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The purpose of this study was to identify trends in string research published in peer-reviewed music education research journals between 1990 and 2021. String education research was defined as scholarly articles in which the purpose of the article pertained specifically to string education and/or at least 33% of the participants played bowed stringed instruments. Peer-reviewed journals were determined based on Hamann and Lucas's (1998) list of top-tier journals, Farmer and Kloss's (2022) quasi-replication of that study, a 2006 list compiled by a music education researcher, and an informal survey of music education faculty at a large midwestern university. The resulting list included the Journal of Research in Music Education, Psychology of Music, Bulletin of the Council for Research in Music Education, Music Education Research, International Journal of Music Education, Research Studies in Music Education, Philosophy of Music Education Review, Journal of Historical Research in Music Education, and String Research Journal.For each journal issue, the researchers counted the total number of scholarly articles (N = 4,727) and the total number of string education research articles (n = 276). String education articles represented less than 6% of the total scholarly articles, or less than 5% without the String Research Journal. The method, instruments, participants, and topic of each string article were also recorded. Descriptive research methods were used most frequently, strings and violin were the most frequent instrument categories studied, university students were the most studied participant population, and musical training and skills was the most frequently investigated topic.

On 7 June 2021 the Juno spacecraft passed through the Ganymede magnetosphere, with a closest approach altitude of 1046 km. While in the magnetosphere, the Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment-Ion (JADE-I) sensor observed outflowing ionospheric ions. These are the first in situ observations of the ionospheric ion mass composition. The outflowing ions consist of O2+, O+, H2+, H+, and H3+. Ion densities estimated from the measurements agree with the electron density determined by the Waves instrument to within a factor of 2.5. The light ions appear to be in hydrostatic equilibrium, and the altitude profile is generally symmetric between the inbound and outbound legs of the flyby. H3+ ions are an exception to this, with the ratio of H3+/H2+ being ~a factor 4 lower on the outbound than the inbound leg. The heavy ions have higher densities outbound than inbound. The outflowing flux of light ions peak near closest approach, but the heavy ions peak outbound of the flyby.

Landscape-scale approaches are increasingly advocated for species conservation but ensuring landscape level persistence by enlarging the size of patches or increasing their physical connectivity is often impractical. Here, we test how such barriers can be overcome by management of habitat at the local (site-based) level, using a rare butterfly as an exemplar. We used four surveys of the entire UK distribution of the Lulworth skipper Thymelicus acteon over 40 years to test how local habitat influences population density and colonization/extinction dynamics, and parameterized, validated and applied a metapopulation model to simulate effects of varying local habitat quality on regional persistence. We found the total number of populations in four distribution snapshots between 1978 and 2017 varied between 59 and 84, and from 1997 to 2017 34% of local populations showed turnover (colonization or extinction). Population density was closely linked to vegetation characteristics indicative of management, namely height and food plant frequency, both of which changed through time. Simulating effects of habitat quality on metapopulation dynamics 40 years into the future suggests coordinated changes to two key components of quality (vegetation height and food plant frequency) would increase patch occupancy above the range observed in the past 40 years (50–80%). In contrast, deterioration of either component below threshold levels leads to metapopulation retraction to core sub-networks of patches, or eventual extirpation. Our results indicate that changes to habitat quality can overcome constraints imposed by habitat patch area and spatial location on relative rates of colonization and local extinction, demonstrating the sensitivity of regional dynamics to targeted in situ management. Local habitat management therefore plays a key role in landscape-scale conservation. Monitoring of population density, and the monitoring and management of local (site-level) habitat quality, therefore represent effective and important components of conservation strategies in fragmented landscapes., RJ was funded through a UK Natural Environment Research Council studentship (grant reference: NE/N00857X/1).

“We Were Declared Enemies to the Country” brings to light two previously unpublished letters that describe the experience of Joshua Winslow, one of the consignees of the East India Company tea, as he and his associates were confronted by a violent crown in Boston in November, 1773. The letters afford the perspective of a man recently arrived from years in Canada to the fierce opposition to landing EIC tea in Boston.

Benign soft-tissue masses drastically outnumber malignant tumors. Both benign and malignant soft-tissue masses can present in the same manner, as a painless growing soft-tissue lump or bump. The implications of misdiagnosing a soft-tissue sarcoma can be devastating. The most common mistake occurs when all masses are assumed to be lipomas. A careful history, physical examination, and appropriate imaging can determine the benign or malignant nature of a tumor. A mass that is large (5 cm), deep (in relation to investing fascia), and firmer than the surrounding muscle should raise suspicion for a malignancy. Small, superficial masses are more likely to be benign, but up to 32% of soft-tissue sarcomas can present in this manner. The orthopaedic surgeon should be able to recognize common imaging findings for benign and malignant entities.

Background: Practice patterns of radiation therapy (RT) use for soft-tissue sarcoma (STS) remain quite variable, despite clinical practice guidelines recommending the addition of RT to surgery for patients with high-grade STS, particularly for larger tumors. Using the National Cancer Database (NCDB), we assessed patterns of overall RT use, neoadjuvant versus adjuvant treatment, and specific RT modalities in this population. Patients and Methods: Patients aged ≥18 years with stage II/III STS in 2004 through 2015 were identified from the NCDB. Patterns of care were assessed using multivariable logistic regression analysis. Results: Of 27,426 total patients, 11,654 (42%) were treated with surgery alone versus 15,772 (58%) with RT in addition to surgery, with no overall increase in RT use over the study period. Notable clinical predictors of receipt of RT included tumor size (>5 cm), grade III, and tumors arising in the extremities. Conversely, female sex, older age (≥70 years), Black race, noncommercial insurance coverage, farther distance to treatment, and poor performance status were negative predictors of RT use. Of those receiving RT, 27% were treated with neoadjuvant RT and 73% with adjuvant RT. The proportion of those receiving neoadjuvant RT increased over time. Relevant factors associated with neoadjuvant RT included treatment at academic centers, larger tumor size, and extremity tumors. Of those who received RT with a modality specified as either intensity-modulated RT (IMRT) or 3D conformal RT (3DCRT), 61% were treated with IMRT and 39% with 3DCRT. The proportion of patients treated with IMRT increased over time. Relevant factors associated with IMRT use included treatment at academic centers, commercial insurance coverage, and larger and nonextremity tumors. Conclusions: Although use of neoadjuvant RT and IMRT has increased over time, a significant number of patients with STS are not receiving adjuvant or neoadjuvant RT. Our findings also note potential sociodemographic disparities and highlight the concern that not all patients with STS are being equally considered for RT.

Introduction: Tumor-induced osteomalacia (TIO) is a rare paraneoplastic disorder caused by tumors that produce fibroblast growth factor 23 (FGF23) resulting in phosphate wasting and inadequate bone mineralization. Complete resection of the tumor can be curative. However, these tumors are typically difficult to find anatomically due to small size and location. Case Report: We present the case of a patient who presented for evaluation of recurrent fractures and hypophosphatemia in the setting of elevated FGF23 suggestive of TIO. 68Gallium-DOTATATE revealed multiple somatostatin avid lesions in several ribs, left acetabulum, sacrum, right tibia, and feet, some of which appeared with fracture on computed tomography scan, initially concerning for metastatic disease. However, the lesion in acetabulum was considered the culprit tumor given its remarkably higher maximum standard uptake values. Complete surgical removal of the FGF23-secreting tumor led to cure of this disease. Conclusion: This case report highlights the challenges with functional imaging differentiating fractures from the culprit lesion and reports on a novel surgical technique that allowed for surgical cure while preserving the hip joint. Keywords: Hypophosphatemia, osteomalacia, tumor, functional imaging, surgical technique.

The impact of 4f metal ions Ln

Juno made a close flyby of Ganymede and flew through its magnetosphere on June 7, 2021. This flyby included a crossing of Ganymede’s upstream magnetopause on the outbound segment of the spacecraft transit. We present plasma and magnetic field observations near that magnetopause crossing from Juno’s Jovian Auroral Distributions Experiment (JADE; McComas et al. 2017) and magnetometer (MAG; Connerney et al. 2017), respectively. JADE observed enhanced electron fluxes, including heated, streaming electrons, some with bi-directional pitch angle distributions, as Juno crossed the magnetopause current layer (MCL) as identified by the magnetic field observations. The acceleration of cold ions, both protons and heavy ions originating from Ganymede, was observed on approach to the magnetopause along with a likely mixing of ions from Ganymede and Jupiter’s plasma sheet within the MCL. These observations are used to examine the physics of plasma interactions at this boundary, including evidence that magnetic reconnection, considered a key driver of magnetospheric dynamics at Ganymede, was occurring along the magnetopause at that time.

1. We present StrathE2E2, an R package for modelling the whole ecosystem, or ‘big-picture’ effects of hydrodynamics, temperature, nutrient additions, and fishing on continental shelf marine food webs. 2. StrathE2E2 has two linked parts – a fishing fleet model and an ecology model. The fishing model combines harvesting, discarding and seabed disturbance rates across a range of gears and passes the results into the ecology model. 3. The ecology model is a network of coupled ordinary differential equations representing the rates of change in nitrogen mass of organic detritus, dissolved inorganic nutrient, and coarse guilds of living biomass spanning microbes to megafauna. The equations include representations of feeding, metabolism, reproduction, active migrations, advection and mixing. Environmental driving data include temperature, irradiance, hydrodynamics, and nutrient inputs from rivers, atmosphere and ocean boundaries. 4. The package includes functions for parameter optimization, global sensitivity analysis, and Monte Carlo estimation of credible intervals for model outputs 5. A fully developed and documented implementation for the North Sea is included with the package.

he pseudo‐element concept, in its most general formulation, states that isoelectronic atoms form equal numbers of bonds. Hence, clusters such as Zintl ions usually retain their structure upon isoelectronic replacement of some or all atoms. Here, a deviation from this common observation is presented, namely the formation of (Sn$_{5}$Sb$_{3}$)$^{3-}$ (1), a rare example of an eight‐vertex Zintl ion, and an unprecedented example of a Zintl ion synthesized by solution means that has an arachno‐type structure according to the Wade–Mingos rules. Three structure‐types of interest for (Sn$_{5}$Sb$_{3}$)$^{3-}$ were identified by DFT calculations: one that matched the X‐ray diffraction data, and two that that were reminiscent of fragments of known clusters. A study on the isoelectronic series of clusters, (Sn$_{x}$Sb$_{8-x}$)$^{2-x}$ (x=0–8), showed that the relative energies of these three isomers vary significantly with composition (independent of electron count) and that each is the global minimum at least once within the series.