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How do exclusionary boundaries persist in consumption subcultures amid increased progress, representation, and inclusion? In video gaming, women have come to represent nearly half of the market; yet, this is a limited indicator of gender-based progress. A culture of masculine dominance persists. Extending previous research on boundary work, the authors employ a cultural perspective of tokenism to examine how gendered boundaries in consumption subcultures persist despite efforts to transform or even eradicate them. This qualitative study draws on interviews with 23 gamers who identify as women (ages 19–29 years), coupled with data from social media platforms, news media, and industry reports. Empirical findings capture the recursive process of maladaptive boundary crossing: how women’s efforts to subvert gendered boundaries at the micro level (e.g., through response enactments) get churned through the structuring tokenistic mechanics of boundary work at the meso level and result in the inadvertent cultural persistence of masculine dominance. The analysis offers a conceptual framework that explains how micro–meso level dynamics perpetuate and conceal inequity in consumption subcultures. Implications address the precarious promise of progress and the cultural legacy of tokenism in the marketplace with particular relevance to broader systems of domination.

We report the analysis of the genome of a novel

Many business colleges offer specialized marketing majors in addition to the general marketing major. Given the extra resources needed to maintain multiple majors, in a time when higher education budgets are being strained, a need exists to understand how students make choices among these majors and what students perceive to be the advantages of general marketing majors versus specialized marketing majors. Using social cognitive theory, we examine how students make selections among choices in marketing-related majors, focusing on influence and compatibility factors. We surveyed 608 marketing majors representing one general and five specialized marketing majors. The findings indicate that, compared with general marketing majors, students’ choice of a specialized major is significantly more likely to be influenced by faculty and other students in the major. Also, the results show that students rate specialized majors better than a general marketing major in terms of self-efficacy, culture, and professional fit. On the other hand, students rate the general marketing major better than specialized majors in flexibility. These results have implications for supporting the priorities of students in both general and specialized majors.

Purpose Despite years of research into consumer socialization, little research examines men’s roles in consumer socialization processes. The purpose of this paper is to attend to this gap and to investigate consumer socialization processes in single-father households. Design/methodology/approach To study consumer socialization processes, this paper develops its insights using grounded theory, deploying qualitative data to develop theory. The data include long interviews with both fathers and their children used to understand the processes of consumer socialization. Findings This paper finds six socialization processes: entrustment, entrainment, education, emprise, estrangement and elevation. These processes emerge based on different types of household resource gaps or aspects of men’s gender identity. Research limitations/implications The main implications are to study the roles played by cultural context and family type in socialization processes. Studies could examine whether the processes uncovered here occur in other family settings, as well as whether they vary based on children’s age and gender. Practical implications Household brands, products and services could target resource-scarce households using appeals that portray offerings as a means to develop children’s responsibilities, independence and involvement in household management. Marketers could also use advertising appeals that depict playful product usage and learning situations or more broadly position brands as identity brands making them more appealing to men who are striving to be better fathers. Originality/value This paper uniquely identifies a number of previously uncovered consumer socialization processes, as well as factors that influence them.

Purpose Physical and digital phantoms play a key role in the development and testing of nuclear medicine instrumentation and processing algorithms for clinical and research applications, including neuroimaging using positron emission tomography (PET). We have developed and tested a digital reference object (DRO) version of the original segmented magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) data used for the three-dimensional (3D) PET brain phantom developed by Hoffman et al., which is used as the basis of a commercially available physical test phantom. Methods The DRO was constructed by subdividing the MRI image planes the original phantom was based on to create equal-thickness slices and re-labeling voxels. The digital data was then embedded in a PET Digital Imaging and Communications in Medicine format and tested for compliance. Results We then tested the DRO by comparing it to computed tomography (CT) images of the physical phantom summed to form composite slices with axial extent similar to the DRO, but with a factor of two better in-slice resolution. For composite slices, 91% of voxels were labeled in full agreement, 5% of the voxels were 50-75% accurate, and the remaining 4% of voxels had 25% or less agreement. Conclusions This DRO can be used as an input for PET scanner simulation studies or for comparing simulations to measured Hoffman phantom images.

As mixed methods continues to grow as a discipline, work to define what constitutes quality mixed methods research has become an emergent conversation. While progress has been made in this area, there has been some debate as to what quality entails and how to achieve it. This article contributes to mixed methods by highlighting the importance of rigor as an interdisciplinary baseline for quality evaluation and proposes a rigorous mixed methods framework. This framework is then applied to the management studies literature to give insight into a literature base where mixed methods research is still relatively nascent. Findings give examples of current practices in management studies as well as an example of how the rigorous mixed methods framework can be operationalized.

The complete genome sequence was determined for an apparent alphabaculovirus isolated from larval cadavers of the brown tussock moth, Olene mendosa Hübner, collected during an epizootic in Coimbatore, India. The genome was determined to be a circular 142,291 bp molecule, and 147 ORFs and nine homologous regions were annotated for the sequence. Analysis of the sequence confirmed that this virus, Olene mendosa nucleopolyhedrovirus (OlmeNPV), was a member of genus Alphabaculovirus in family Baculoviridae. Phylogenies inferred from nucleotide and amino acid alignments indicated that OlmeNPV was part of a group of viruses that infect moths of genus Lymantria, suggesting that OlmeNPV may have shifted hosts from a Lymantria species to an ancestral Olene species at some point during its evolutionary history. OlmeNPV was most closely related to Lymantria xylina multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate 5 (LyxyMNPV-5). The genomes of OlmeNPV and LyxyMNPV-5 were distinguished not only by differences in ORF content, but by a 27 kbp region of the genome that is inverted in LyxyMNPV-5 relative to OlmeNPV. Pairwise nucleotide distances between OlmeNPV and other Lymantria spp. alphabaculoviruses indicate that OlmeNPV represents a new baculovirus species.

Coconut rhinoceros beetle (CRB), Oryctes rhinoceros, is a pest of palm trees in the Pacific. Recently, a remarkable degree of palm damage reported in Guam, Hawaii, Papua New Guinea and Solomon Islands has been associated with a particular haplotype (clade I), known as “CRB-G”. In the Palau Archipelago, both CRB-G and another haplotype (clade IV) belonging to the CRB-S cluster coexist in the field. In this study, more than 75% of pheromone trap-captured adults of both haplotypes were Oryctes rhinoceros nudivirus (OrNV)-positive by PCR. No significant difference in OrNV prevalence between the haplotypes was detected. In PCR-positive CRB-G tissue specimens from Palau, viral particles were observed by electron microscopy. Hemocoel injection of CRB larvae with crude virus homogenates from these tissues resulted in viral infection and mortality. OrNV isolated from Palauan-sourced CRB was designated as OrNV-Palau1. Both OrNV-Palau1 and OrNV-X2B, a CRB biological control isolate released in the Pacific, were propagated using the FRI-AnCu-35 cell line for production of inoculum. However, the OrNV-Palau1 isolate exhibited lower viral production levels and longer larval survival times compared to OrNV-X2B in O. rhinoceros larvae. Full genome sequences of the OrNV-Palau1 and -X2B isolates were determined and found to be closely related to each other. Altogether these results suggest CRB adults in Palau are infected with a less virulent virus, which may affect the nature and extent of OrNV-induced pathology in Palauan populations of CRB.

Simple Summary The gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar, is a forest pest that is grouped into two biotypes: the European gypsy moth (EGM), found in Europe and North America; and the Asian gypsy moth (AGM), found in China, Russia, Korea, and Japan. Outbreaks of this pest result in high-density populations of larvae that can cause enormous damage to trees and forests. Studies have identified an influence of larval population density on gypsy moth development, but it is not known how EGM and AGM populations differ in their response to changing larval densities. We examined the effects of varying larval density on three colonies established from one EGM population and two AGM populations. All three colonies exhibited an optimal degree of larval survival and optimal rates of pupation and adult emergence at an intermediate density of five larvae/rearing container. The duration of larval development was fastest at the same intermediate density for all three colonies. Although differences in larval development time, survival, pupation and emergence were observed among the three colonies under the conditions of our study, our findings indicate that density-dependent effects on the development of different gypsy moth biotypes follow the same trends. Abstract The life-history traits of the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. (Lepidoptera: Erebidae), have been observed to vary with larval population density, which can increase significantly during an outbreak of this pest. Laboratory studies on density-dependent variation in gypsy moth development have focused on single populations and were limited to comparing solitary larvae with groups of larvae reared at a single density. To evaluate how density-dependent impacts on development vary with different populations and subspecies of L. dispar, we compared the effects of rearing larvae of a European gypsy moth (L. dispar dispar L.) population from Connecticut, USA; and larvae of two populations of the Asian gypsy moth (L. dispar asiatica Vnukovskij) from Guizhou and Hebei provinces in China. Larvae were reared on an artificial diet at densities of one, three, five, seven, and nine larvae per 115 mL container, and the duration of larval development, percentage of surviving larvae, and the rates of pupation and emergence were measured at each density. A two-tailed response to density variation with values falling away on both sides from a peak or climbing from a base was observed for all three populations tested, with the most rapid larval development and the highest values of survival, pupation, and emergence observed at a density of five larvae/container. Although differences in larval development time, survival, pupation and emergence were observed among the different populations under the conditions of our study, our findings indicate that density-dependent effects on the development of different gypsy moth subspecies and populations follow the same trends.

Acalymma vittatum (F.), the striped cucumber beetle, is an important pest of cucurbit crops in the contintental United States, damaging plants through both direct feeding and vectoring of a bacterial wilt pathogen. Besides providing basic biological knowledge, biosequence data for A. vittatum would be useful towards the development of molecular biopesticides to complement existing population control methods. However, no such datasets currently exist. In this study, three biological replicates apiece of male and female adult insects were sequenced and assembled into a set of 630,139 transcripts (of which 232,899 exhibited hits to one or more sequences in NCBI NR). Quantitative analyses identified 2898 genes differentially expressed across the male&ndash, female divide, and qualitative analyses characterized the insect&rsquo, s resistome, comprising the glutathione S-transferase, carboxylesterase, and cytochrome P450 monooxygenase families of xenobiotic detoxification genes. In summary, these data provide useful insights into genes associated with sex differentiation and this beetle&rsquo, s innate genetic capacity to develop resistance to synthetic pesticides, furthermore, these genes may serve as useful targets for potential use in molecular-based biocontrol technologies.

The United Nations (UN) Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) of gender equality and the empowerment of all women and girls (SDG #5) is cited as interlinked with other SDGs. One often hears that “Global Goals cannot be achieved without ensuring gender equality and women’s empowerment” (UN, 2015) and that “gender equality is critical to all areas of a healthy society, from reducing poverty (SDG #1) to promoting health (SDG #3) and education (SDG #4), and to the protection of the well-being of girls and boys” (UN, 2016). Despite its importance, business academics have been slow to acknowledge issues surrounding gender equality amongst other SDGs. This chapter argues that despite these challenges, gender research in the wider field of marketing is experiencing a renaissance, fueled in part by global, political and social movements, and in part by the persistence of academics studying these connections. Three research areas for championing a path forward—gender violence, intersectionality, and local and global perspectives in marketing are presented. The translation of this research to inquiry based and transformative learning is particularly emphasized. Lastly, the chapter calls for and advocates ongoing and future efforts to keep the momentum of gender and sustainability issues at the forefront of the marketing field. Using marketing as an illustration for wider business disciplines, it is their role to recognize and become key drivers in shaping sustainable development.

We investigated PET image quantification when using a uniform attenuation coefficient ( $\mu $ ) for attenuation correction (AC) of anthropomorphic density phantoms derived from high-resolution breast CT scans. A breast PET system was modeled with perfect data corrections except for AC. Using uniform $\mu $ for AC resulted in quantitative errors roughly proportional to the difference between $\mu $ used in AC ( $\mu _{\mathrm{ AC}}$ ) and local $\mu $ , yielding approximately ± 5% bias, corresponding to the variation of $\mu $ for 511-keV photons in breast tissue. Global bias was lowest when uniform $\mu _{\mathrm{ AC}}$ was equal to the phantom mean $\mu $ ( $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ ). Local bias in 10-mm spheres increased as the sphere $\mu $ deviated from $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ , but remained only 2%–3% when the $\mu _{\mathrm{ sphere}}$ was 6.5% higher than $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ . Bias varied linearly with and was roughly proportional to local $\mu $ mismatch. Minimizing local bias, e.g., in a small sphere, required the use of a uniform $\mu $ value between the local $\mu $ and the $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ . Thus, biases from using uniform- $\mu $ AC are low when local $\mu _{\mathrm{ sphere}}$ is close to $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ . As the $\mu _{\mathrm{ sphere}}$ increasingly differs from the phantom $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ , bias increases, and the optimal uniform $\mu $ is less predictable, having a value between $\mu _{\mathrm{ sphere}}$ and the phantom $\mu _{\mathrm{ mean}}$ .

We developed a honey bee RNA-virus vector based on the genome of a picorna-like Deformed wing virus (DWV), the main viral pathogen of the honey bee (Apis mellifera). To test the potential of DWV to be utilized as a vector, the 717 nt sequence coding for the enhanced green fluorescent protein (eGFP), flanked by the peptides targeted by viral protease, was inserted into an infectious cDNA clone of DWV in-frame between the leader protein and the virus structural protein VP2 genes. The in vitro RNA transcripts from egfp-tagged DWV cDNA clones were infectious when injected into honey bee pupae. Stable DWV particles containing genomic RNA of the recovered DWV with egfp inserts were produced, as evidenced by cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation. These particles were infectious to honey bee pupae when injected intra-abdominally. Fluorescent microscopy showed GFP expression in the infected cells and Western blot analysis demonstrated accumulation of free eGFP rather than its fusions with DWV LP and/or VP2 proteins. Analysis of the progeny egfp-tagged DWV showed gradual accumulation of genome deletions for egfp, providing estimates for the rate of loss of a non-essential gene an insect RNA virus genome during natural infection.

The Mythimna unipuncta nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate KY310 (MyunNPV-KY310) is an alphabaculovirus isolated from a true armyworm (Mythimna unipuncta) population in Kentucky, USA. Occlusion bodies of this virus were examined by electron microscopy and the genome sequence was determined by 454 pyrosequencing. MyunNPV-KY310 occlusion bodies consisted of irregular polyhedra measuring 0.8–1.8 µm in diameter and containing multiple virions, with one to six nucleocapsids per virion. The genome sequence was determined to be 156,647 bp with a nucleotide distribution of 43.9% G+C. 152 ORFs and six homologous repeat (hr) regions were annotated for the sequence, including the 38 core genes of family Baculoviridae and an additional group of 26 conserved alphabaculovirus genes. BLAST queries and phylogenetic inference confirmed that MyunNPV-KY310 is most closely related to the alphabaculovirus Leucania separata nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate AH1, which infects Mythimna separata. In contrast, MyunNPV-KY310 did not exhibit a close relationship with Mythimna unipuncta nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate #7, an alphabaculovirus from the same host species. MyunNPV-KY310 lacks the gp64 envelope glycoprotein, which is a characteristic of group II alphabaculoviruses. However, this virus and five other alphabaculoviruses lacking gp64 are placed outside the group I and group II clades in core gene phylogenies, further demonstrating that viruses of genus Alphabaculovirus do not occur in two monophyletic clades. Potential instances of MyunNPV-KY310 ORFs arising by horizontal transfer were detected. Although there are now genome sequences of four different baculoviruses from M. unipuncta, comparison of their genome sequences provides little insight into the genetic basis for their host specificity.

A baculovirus isolate from a USDA Forest Service collection was characterized by electron microscopy and analysis of its genome sequence. The isolate, formerly referred to as Pseudoletia (Mythimna) sp. nucleopolyhedrovirus #7 (MyspNPV#7), was determined by barcoding PCR to derive from the host species Mythimna unipuncta (true armyworm) and was renamed Mythimna unipuncta nucleopolyhedrovirus #7 (MyunNPV#7). The occlusion bodies (OBs) and virions exhibited a size and morphology typical for OBs produced by the species of genus Alphabaculovirus, with occlusion-derived virions consisting of 2-5 nucleocapsids within a single envelope. The MyunNPV#7 genome was determined to be 148,482 bp with a 48.58% G+C nucleotide distribution. A total of 159 ORFs of 150 bp or larger were annotated in the genome sequence, including the 38 core genes of family Baculoviridae. The genome contained six homologous repeat regions (hrs) consisting of multiple copies of a 34-bp imperfect palindrome. Phylogenetic inference from concatenated baculovirus core gene amino acid sequence alignments placed MyunNPV#7 with group II alphabaculoviruses isolated from other armyworm and cutworm host species of lepidopteran family Noctuidae. MyunNPV#7 could be distinguished from other viruses in this group on the basis of differences in gene content and order. Pairwise nucleotide distances suggested that MyunNPV#7 represents a distinct species in Alphabaculovirus. The MyunNPV#7 genome was found to contain two copies of the late expression factor-7 (lef-7) gene, a feature not reported for any other baculovirus genome to date. Both copies of lef-7 encoded an F-box domain, which is required for the function of LEF-7 in baculovirus DNA replication.

The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is a destructive crop pest native to North, Central, and South America that recently has spread to Africa and Asia. Isolates of Spodoptera frugiperda multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus (SfMNPV) have the potential to be developed as low-risk biopesticides for management of fall armyworm, and a commercially available formulation has been developed for control of fall armyworm in North and South America. In this study, the virulence (LC50 and LT50) of several SfMNPV isolates towards larvae of both corn-strain and rice-strain fall armyworm was assessed. Bioassays with corn-strain larvae revealed that the isolates could be organized into fast-killing (LT50 68 h post-infection) groups. Rice-strain larvae exhibited narrower ranges of susceptibility to baculovirus infection and of survival times in bioassays with different isolates. Two SfMNPV isolates with rapid speeds of kill (SfMNPV-459 from Colombia and SfMNPV-1197 from Georgia, USA) along with an isolate that killed corn-strain at relatively low concentrations (SfMNPV-281 from Georgia) were selected for the complete determination of their genome sequences. The SfMNPV-1197 genome sequence shared high sequence identity with genomes of a Nicaraguan isolate, while SfMNPV-281 formed a separate clade with a USA and a Brazilian isolate in phylogenetic trees. The SfMNPV-459 sequence was more divergent with the lowest genome sequence identities in pairwise alignments with other sequenced SfMNPV genomes, and was not grouped reliably with either the 1197 clade or the 281 clade. SfMNPV-459 contained homologs of two ORFs that were unique to another Colombian isolate, but these isolates were not placed in the same clade in phylogenetic trees. This study identifies isolates with superior properties for control of fall armyworm and adds to our knowledge of the genetics of SfMNPV.

American badgers (Taxidea taxus) are large members of the weasel family Mustelidae. Badgers are important predators and creators of burrows in ecosystems in which they occur, but they are not well studied. Their range occurs over most of North America; however, most studies of badgers have occurred in California and the northern portions of their range, while few have occurred in southern habitats. Badger density has been estimated in Utah, Idaho, Wyoming, and British Columbia with no estimates from desert habitats. To measure badger density in a desert habitat, we placed automatic cameras at anthropogenic water sources (drinkers) in the Chihuahuan Desert, identified individual badgers by their dorsal head stripes, and estimated density using spatially explicit capture-recapture analysis. We modeled the detection process for individuals as a function of time, survey region, a learned and trap-specific behavioral response, and a finite mixture model. We then hypothesized that soil composition, soil depth, and land cover influence variation in badger density. From 1,282 camera-nights, we recorded 301 badger visits (23.5 visits per 100 camera-nights) and identified 30 individuals 170 times. The top model included a trap-specific behavioral effect for λ0, a finite mixture model for the σ parameter, which controls the spatial scale over which the expected number of detections declines, and indicated that soil depth was an important covariate explaining variation in badger density. Estimated badger density was 0.10 badgers/km2 (95% CI = 0.03–0.31), which is considerably less than the reported density estimates for nonendangered nondesert populations. Our method helps provide researchers with an ability to estimate density for American badgers in arid ecosystems. With modification, our method may be used across the geographic range of badgers, facilitating better understanding of an understudied species.

Mixed-race representations have become increasingly evident in marketing communications through the use of celebrity spokespersons like Misty Copeland and Halle Berry. This study explores the sociocultural ramifications of the ways in which marketers represent multiracial identity. Through an interdisciplinary review of pertinent literature, the authors create a theoretical framework for understanding the limitations of visual representations. A temporal model for discerning visual representations of the multiracial identity emerged by combining critical discourse analysis (CDA) techniques to investigate multiracial advertising depictions in eight popular U.S. magazines with interviews of multiracial women and advertising professionals. Findings suggest that marketers use mixed-race representations as cultural currency by mythologizing mixed-race bodies as the new beauty standard and as representing a racial bridge, physically and culturally tailored to ameliorate perceived racial divides. While visual re...

Thanksgiving in the U.S. is a ritual with shared meanings. This research evaluates the meanings of symbolic representations in advertising to understand the role of the media in the construction, maintenance, and evolution of ritual celebration. Thanksgiving advertisements published over a 99-year period are analyzed using a methodological mixture of semiotic analysis, historical analysis and context-driven periodization. The result is a multi-layered understanding of inter-related aspects of advertising history and the role of the media in the evolution of consumption ritual-making. Media are seen as agents for creating and legitimizing cultural norms, adding to our appreciation of normative and cultural-cognitive practices in supporting evolving social institutions. Findings show that marketers create and maintain the norms associated with Thanksgiving celebrations, while reflecting and gradually shifting them, moving us to the next stage in the evolutionary process. This research also highlights how cultural mythmaking strategies are employed and develop into historical brand narratives.

This meta-analysis merged family communication pattern (FCP) and parental socialization literature streams to offer renewed perspectives on how parents intervene in media-related consumer-socialization interactions with children. With only one exception, FCP-type effects were not different from theorized corresponding parental socialization-style effect sizes. This supports prior literature suggesting equivalency between specific FCP and parental socialization pairs. Furthermore, when certain FCP–parental socialization pairs were compared with other pairs on socialization interactions, such as control, coviewing, and discussing media strategy, differences were found that prior theorizing would have supported. Implications of these results are discussed, including what they suggest for managers.

Virus taxonomy emerged as a discipline in the middle of the twentieth century. Traditionally, classification by virus taxonomists has been focussed on the grouping of relatively closely related viruses. However, during the past few years, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) has recognized that the taxonomy it develops can be usefully extended to include the basal evolutionary relationships among distantly related viruses. Consequently, the ICTV has changed its Code to allow a 15-rank classification hierarchy that closely aligns with the Linnaean taxonomic system and may accommodate the entire spectrum of genetic divergence in the virosphere. The current taxonomies of three human pathogens, Ebola virus, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus and herpes simplex virus 1 are used to illustrate the impact of the expanded rank structure. This new rank hierarchy of virus taxonomy will stimulate further research on virus origins and evolution, and vice versa, and could promote crosstalk with the taxonomies of cellular organisms., Here, the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses describe a new, expanded virus classification scheme with 15 ranks that closely aligns with the Linnaean taxonomic system and better encompasses viral diversity.

It is important to predict and understand how scanner design characteristics will affect image quality relevant to clinical tasks when developing a new system. It is a complex task to understand the interplay among multiple system parameters such as time-of-flight (TOF) resolution, sensitivity, intrinsic spatial resolution, and depth-of-interaction (DOI) resolution. This can be achieved by Monte Carlo (MC) simulation. Here we perform MC simulation using SimSET to simulate brain-dedicated positron emission tomography (PET) scanners with varying system parameters such as DOI resolution, intrinsic spatial resolution and TOF resolution. We report preliminary results from simulating various phantoms. The results show that DOI information greatly improves image resolution particularly in the peripheral regions, reducing parallax errors even without point spread function modeling, that smaller detector elements improve image resolution, and that TOF information lowers image noise. The MC simulation analysis provides useful results for optimizing detector geometry and hardware for high resolution neuro-PET scanner design.

An analysis of transcriptomes from the antennae of the three South American stink bugs (Euschistus heros, Chinavia ubica, and Dichelops melacanthus) revealed the presence of picorna-like virus genome-length RNAs with high sequence identity to the genome of Halyomorpha halys virus (HhV), originally discovered in the transcriptome of the brown marmorated stink bug, Halyomorpha halys. Features of the genome, phylogenetic relationships to other viruses, and the appearances of virus-like particles isolated from host stink bugs all confirm that these viruses are iflaviruses and isolates of an undescribed species. Iflavirus RNAs were present at high levels (40%-90% of transcriptome reads) in the stink bug antennal transcriptomes. In whole-insect transcriptomes of H. halys, HhV reads were >500-fold more abundant in adults than in nymphs. We identified from field population a subject of species E. heros infected by this iflavirus. The results of the analysis suggest that these iflaviruses are able to produce large quantities of their RNAs without causing any obvious pathology to their hosts.

Purpose Currently, single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)/computed tomography (CT) lung phantoms are commonly constructed using polystyrene beads and interstitial radioactive water. However, this approach often results in a phantom with a density (typically -640 HU) that is considerably higher than that of healthy lung (-750 to -850 HU) or diseased lung (-900 to -950 HU). Furthermore, the polystyrene and water phantoms are often quite heterogeneous in both density and activity concentration, especially when reused. This work is devoted to examining methods for creating a more realistic lung phantom for quantitative SPECT/CT using 99m Tc-laced expanding polyurethane foam (EPF). Methods Numerous aspects of EPF utilization were studied, including stoichiometric mixing to control final foam density and the effect of water during growth. We also tested several ways of molding the foam lung phantoms. The most successful method utilized a three-part silicone mold that allowed for creation of a two-lobe phantom, with a different density and activity concentration in each lobe. Results The final phantom design allows for a more anatomically accurate geometry as well as customizable density and activity concentration in the different lobes of the lung. We demonstrated final lung phantom densities between -760 and -690 HU in the "healthy" phantom and -930 to -890 HU in the "unhealthy" phantom tissue. On average, we achieved 15% activity concentration nonuniformity and 12% density nonuniformity within a given lobe. Conclusions Final EPF lung phantoms closely matched the densities of both health and diseased lung tissue and had sufficient uniformities in both density and activity concentration for most nuclear medicine applications. Management of component moisture content is critical for phantom reproducibility.

International audience; Drawing on intersectionality’s historical feminist roots of critical praxis and recent re-radicalization of the theory, this paper urges for an expansion of the concept of intersectionality in business and marketing-related studies. To extend the transformative potential of intersectionality theory, we call for scholars and practitioners to move beyond the study of intersecting identity markers (e.g., gender, race, class) to include assessments of power structures and intersectional oppressions. We propose the transformative intersectional framework (TIF) to help scholars and practitioners to explore sources of oppressions more deeply and broadly. We illustrate the analytical capability of the TIF by examining a much lauded business-to-business service that seeks social justice and change—diversity training programs. Using the TIF, we identify the inherent and (in)visible complexities of injustices with which organizations must grapple. We close by demonstrating how the TIF can enrich practice and propose recommendations for action.

Spodoptera exempta nucleopolyhedrovirus (SpexNPV) is a viral pathogen of the African armyworm, Spodoptera exempta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a significant agricultural pest of cereal crops in Africa. SpexNPV has been evaluated as a potential insecticide for control of this pest and has served as the subject of research on baculovirus pathology and transmission. Occlusion bodies (OBs) of SpexNPV isolate 244.1 were examined, and the nucleotide sequence of the genome was determined and characterized. SpexNPV-244.1 OBs consisted of irregular polyhedra with a size and appearance typical for alphabaculoviruses. Virions within the polyhedra contained 1-8 nucleocapsids per unit envelope. The SpexNPV-244.1 genome was comprised of a 129,528 bp circular sequence, in which 139 ORFs were annotated. Five homologous regions (hrs) consisting of a variable number of 28-bp imperfect palindromes were identified in the genome. The genome sequence contained the 38 core genes of family Baculoviridae, as well as three ORFs unique to the SpexNPV sequence and one ORF that was apparently acquired by horizontal gene transfer with a betabaculovirus ancestor. Phylogenetic inference with core gene amino acid sequence alignments placed SpexNPV-244.1 in a lineage containing alphabaculoviruses of Spodoptera frugiperda and Spodopotera exigua which in turn is part of a larger group of alphabaculoviruses from the subfamily Noctuinae in the lepidopteran family Noctuidae. Kimura-2-parameter pairwise nucleotide distances indicated that SpexNPV-244.1 represented a different and previously unlisted species in the genus Alphabaculovirus. Gene parity plots indicated that the gene order of SpexNPV-244.l was extensively collinear with that of Spodoptera exigua NPV (SeMNPV). These plots also revealed a group of 17 core genes whose order was conserved in other alpha- and betabaculoviruses.

We report the complete genome sequence of a baculovirus from the moth Spodoptera eridania, the southern armyworm. The genome sequence is 149,090 bp and exhibits the greatest degree of sequence similarity with genomes from alphabaculoviruses isolated from other moths of the genus Spodoptera.

Contains fulltext : 202661.pdf (Publisher’s version ) (Closed access) This article reports the changes to virus taxonomy approved and ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses (ICTV) in October 2018. Of note, the ICTV has approved, by an absolute majority, the creation of additional taxonomical ranks above those recognized previously. A total of 15 ranks (realm, subrealm, kingdom, subkingdom, phylum, subphylum, class, subclass, order, suborder, family, subfamily, genus, subgenus, and species) are now available to encompass the entire spectrum of virus diversity. Classification at ranks above genus is not obligatory but can be used by the authors of new taxonomic proposals when scientific justification is provided.

This meta-analysis attempts to offer an overall cumulative effect estimate of the parental style–consumer socialization relationship(s) across 73 studies examining child outcomes, including 173 unique consumer socialization dependent variables—ranging from understanding advertising practices to weight status to theft—among approximately 200,000 child respondents. This meta-analysis offers two contributions to the consumer socialization literature. It systematically confirms the influence that parental Restrictiveness (relative to Permissiveness) has on raising children adept at positively interacting—and avoiding negative interactions—with the marketplace and related environments. Also, this meta-analysis supports prior literature's depiction of the Authoritative parenting style as especially important to these positive interactions with the marketplace, in particular among older children and psychosocial-type outcomes. Finally, this research is the first to provide a comprehensive confirmation of differences in child thinking, believing, doing, choosing not to do, feeling, etc. as attributable to different parental styles.

The desire to understand normal and disordered human brain function of upright, moving persons in natural environments motivates the development of the ambulatory micro-dose brain PET imager (AMPET). An ideal system would be light weight but with high sensitivity and spatial resolution, although these requirements are often in conflict with each other. One potential approach to meet the design goals is a compact brain-only imaging device with a head-sized aperture. However, a compact geometry increases parallax error in peripheral lines of response, which increases bias and variance in region of interest (ROI) quantification. Therefore, we performed simulation studies to search for the optimal system configuration and to evaluate the potential improvement in quantification performance over existing scanners. We used the Cramér–Rao variance bound to compare the performance for ROI quantification using different scanner geometries. The results show that while a smaller ring diameter can increase photon detection sensitivity and hence reduce the variance at the center of the field of view, it can also result in higher variance in peripheral regions when the length of detector crystal is 15 mm or more. This variance can be substantially reduced by adding depth-of- interaction (DOI) measurement capability to the detector modules. Our simulation study also shows that the relative performance depends on the size of the ROI, and a large ROI favors a compact geometry even without DOI information. Based on these results, we propose a compact ‘helmet’ design using detectors with DOI capability. Monte Carlo simulations show the helmet design can achieve four-fold higher sensitivity and resolve smaller features than existing cylindrical brain PET scanners. The simulations also suggest that improving TOF timing resolution from 400 ps to 200 ps also results in noticeable improvement in image quality, indicating better timing resolution is desirable for brain imaging.

Anthropogenic water sources such as tanks and ponds for livestock and troughs for wildlife (guzzlers) have become ubiquitous features of arid landscapes. Many species of wildlife are attracted to guzzlers, but behavior at guzzlers and effects of guzzlers upon wildlife are often poorly understood. I recorded rates of drinking and visitation by American badgers (Taxidea taxus) at guzzlers in the northern Chihuahuan Desert by use of automatic cameras over a 2-year period. Badgers visited guzzlers throughout the year, and visited primarily at night. Badgers averaged 1.87 visits per site-week and drank during only 58% of visits. The rate of visitation and the number of drinking episodes per guzzler per week increased in summer, which, in addition to having higher temperatures, is also mating season for badgers.

The pathogenicity and genome sequence of isolate LdMNPV-HrB of the gypsy moth alphabaculovirus, Lymantria dispar multiple nucleopolyhedrovirus from Harbin, Heilongjiang, China, were determined. A stock of this virus from one passage through the gypsy moth New Jersey Standard Strain (LdMNPV-HrB-NJSS) exhibited 6.2- to 11.9-fold greater pathogenicity against larvae from a Harbin colony of L. dispar asiatica than both Gypchek and a Massachusetts, USA LdMNPV isolate (LdMNPV-Ab-a624). Sequence determination and phylogenetic analysis of LdMNPV-HrB and LdMNPV-HrB-NJSS revealed that these isolates were most similar to other east Asian LdMNPV isolates with 98.8% genome sequence identity and formed a group with the east Asian LdMNPV isolates which was separate from groups of isolates from Russia, Europe, and USA.

International audience; This article lists the changes to virus taxonomy approved and ratified by the International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses in February 2018. A total of 451 species, 69 genera, 11 subfamilies, 9 families and one new order were added to the taxonomy. The current totals at each taxonomic level now stand at 9 orders, 131 families, 46 subfamilies, 803 genera and 4853 species. A change was made to the International Code of Virus Classification and Nomenclature to allow the use of the names of people in taxon names under appropriate circumstances. An updated Master Species List incorporating the approved changes was released in March 2018 ( https://talk.ictvonline.org/taxonomy/ ).

The Mythimna unipuncta nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate KY310 (MyunNPV-KY310) is an alphabaculovirus isolated from a true armyworm (Mythimna unipuncta) population in Kentucky, USA. Occlusion bodies of this virus were examined by electron microscopy and the genome sequence was determined by 454 pyrosequencing. MyunNPV-KY310 occlusion bodies consisted of irregular polyhedra measuring 0.8-1.8 µm in diameter and containing multiple virions, with one to six nucleocapsids per virion. The genome sequence was determined to be 156,647 bp with a nucleotide distribution of 43.9% G+C. 152 ORFs and six homologous repeat (hr) regions were annotated for the sequence, including the 38 core genes of family Baculoviridae and an additional group of 26 conserved alphabaculovirus genes. BLAST queries and phylogenetic inference confirmed that MyunNPV-KY310 is most closely related to the alphabaculovirus Leucania separata nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate AH1, which infects Mythimna separata. In contrast, MyunNPV-KY310 did not exhibit a close relationship with Mythimna unipuncta nucleopolyhedrovirus isolate #7, an alphabaculovirus from the same host species. MyunNPV-KY310 lacks the gp64 envelope glycoprotein, which is a characteristic of group II alphabaculoviruses. However, this virus and five other alphabaculoviruses lacking gp64 are placed outside the group I and group II clades in core gene phylogenies, further demonstrating that viruses of genus Alphabaculovirus do not occur in two monophyletic clades. Potential instances of MyunNPV-KY310 ORFs arising by horizontal transfer were detected. Although there are now genome sequences of four different baculoviruses from M. unipuncta, comparison of their genome sequences provides little insight into the genetic basis for their host specificity.

Building off of the limited research on multiracial communicative experiences, this research explores how social-cultural norms situated within macrolevel societal structures (e.g., one-drop rule) are negotiated in the everyday lives of 20 college-aged multiracial women. In an effort to obtain an understanding the nature of the participant's lived experience as a multiracial woman, a semistructured interview protocol was used and data analysis was consistent with phenomenological methodology as outlined by McCracken (1988) and the work of Owen (1984). Using cultural contracts theory as our theoretical frame, the results of the thematic analysis provided valuable insight into the lived experiences of women as they negotiate their identities via different cultural contracts over time. The authors conclude with a discussion of research and theoretical implications.