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The International Space Station (ISS) is the product of the efforts of sixteen nations over the course of several decades. It is now complete, operational, and has been continuously occupied since November of 20001. Since then the ISS has been carrying out a wide variety of research and technology development experiments, and starting to produce some pleasantly startling results. The ISS has a mass of 420 metric tons, supports a crew of six with a yearly resupply requirement of around 30 metric tons, within a pressurized volume of 916 cubic meters, and a habitable volume of 388 cubic meters. Its solar arrays produce up to 84 kilowatts of power. In the course of developing the ISS, many lessons were learned and much valuable expertise was gained. Where do we go from here? The ISS offers an existence proof of the feasibility of sustained human occupation and operations in space over decades. It also demonstrates the ability of many countries to work collaboratively on a very complex and expensive project in space over an extended period of time to achieve a common goal. By harvesting best practices and lessons learned, the ISS can also serve as a useful model for exploring architectures for beyond low- earth-orbit (LEO) space development. This paper will explore the concept and feasibility for a Lunar Station. The Station concept can be implemented by either putting the equivalent capability of the ISS down on the surface of the Moon, or by developing the required capabilities through a combination of delivered materials and equipment and in situ resource utilization (ISRU). Scenarios that leverage existing technologies and capabilities as well as capabilities that are under development and are expected to be available within the next 3-5 years, will be examined. This paper will explore how best practices and expertise gained from developing and operating the ISS and other relevant programs can be applied to effectively developing Lunar Station.

Objective Radiofrequency ablation can eradicate Barrett's esophagus successfully in the majority of cases. We sought to determine (1) how often intestinal metaplasia is detected during follow-up endoscopy after successful ablation and (2) patterns of persistent/recurrent intestinal metaplasia. Methods Patients ablated successfully during a phase II clinical trial of radiofrequency ablation for Barrett's esophagus were followed using endoscopic surveillance according to a defined protocol. Systematic biopsies were performed in all patients throughout the neosquamous epithelium as well as at the gastroesophageal junction, and patterns of recurrent or persistent intestinal metaplasia were documented. Results Fifty-three patients were ablated successfully during this single-institution clinical trial. A total of 151 follow-up endoscopies were performed (range, 1-5 endoscopies per patient) and 2492 biopsies were obtained, of which 604 (24%) were from the gastroesophageal junction. The median follow-up period was 18 months (range, 3-50 months). Recurrent/persistent intestinal metaplasia was detected in 14 patients (26%) in 3 distinct patterns: endoscopically invisible intestinal metaplasia underneath the neosquamous epithelium (buried glands) in 3 patients, visible recurrence in the tubular esophagus in 3 patients, and intestinal metaplasia of the gastroesophageal junction (with a squamous-lined tubular esophagus) in 10 patients. Dysplasia or cancer was not detected in any patient during the follow-up period. Conclusions Recurrent/persistent intestinal metaplasia after successful radiofrequency ablation of Barrett's esophagus is relatively common. This finding has implications for the continued surveillance of patients who are ablated successfully.

To support the goals of expanding our human presence and current economic sphere beyond LEO, a new plan was constructed for NASA to enter into partnerships with industry to foster and incentivize a new era of lunar industrialization. For NASA to finally be successful in achieving sustainable human exploration missions beyond LEO, lessons learned from our space history have shown that it is essential for current program planning to include affordable and economic development goals as well as address top national priorities to obtain much needed public support. In the last 58 years of NASA's existence, only Apollo's human exploration missions beyond LEO were successful since it was proclaimed to be a top national priority during the 1960's. However, the missions were not sustainable and ended abruptly in 1972 due to lack of funding and insufficient economic gain. Ever since Apollo, there have not been any human missions beyond LEO because none of the proposed program plans were economical or proclaimed a top national priority. The proposed plan outlines a new campaign of low-cost, commercial-enabled lunar COTS (Commercial Orbital Transfer Services) missions which is an update to the Lunar COTS plan previously described. The objectives of this new campaign of missions are to prospect for resources, determine the economic viability of extracting those resources and assess the value proposition of using these resources in future exploration architectures such as Mars. These missions would be accomplished in partnership with commercial industry using the wellproven COTS Program acquisition model. This model proved to be very beneficial to both NASA and its industry partners as NASA saved significantly in development and operational costs, as much as tenfold, while industry partners successfully expanded their market share and demonstrated substantial economic gain. Similar to COTS, the goals for this new initiative are 1) to develop and demonstrate cost-effective, cis-lunar commercial services, such as lunar transportation, lunar mining and lunar ISRU operations; 2) enable development of an affordable and economical exploration architecture for future missions to Mars and beyond; and 3) to incentivize the creation of new lunar markets through use of lunar resources for economic benefit to NASA, commercial industry and the international community. These cost-effective services would not only enable NASA to economically and sustainably achieve its human exploration missions to the Moon, Mars and beyond but it would also kickstart a new era of lunar industrialization. This paper will describe the goals, objectives and approach for implementing this new campaign of missions. It will also describe the potential benefits and progress that can be accomplished with these low-cost, Lunar COTS missions. Lastly, a preliminary economic analysis approach is proposed for understanding the cost and potential return on investment in the use of lunar resources to reach the goal of lunar industrialization and an expanded and sustainable human presence into cis-lunar space and beyond.

The NASA COTS (Commercial Orbital Transportation Services) Program was a very successful program that developed and demonstrated cost-effective development and acquisition of commercial cargo transportation services to the International Space Station (ISS). The COTS acquisition strategy utilized a newer model than normally accepted in traditional procurement practices. This new model used Space Act Agreements where NASA entered into partnerships with industry to jointly share cost, development and operational risks to demonstrate new capabilities for mutual benefit. This model proved to be very beneficial to both NASA and its industry partners as NASA saved significantly in development and operational costs while industry partners successfully expanded their market share of the global launch transportation business. The authors, who contributed to the development of the COTS model, would like to extend this model to a lunar commercial services program that will push development of technologies and capabilities that will serve a Mars architecture and lead to an economical and sustainable pathway to transporting humans to Mars. Over the past few decades, several architectures for the Moon and Mars have been proposed and studied but ultimately halted or not even started due to the projected costs significantly exceeding NASA's budgets. Therefore a new strategy is needed that will fit within NASA's projected budgets and takes advantage of the US commercial industry along with its creative and entrepreneurial attributes. The authors propose a new COTS-like program to enter into partnerships with industry to demonstrate cost-effective, cis-lunar commercial services, such as lunar transportation, lunar ISRU operations, and cis-lunar propellant depots that can enable an economical and sustainable Mars architecture. Similar to the original COTS program, the goals of the proposed program, being notionally referred to as Lunar Commercial Orbital Transfer Services (LCOTS) program will be to: 1) reduce development and operational costs by sharing costs with industry; 2) create new markets in cis-lunar space to further reduce operational costs; and 3) enable NASA to develop an affordable and economical exploration Mars architecture. The paper will describe a plan for a proposed LCOTS program, its potential impact to an eventual Mars architecture and its many benefits to NASA, commercial space industry and the US economy.

The study investigated the impact of establishing a community college upon a county's relative economic development. Census data from 1940 through 1990 were used in graphical analysis of short-time series, ratio comparisons, and ordinary least square regression analysis. The results indicated that establishing a community college potentially contributed 8% to 11% of a county's economic development. This estimated "catalyst" influence was accounted for by neither payroll, population growth, nor economic advantages that existed prior to establishment of the community colleges.

The status of pharmaceutical services in the United States Public Health Service (PHS) is described. The PHS has been the principal health agency of the United States for nearly 200 years, directing its resources to meeting the nation's changing health needs. Pharmacists are assigned to all eight operating divisions of the PHS (a major component of the Department of Health and Human Services), as well as other federal agencies and programs. Pharmacists assigned to the Indian Health Service, the National Institutes of Health, the United States Coast Guard, the Immigration and Naturalization Service, the Federal Bureau of Prisons, and Saint Elizabeths Hospital provide pharmaceutical services to a broad range of patients and settings. Some PHS pharmacists are involved in bringing new drugs to market in the Food and Drug Administration, participating in research protocols at the National Institutes of Health, and helping the underserved populations through the programs of the Health Resources and Services Administration. Still other PHS pharmacists provide leadership and program management at the Agency for Health Care Policy and Research, the Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, and the Health Care Financing Administration. Pharmacists in the PHS work in a broad array of settings, in many cases providing care for the underserved.

This article develops and tests the idea that the industrial real estate market is an aggregate market consisting of at least two submarkets—manufacturing and distribution. While there is no observable difference in implicit pricing of most industrial property characteristics across these two submarkets, some property-characteristic implicit prices do differ. Therefore, manufacturing and distribution submarket property-pricing functions are best estimated in aggregate, while making allowances for variability of coefficients on some property characteristics. For this sample of 331 industrial property sales from the southeastern region of the United States, the two submarkets vary with regard to implicit pricing of building volume, below-average building condition, site area, and dock-high doors.

Using 1989 data on aggregate real estate values for a sample of counties, this paper develops estimates of the total value of real estate by property type in the United States. The values for commercial and residential property are also reported by region and for the forty-four largest MSAs. The estimated total value of commercial real estate is compared with the value of other investment asset classes, and implications are drawn for investment portfolios.

To examine the relationship among gender, sex role orientation, and attitudes toward the treatment of animals, 144 male and 222 female college students were administered the Bem Sex Role Inventory, a Likert-scale questionnaire designed to assess attitudes toward animal welfare issues, and a measure of perceived comfort touching animals of a variety of species. There were significant gender differences on all of the animal-related measures with the exception of self-reported comfort touching positively perceived animals. Gender and the expressive (feminine) dimension of sex role orientation accounted for a significant proportion of the variation in attitudes toward animal welfare issues and comfort with other species. Correlations between the masculine and feminine dimensions of sex role orientation were related in opposite directions on all animal attitude measures.

The question investigated was whether enrollment in vocational/business courses has special "holding power" for students or whether personal, social characteristics were more salient in the dropout decision. The data were taken from the first follow-up responses of the High School and Beyond survey. Public school students who had dropped out of school were compared with age mates who had graduated. The two groups were matched on the following variables: reading comprehension, socioeconomic status (SES), gender, geographic region, and community size. Using a path analytic approach with the data, I found that participation in vocational/ business courses does not seem to be related to persistence. The variables that were identified as being most highly associated with dropout status reflected the influence of a student’s social relationships within the school environment. Peer interest, sense of social belonging, and relationships with school staff were differentially linked to school interest for g...

BACKGROUND It is believed that cancers of the small intestine represent

The study was designed to answer the following questions: whether the various situational influences of the school environment were perceived differentially by the student with regard to his locus of control, and which situational influence was most related to the academic achievement of the student? These questions were answered by administering the Intellectual Achievement Responsibility Questionnaire and two achievement tests to 1192 sixth and seventh grade students. Results indicated that those referents which were most perceptually distinct were parents/ teachers, peer/others, and achievement situations in which the tasks or goals were well defined. Overall, the situational influences most related to achievement were those which referenced parents, parental interaction, or the home environment.

There is a growing awareness that corporations can profit from more effective management of their real estate assets, yet there is little academic research in the field. Based on a survey of corporate real estate executives, this article identifies some key organizational and operational factors that are considered to be important in effective corporate real estate asset management. A qualitative model of corporate real estate effectiveness is proposed, drawing on the emerging literature in the field. The model is tested using the survey data, yielding encouraging results that point to promising new areas of research.

Research in teaching effectiveness has identified specific instructional activities associated with student achievement. The present study sought to unify these results by determining the association between the global teaching dimensions suggested in Ryans (1960) (teacher creativity, organization, and understanding) and perceived instructional outcomes. The study used course/faculty ratings collected over a 3-year period from 1,819 students on 25 college instructors. The instructional categories were operationalized by creating factor scores based on principal components analyses of student responses on selected rating scale items. The outcome areas addressed were students’ perception of level of motivation, amount learned, and instructor effectiveness. Results from correlational analyses and an analysis of change scores indicated that teacher organization may have greater potential influence on overall effectiveness and amount learned, whereas teacher understanding was most associated with the l...

Public policy makers have focused some attention upon extending the length of the school year. The current study investigated the following question: How does the number of days of school attended influence the level of student achievement on standardized tests? The achievement scores of students from two different school systems were analyzed. These students had experienced an interrupted school year of approximately 1 month due to severe weather in 1976–77. Yearly comparisons between the achievement scores of 1976–77 and other school years were made within and across groups. The results of the various comparisons suggested that simply increasing the length of the school year would not likely produce marked changes in test score performance.

The impact of high school size on dropout rate was investigated using the school data of the High School and Beyond Study of the National Center of Educational Statistics. Information from 744 public, comprehensive high schools was employed to test a model depicting a direct influence of school size on the diversity of academic offerings and on the school social climate, as well as an indirect effect on dropout rate. The findings indicated that potential links between school size and dropout rate were almost totally attributable to the social climate, particularly those elements dealing with student participation and the severity of the problem environment. These results imply that one outcome of school consolidations which seemingly has been given little attention is that it may increase early school leaving.

SummaryAlterations in heart rate, blood pressures, pulse pressure, mean electrical axis, hematocrit, plasma volume, interstitial fluid volume and total blood volume were measured and statistically analyzed in adult chickens receiving pharmacological doses of bovine insulin. Multiple-group discriminant analysis techniques proved valuable in a critical analysis of the data obtained. Cardiovascular alterations or shifts in body fluid volumes do not appear of sufficient magnitude to explain the so-called “avian resistance” to exogenous insulin.

A general equation is offered for the variation of number and weight length distribu tions of the lengths of fibers as measured in projection along some fiber structure. Two models are examined and one model, "the ideal random hook," is used to derive ex pressions for the "equivalent random hooks per fiber." Experimental techniques for determining the parameters necessary to measure hooks by the method are discussed. Expressions for the excess number of hooks on one end of the fibers over the other end are derived and the experimental technique for their evaluation is analyzed. The basic technique suggested in an earlier paper for the measurement of weight mean lengths is shown to be valid for variations in weight fineness.

Characteristic wide-line proton magnetic resonance absorption spectra of a number of representative cellulose preparations have been obtained in the dry state and after addition of about 7% water. Line widths, second moments, spin-spin and spin-lattice relaxation times have been determined. The second moment of the absorption curve of dry cellulose was found to correlate well with the crystalline fraction for most specimens. A technique is described for determining the number of water-cellulose protons exchanging relative to the number of cellulose protons not exchanging. The reduction in absorption line width observed when water is added to cellulose is shown to be quantitatively consistent with such a proton exchange phenomenon.

A method is proposed for the determination of total gossypol in cottonseed meals, crude oils, and soapstocks based on a rapid extraction of gossypol by neutralized 3-amino-1-propanol in dimethylformamide to form a stable complex, followed by colorimetric analysis of an aliquot of the extract by means of an aniline reaction. A determination can be completed in about 2 hrs. and with minor modification in 1 hr. compared to about 7 hrs. for current methods. Results obtained by the proposed procedure on meals, oils, and soapstocks are in essential agreement with those found by use of other accepted methods. Desirable features, such as stability of reagents and extracts and a high degree of reproducibility, suggest that the procedure will satisfy the requirements for a rapid and simplified method for the analysis of all cottonseed products for total gossypol.

Previously developed number-frequency equations are translated into their weight- frequency counterparts. A solution is developed for the problem of fiber-length distri bution to be expected when a sliver or similar textile structure, with straight fibers, is cut systematically. A double-clamping technique is described which permits the determina tion of the weight-frequency distribution and weight-mean length of the fiber population in the sliver, with the same assumption that the fibers are straight and parallel to the structure axis. It is shown that, if the fibers are not straight and parallel, the same technique measures the projection of the fibers along the structure axis. Simple methods for measuring the projected length are described and data are represented showing the change in projected length as a typical cotton proceeds from card sliver through roving. The basic mathematical equations for the Lindsley combing ratio are derived, and it is shown that a modification of the Lindsley technique can also yield the projected mean length.

A spectrophotometric method of analysis for the quantitative estimation of cyclopropenoid fatty acids in cottonseed oil based upon the Halphen-test reaction has been described. Various parameters involved in the reaction have been investigated and two pigment fractions responsible for the characteristic Halphen-test cherry-red color have been isolated. The method is applicable to relatively small amts of sample material. The average deviation from the actual cyclopropenoid acid contents as determined by the stepwise HBr titration method was less than ±0.02% in both the refined and crude oil series.

Wide-line NMR spectra were obtained on a series of homologous normal long chain fatty acids: decanoic, lauric, myristic, palmitic, stearic and behenic as well as three isostructural unsaturated acids: elaidic,trans-5-eicosenoic and brassidic. Also included are NMR spectra of metastable forms of both the saturated and unsaturated acids. NMR parameters are correlated with carbon chain length, crystal long spacing and density. Polymorphic forms are distinguished on the basis of line width and second moment differences.

A technique is described by which the protons in water–cellulose sorption systems may be assigned to four categories. The protons are quantitatively divided into water- and cellulose-associated protons and these categories are further subdivided into interchanging and non-interchanging species. The relationships are derived on the assumption that the line narrowing observed in the NMR spectrum of celluloses on the addition of moisture is due to the rapid interchange of some of the water and cellulose protons (or their spins). The experiments were carried out at water–cellulose concentrations of about 7% on a variety of cellulose samples differing in supramolecular structure as characterized by crystalline fraction and lattice type. Data are presented which indicate that the larger the proportion of water protons involved in the interchange process, the larger the spin–spin relaxation time of those water protons not involved in the interchange. It is concluded that linewidth of the narrow component of the water–cellulose NMR signal is not related to sorption processes as simply as previously suggested.

Acrylonitrile monomer, in the presence of water and N,N- dimethylformamide, was exposed to high energy gamma -radiation from cobalt-60 and high dose rates ranging from 1.21 to 5.44 x 1020 ev./l/min. Increasing radiation dosage, ranging to 2.3 x 1024 ev/l increased the intrinsic viscosities of ihe polymers rapidly and then, at higher dosages, decreased their intrinsic viscosities exponentially. After an inhibition period, which was shorter the higher the dose rate, the rate of polymerization of acrylonitrile monomer was proportional to the dose rate. In contrast to polymer formation in the presence of water, the polymers formed in N,N-dimethylformamide were completely soluble in the solvent. This may indicate that polymers formed in the presence of water have a higher molecular weight and are more highly crosslinked than those formed in N,N,-dimethylformamide.

This paper discusses the in initial work by Texaco, Inc, which was done to improve gas lift operations by applying basic principles for improved performance through a computer design program. The examples given are pertinent to continuous flow gas lift in the Texaco Gulf Coast region. It is shown that optimal design of considerations of all well variables in a systematic computer program. Reductions in costs associated with recycle gas compression can be as high as 50% if maximum injection depth and pressure can desinged for and maintained. 11 refs.

The stepwise HBr titration method for the cyclopropenoid analysis of cottonseed oils is subject to serious inaccuracies when applied to samples containing higher cyclopropenoid concentrations, particularly if they contain appreciable amounts of alumina-adsorbable materials. A modification of the method is described which eliminates these sources of error. Its validity has been established by the analysis of a wide range of synthetic compositions including compositions containing massive amounts of interfering HBr-reactive substances and other alumina-adsorbable materials. The method with further modification can be used to analyze glycerides with the same high degree of accuracy.

Cottonseed oil of higher Halpen-acid-moiety concentration can be obtained by hot hexane extraction of cotton-seed meats from which the oil has already been partially extracted at room temperature. The intensity of the Halphen-test color solution is affected by many nitrogen-containing substances including soybean phosphatides.

During the course of investigations at this laboratory of native and modified cotton celluloses by means of wide-line NMR spectroscopy, it is frequently necessary to record the proton signal of dry cotton cellulose. The peak-to-peak line width of this signal, as measured on the first derivative of the absorption curve, which is the signal recorded, is about 12 G. The instrument employed in this work is a Varian VF-16 B NMR spectrometer. The normal mode of tuning the instrument is to display the input signal on the oscilloscope, tune out both the V-mode and U-mode signals by means of the probe paddles, and reintroduce leakage of the signal desired, in this case the V-mode. The method of detection of the signal used in the instrument results in the first derivative of the absorption being presented on the recorder when tuned to the V-mode. Alternatively, tuning to the U-mode results in the presentation of the first derivative of the dispersion being recorded. If one assumes that the V-mode and U-mode signal shapes may be adequately described as the derivatives of curves with the forms of the Bloch susceptibilities, then the following observations concerning the symmetry of the signals may be made. (Many wide-line NMR signals may not possess these properties, owing to chemical shifts or other phenomena. However, for a number of spectra frequently investigated, such as proton signals from polymeric materials, these symmetry relationships appear to be generally applicable.) The first derivative of the absorption g'(h) is ungerade, i.e., g'(−h) = − g'(h). The first derivative of the dispersion f' (h) is gerade, f'(h) = f' (−h). Here h denotes the deviation of the magnetic field from the resonance peak value. Unfortunately, the broad line width of dry cotton permits only a small segment of the input signal to be displayed on the oscilloscope and consequently the technique outlined above cannot be employed in tuning the signal. One may tune the instrument with some convenient narrow signal such as doped water and then insert the cotton sample. The wide-line signal will then normally be very close to being tuned but will have some of the U-mode signal present. Since the signal strength is normally small it is necessary to scan such signals slowly. One scan may take from 10 to 100 min. Thus, the final tuning of the signal, which can be done only by reference to the recorder presentation, may be tedious and time consuming. The purpose of this communication is to outline a method of correcting an NMR signal which may have a component of the undesirable U-mode signal present.

A number of fatty substances, covering a range from low to high degree of unsaturation, have been observed to emit light when heated. Relative intensities of light emitted at 200C are compared to degree of unsaturation. Activation energies were calculated for those samples giving approximately straight line plots of logG vs. 1/T, whereG is galvanometer deflection andT is the absolute temperature.

Recently, this Laboratory had reason to scan some KBr pellets, produced in a Beckman Die, using a Model 14 Cary Recording Spectrophotometer. The problem of mounting the pellets in the instrument beam led to the design and fabrication of two brass holders according to the plans shown in Figure 1. When mounted in the instrument with the cell holders at the approximate center of the sample chamber, the pellet holder will pass the full beam of the instrument. Two pellet holders are used with one containing the sample pellet in the sample beam and the other a blank KBr pellet in the reference beam. Figure 2 shows a holder mounted in the sample chamber of the instrument.