient E.B. with left visual neglect and extinction following right temporo-parietal and frontal strokes. Unlike most neglect patients, E.B. did not present left hemiparesis or left homonymous hemianopia. This unusual presentation allowed us to study, for the first time, the impact of left visual attentional disorders on reaching with both arms in both free and peripheral vision conditions. Specifically, we assessed whether patient E.B. would present the classic peripheral misreaching deficits reported in patients with optic ataxia. We found that patient E.B.’s reaching accuracy was significantly impaired, when compared to a gender and age-matched control sample (N=11), only in peripheral vision and only for targets presented in her neglected field, regardless of the hand used. Her performance was comparable to controls in free vision for both arms. This demonstrates that a patient with visual neglect and extinction also presents an ataxic field, a deficit typically described as optic ataxia. Our findings suggest that, at least in peripheral vision, attention and visuomotor deficits may be related which challenges long-standing claims of a dissociation between attentional disorders and optic ataxia.

As part of its Paris Agreement commitment, China pledged to peak carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions around 2030, striving to peak earlier, and to increase the non-fossil share of primary energy to 20% by 2030. Yet by the end of 2017, China emitted 28% of the world’s energy-related CO2 emissions, 76% of which were from coal use. How China can reinvent its energy economy cost-effectively while still achieving its commitments was the focus of a three-year joint research project completed in September 2016. Overall, this analysis found that if China follows a pathway in which it aggressively adopts all cost-effective energy efficiency and CO2 emission reduction technologies while also aggressively moving away from fossil fuels to renewable and other non-fossil resources, it is possible to not only meet its Paris Agreement Nationally Determined Contribution (NDC) commitments, but also to reduce its 2050 CO2 emissions to a level that is 42% below the country’s 2010 CO2 emissions. While numerous barriers exist that will need to be addressed through effective policies and programs in order to realize these potential energy use and emissions reductions, there are also significant local environmental (e.g., air quality), national and global environmental (e.g., mitigation of climate change), human health, and other unquantified benefits that will be realized if this pathway is pursued in China.

Electro-optic (EO) devices with high EO coefficients at radio and microwave frequencies are integral components of the photonics industry. This work determines the EO effect of ferroelectric Li-doped niobium-rich potassium tantalate niobate (K 0.95 Li 0.05 Ta 1- x Nb x O 3 ; KLTN) single crystals using improved dynamic EO measurement. The phase transitions of KLTN crystals were investigated via variable-temperature Raman spectroscopy. A full view of the surface displacement and velocity for the KLTN sample at the resonant frequency was studied using an ultra-frequency vibrometer. The KLTN sample with x = 0.60 exhibits the enhanced effective EO coefficient (γ c ) ∼ 217 pm/V near the piezoelectric resonant peaks, which is comparable with the value at low frequency. The piezoelectric enhanced EO property of KLTN single crystals can be attributed to nonlinear polarization and nonzero stress, and showing promising for designing practical optical-piezoelectric-mechanism coupling devices.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-12-11T16:59:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2015-10-13 In this work, the structural, ferroelectric and dielectric properties, including radio-frequencies and microwave region, has been investigated in Pb1-xLax(ZryTi1-y)1 - (x/4)O3 (PLZT) ferroelectric ceramics, where x = 0.02, 0.04, 0.06, 0.08, 0.10, 0.12 and y = 0.70. Ceramic samples were obtained from the solid-state reaction sintering method, and the dielectric measurements were performed in a wide frequency and temperature region, below and above the paraelectric-ferroelectric (PE-FE) phase transition temperature. The structural properties, investigated at room temperature, from the x-ray diffraction (XRD) technique, revealed the evolution from the rhombohedral (R3m symmetry) to orthorhombic (Pmmm symmetry) phases, with the increase of the lanthanum concentration. The ferroelectric as well as the low frequency dielectric properties revealed a change in the PE-FE phase transition characteristics from a normal to a relaxor behavior, with the increase of the lanthanum content. On the other hand, the high-frequency (microwave) dielectric properties studied at room temperature, showed a strong dielectric dispersion on both normal (x≤0.06) and relaxor (x>0.06) compositions, which indeed revealed to be also strongly dependent on the lanthanum concentration. Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering College of Engineering University of Texas at San Antonio Grupo de Ferroelétricos e Materiais Multifuncionais Instituto de Física Universidade Federal de Uberlândia Departamento de Física e Química UNESP Campus de Ilha Solteira Departamento de Física e Química UNESP Campus de Ilha Solteira

A combined experimental and numerical investigation has been conducted to study piezoelectric resonance process in relation to the strain gradient, the local polarization, and the displacement current in a piezoelectric crystal-resonator. Experimental discoveries showed that at certain sub-wavelengths of the fundamental piezoelectric resonant frequencies of a given resonator, electrooptic coefficients and also the optical transmission in an otherwise opaque configuration are greatly enhanced. This paper reports preliminary study by finite element analysis modeling on microwave transmission behavior when the piezoelectric material is modulated by periodic polarization distribution defined by piezoelectric resonance or generated by periodic poling. Transmission parameters are simulated in wide frequency range to characterize wave propagation behavior of the material in various local polarization conditions related to piezoelectric transverse or longitudinal resonance modes.

Pyomyositis is a rare complication of chemotherapy that is commonly seen in tropical climates and in patients with immunodeficiency states. Owing to its rarity and subacute presentation, its diagnosis is often delayed. It has been reported after intense chemotherapy for hematological cancers. We present a case of a 58-year-old woman with endometrial cancer who developed pyomyositis after the first cycle of carboplatin and paclitaxel with no prior predisposing factor except for cancer and premedication with corticosteroids. The patient improved once the diagnosis was established and managed with antibiotics and drainage of abscess. Full recovery was made with a protracted course of antibiotics. Early diagnosis of this entity with appropriate investigations and treatment prevents septicemia, which can often be life threatening.

In our continuing effort of developing electromagnetic-electromechanical-electrooptic interactive devices, the effect of piezoelectric resonance on the performance of electrooptic modulators is investigated. Time domain finite element models were constructed to determine the phase shift due to the induced birefringence of the device. Two sinusoidal voltage sources are used one to sweep over a range of frequencies while the other setting the modulator at a selected resonance frequency. Ferroelectric single crystals such as LiNbO 3 and Pb(Zn 1/3 Nb 2/3 )O 3 -PbTiO 3 , were examined for their induced index of refraction, the induced phase shift, and the half-wave voltage of given configurations. The time domain model of dual signal ac biased configuration displayed wide bandwidth enhancement when biased at proper resonant modes, which matches well with experimental observations. The results demonstrate the piezoresonant enhancement in terms of low half wave voltage and high electrooptic coefficients in broad frequency ranges. The results also provided corresponding insights that further our understanding on experimental observations reported previously by the authors. The models are suitable for designing of electrooptic device configurations that optimize the properties desired.

A study of the acousto-optic (AO) effect in a family of oxide crystals (including e.g., TiO2, ZnO, LiNbO3, and ferroelectric perovskites) as well as semiconductors has been conducted by finite element analysis method. In addition, the acousto-optic figure of merit (FOM) as a function of material's refractive index, density, effective AO coefficient and the velocity of the acoustic wave in the material, is also investigated. By examining the directional dependent velocity, acousto-optic coefficients, and refractive index, the acousto-optic FOM can be calculated and plotted in all directions revealing the optimal crystal orientation to maximize coupling between the optical and acoustic waves. A finite element model was developed to corroborate the predicted interaction. The model examines the diffraction that occurs by the optical wave as it travels through an acousto-optic medium. The combined information gained from Mathematica and COMSOL Multiphysics-based modeling is shown to be an effective means of predicating acousto-optic device functionality.

In August 2007, a 62-y ear-old woman was diagnosed with FIGO stage 3C ovarian cancer after a total abdominal hysterectomy, bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy and debulking procedure. Findings included widespread omental and peritoneal disease, ovarian tumour excrescences and no palpable lymphadenopathy. She was nulliparous with no previous abdominal surgery. She was optimally debulked (

The Growth of ultrathin oxides in N2O ambient has been a subject of extensive research for submicron CMOS technology. Oxides grown in N2O tend to have a higher charge-to-breakdown, less charge trapping under constant current stress, and less interface state generation under current stress and radiation than conventional oxides grown in oxygen [1,2]. In addition the penetration of boron through N2O oxides is significantly less than through conventional thermal oxides [3]. The improved characteristics of N2O are due to an interfacial pileup of nitrogen atoms [1-3]. Thus the growth of thermal oxides in N2O provides a method for obtaining many of the more favorable aspects of reoxidized-nitrided silicon dioxides, with a much simpler process.

Until well into this century, the garment trades were one of the largest employers in manufacturing in Canada. The decline of artisanal clothing trades over the middle of the 19th century led to a marked growth in outwork and deteriorating labour standards. As the garment trades became rife with sweating, a process conditioned by the structured inequalities of class and gender, they became a major source of wage labour for women. Only in this century were steps taken which limited, but by no means ended, sweated labour in the garment industry. The impact of protective legislation has been slight; much more credit in the struggle against sweating has to be given to the industrial garment unions. Resumes Pour une bonne part de ce siecle, le commerce du vetement a ete l'un des plus grands employeurs de l'industrie manufacturiere au Canada. Le declin de la fabrication artisanale de vetements du milieu du XIXe siecle a suscite une croissance marquee de l'absence de travail ainsi que la deterioration des normes de travail. Alors que l'exploitation se repandait dans le commerce du vetement — un processus conditionne par la structuration des inegalites de classe et de sexe — ce domaine devenait une source importante de revenu d'emploi pour les femmes. Ce n'est qu'au cours de notre siecle que des mesures ont ete prises pour limiter l'exploitation dans l'industrie du vetement sans pour autant y mettre un terme. L'effet des lois protectrices a ete minime; ce sont plutot les luttes menees par les syndicats de l'industrie du vetement qui ont eu les meilleurs resultats.

Sperm showing good motility and function, as demonstrated by the in vitro sperm penetration assay using hamster ova, were collected from the vas deferens of 3 men with ejaculatory failure. The collection procedure may be repeated over multiple ovulatory cycles. The sperm may be used to attempt artificial insemination or in vitro fertilization.

Single crystal silicon exhibits thermal, mechanical, optical, and fabrication properties appropriate for the requirements of HEL (High-Energy Laser), component technology. As a material, single crystal silicon offers low thermal expansion, low density, high thermal conductivity and high heat capacity which yield a thermal/mechanical high power deformation response that is superior to Mo, Be, WC and other mirror candidate materials. In addition, silicon's crystal structure can be used to produce periodic, sharply defined geometrical shapes in certain crystallographic planes through Preferential Chemical Etching (PCE). By properly combining this action with specific photoresist exposure and development techniques, coolant channels and other critical structures related to HEL component fabrication may be produced accurately. Silicon also can be polished to a low microroughness, yielding surfaces with low scatter and high damage resistance. These advantages apply to both CW and pulsed modes of operation, providing the potential for high quality operation at short as well as long wavelengths.© (1981) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

One consequence of the technological improvements in mining coal in the nineteenth century was the increased use of child labour in Canadian collieries. Focussing on the major coal-producing province of the period, Nova Scotia, this article outlines how techniques of mining introduced during Victoria's reign encouraged the employment of boys, and how subsequent innovations in mining technology reduced the demand for boy labour after the turn of the century., Une conséquence importante de l’innovation technologique dans les mines de charbon au 19e siècle a été l’usage accru des enfants comme source de travail productif dans les charbonnages canadiens. Fondé sur l’étude des mines de Nouvelle-Écosse, cet article montre comment les technologies introduites au cours de la période Victorienne ont encouragé l’emploi de jeunes garçons et comment cette demande a ensuite diminué avec l’arrivée, au tournant du siècle, de nouvelle technologies.

Quelles sont les conditions de la recherche en archivistique ? Dans un environnement universitaire, la recherche suggère un projet qui dure pour une période prolongée, qui est poussé et qui vise à la production d’une publication (ou d’un rapport de recherche), typiquement évaluée par les pairs. Il s’agit de la création de connaissances, qu’importe s’il y a un besoin immédiat et pratique pour ces nouvelles connaissances. D’habitude, de telles recherches reflètent un engagement étroit avec une littérature scientifique. Les institutions gouvernementales telles que Bibliothèque et Archives Canada (BAC) font face à un autre environnement de recherche. Cet article offre un aperçu des pressions sur BAC en ce qui concerne la recherche, un exposé des diverses sortes de recherche entreprise à BAC, une analyse de la longue participation de BAC aux projets InterPARES et ITrust, suivi de quelques observations en guise de conclusion., What are the conditions for archival research? In an academic environment, research typically suggests a project that is sustained, in-depth and aimed at producing a publication (or a similar report on findings), generally peer-reviewed. It is about the creation of knowledge, whether or not there is an immediate practical application for this new knowledge. Generally, this research reflects a strong engagement with a scholarly literature. Government institutions such as Library and Archives Canada (LAC) face a different research environment. This article offers an outline of the pressures on LAC with respect to research, a review of the various kinds of research undertaken at LAC, an analysis of LAC’s long-standing participation in InterPARES and ITrust, and then a few concluding observations.