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PDF - 2226KB, Cell viability assays of A) breast cancer cell lines treated with increasing concentrations of the indicated IAP antagonists, B) cancer cells isolated from a patient mammary tumor fragment pretreated with vehicle or 5 μM of the indicated IAP antagonists for 4 h before treatment with TRAIL for a further 20 h, C) MDA-MB-231 cells pretreated with vehicle or 5 μM of the indicated IAP antagonists for 20 h before treatment with TRAIL for a further 20 h and D) MDA-MB-231 cells pretreated with vehicle, 100 μM 3-FC, 5 μM MLS-0390982 or both for 4 h before treatment with TRAIL for a further 20 h. E) Caspase-3/-7 activity assay with NB7 cells expressing empty vector (NB7+Empty Vector), caspase-8 or inactive caspase-8 (C360A) pretreated with 5 μM SBI-0636457 before treatment with 100 ng/mL TRAIL for 4 h. Activity is in relative units.

PDF - 53KB, Legend for Supplementary Figure 1.

Invadopodia are actin-based proteolytic membrane protrusions required for invasive behavior and tumor growth. In this study, we used our high-content screening assay to identify kinases whose activity affects invadopodia formation. Among the top hits selected for further analysis was TAO3, an STE20-like kinase of the GCK subfamily. TAO3 was overexpressed in many human cancers and regulated invadopodia formation in melanoma, breast, and bladder cancers. Furthermore, TAO3 catalytic activity facilitated melanoma growth in three-dimensional matrices and in vivo. A novel, potent catalytic inhibitor of TAO3 was developed that inhibited invadopodia formation and function as well as tumor cell extravasation and growth. Treatment with this inhibitor demonstrated that TAO3 activity is required for endosomal trafficking of TKS5α, an obligate invadopodia scaffold protein. A phosphoproteomics screen for TAO3 substrates revealed the dynein subunit protein LIC2 as a relevant substrate. Knockdown of LIC2 or expression of a phosphomimetic form promoted invadopodia formation. Thus, TAO3 is a new therapeutic target with a distinct mechanism of action.Significance:An unbiased screening approach identifies TAO3 as a regulator of invadopodia formation and function, supporting clinical development of this class of target.

Effect of SBI-581 on TKS5alpha vesicle trafficking

Effect of SBI-581 on Rab11 vesicle trafficking

Includes Sup. Figures 1-7, Tables 1-6 and Methods.

Effect of SU11333 on TKS5alpha vesicle trafficking

Trafficking of TKS5alpha vesicles

Herein we describe a series of potent and selective PPARgamma agonists with moderate PPARalpha affinity and little to no affinity for other nuclear receptors. In vivo studies in a NIDDM animal model (ZDF rat) showed that these compounds are efficacious at low doses in glucose normalization and plasma triglyceride reduction. Compound 1b (LY519818) was selected from our SAR studies to be advanced to clinical evaluation for the treatment of type II diabetes.

The design and synthesis of the dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) alpha/gamma agonist (S)-2-methyl-3-[4-[2-(5-methyl-2-thiophen-2-yl-oxazol-4-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenoxypropionic acid (2) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated dyslipidemia are described. 2 possesses a potent dual hPPAR alpha/gamma agonist profile (IC(50) = 28 and 10 nM; EC(50) = 9 and 4 nM, respectively, for hPPARalpha and hPPARgamma). In preclinical models, 2 substantially improves insulin sensitivity and potently reverses diabetic hyperglycemia while significantly improving overall lipid homeostasis.

A novel nonthiazolidinedione dual peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor (PPAR)-α/γ agonist, LY465608, was designed to address the major metabolic disturbances of type 2 diabetes. LY465608 altered PPAR-responsive genes in liver and fat of db/db mice and dose-dependently lowered plasma glucose in hyperglycemic male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, with an ED50 for glucose normalization of 3.8 mg · kg−1 · day−1. Metabolic improvements were associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity, as demonstrated in female obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats using both oral glucose tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Further characterization of LY465608 revealed metabolic changes distinct from a selective PPAR-γ agonist, which were presumably due to the concomitant PPAR-α agonism, lower respiratory quotient, and less fat accumulation, despite a similar impact on glycemia in male ZDF rats. In addition to these alterations in diabetic and insulin-resistant animals, LY465608 dose-dependently elevated HDL cholesterol and lowered plasma triglycerides in human apolipoprotein A-I transgenic mice, demonstrating that this compound significantly improves primary cardiovascular risk factors. Overall, these studies demonstrate that LY465608 beneficially impacts multiple facets of type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovacular risk, including those facets involved in the development of micro- and macrovascular complications, which are the major sources for morbidity and mortality in these patients.

Propionic acid derivative 8, which was designed and synthesized based on putative pharmacophores of known PPARgamma- and PPARalpha-selective compounds, exhibits potent dual PPARalpha/gamma agonist activity as demonstrated by in vitro binding and dose overlap in the newly introduced EOB mouse model for glucose lowering and lipid/cholesterol homeostasis.

A general method for the synthesis of peptidyl argininals was developed which utilizes the novel building block Ng-nitro-L-argininal ethyl aminal·HCl. The final aldehyde structure is generated by hydrolysis of the peptidic aminal moiety and can be applied to highly functionalized peptidic structures. The method is amenable to the preparation of large quantities of enantiomerically pure peptidyl argininals and was applied to the synthesis of two potent thrombin inhibitors.

The possibility of receptor heterogeneity in the angiotensin II (AII) system has been suggested previously, based on differences in Kd values or sensitivity to thiol reagents. One of the authors earliest indications was the frequent observation of incomplete inhibition of the binding of AII to adrenal cortical membranes. Autoradiographic studies demonstrated that all of the labeling of the rat adrenal was blocked by unlabeled AII or saralasin, but not by DuP 753. The predominant receptor in the rat adrenal cortex (80%) is sensitive to dithiothreitol (DTT) and DuP 753, and is designated AII-1. The residual sites in the adrenal cortex and almost all of the sites in the rat adrenal medulla are insensitive to both DTT and DuP 753, but were blocked by EXP655. These sites have been confirmed by ligand binding studies and are designated AII-2. The rabbit adrenal cortex is unique in yielding a nonuniform distribution of AII-2 sites around the outer layer of glomerulosa cells. In the rabbit kidney, the sites on the glomeruli are AII-1, but the sites on the kidney capsule are AII-2. Angiotensin III appears to have a higher affinity for AII-2 sites since it inhibits the binding to the rabbit kidney capsule butmore » not the glomeruli. Elucidation of the distribution and function of these diverse sites should permit the development of more selective and specific therapeutic strategies.« less

To understand the species selectivity in a series of alpha-methyl-alpha-phenoxy carboxylic acid PPARalpha/gamma dual agonists (1-11), structure-based molecular modeling was carried out in the ligand binding pockets of both human and mouse PPARalpha. This study suggested that interaction of both 4-phenoxy and phenyloxazole substituents of these ligands with F272 and M279 in mouse PPARalpha leads to the species-specific divergence in ligand binding. Insights obtained in the molecular modeling studies of these key interactions resulted in the ability to convert a human-selective PPARalpha agonist to a human and mouse dual agonist within the same platform.

The design and synthesis of the dual peroxisome proliferator activated receptor (PPAR) alpha/gamma agonist (S)-2-methyl-3-[4-[2-(5-methyl-2-thiophen-2-yl-oxazol-4-yl)ethoxy]phenyl]-2-phenoxypropionic acid (2) for the treatment of type 2 diabetes and associated dyslipidemia are described. 2 possesses a potent dual hPPAR alpha/gamma agonist profile (IC(50) = 28 and 10 nM; EC(50) = 9 and 4 nM, respectively, for hPPARalpha and hPPARgamma). In preclinical models, 2 substantially improves insulin sensitivity and potently reverses diabetic hyperglycemia while significantly improving overall lipid homeostasis.

Retinoid X receptor:peroxisome proliferative-activated receptor (RXR:PPAR) heterodimers play a critical role in the regulation of glucose (RXR/PPARgamma) and lipid metabolism (RXR/PPARalpha). Previously, we described a concise structure-activity relationship study of selective RXR modulators possessing a (2E,4E,6Z)-3-methyl-7-(3,5-dialkyl-6-alkoxyphenyl)-octa-2,4,6-trienoic acid scaffold. These studies were focused on the 2-position alkoxy side chain. We describe here the design and synthesis of a novel series of RXR selective modulators possessing the same aromatic core structure with the addition of a ring locked 6-7-Z-olefin on the trienoic acid moiety. The synthesis and structure-activity relationship studies of these 6,7-locked cyclopentenyl, phenyl, thienyl, furan, and pyridine-trienoic acid derivatives is presented herein.

A novel nonthiazolidinedione dual peroxisome proliferator- activated receptor (PPAR)-alpha/gamma agonist, LY465608, was designed to address the major metabolic disturbances of type 2 diabetes. LY465608 altered PPAR-responsive genes in liver and fat of db/db mice and dose-dependently lowered plasma glucose in hyperglycemic male Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats, with an ED(50) for glucose normalization of 3.8 mg small middle dot kg(-1) small middle dot day(-1). Metabolic improvements were associated with enhanced insulin sensitivity, as demonstrated in female obese Zucker (fa/fa) rats using both oral glucose tolerance tests and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamps. Further characterization of LY465608 revealed metabolic changes distinct from a selective PPAR-gamma agonist, which were presumably due to the concomitant PPAR-alpha agonism, lower respiratory quotient, and less fat accumulation, despite a similar impact on glycemia in male ZDF rats. In addition to these alterations in diabetic and insulin-resistant animals, LY465608 dose-dependently elevated HDL cholesterol and lowered plasma triglycerides in human apolipoprotein A-I transgenic mice, demonstrating that this compound significantly improves primary cardiovascular risk factors. Overall, these studies demonstrate that LY465608 beneficially impacts multiple facets of type 2 diabetes and associated cardiovascular risk, including those facets involved in the development of micro- and macrovascular complications, which are the major sources for morbidity and mortality in these patients.