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The longevity of a single 22.4 Mg·ha−1 application of dolomitic limestone at four northern hardwood stands was evaluated over 30 years (1986–2016) to determine whether changes in soils, foliage, and tree growth were sustained on the unglaciated Allegheny Plateau in northern Pennsylvania, USA. In limed plots, soils, sampled to 45–55 cm depth, and sugar maple (Acer saccharum Marsh.) and black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) foliage had significantly (P ≤ 0.05) greater concentrations of calcium (Ca) and magnesium (Mg) through 2016 compared with samples from unlimed plots. Ca and Mg capitals (g·m−2) in the Oi through A horizons combined were greater on limed plots than unlimed plots, largely due to increases in the thickness and nutrient concentration in the A horizon. Over 30 years, sugar maple basal area increment (cm2·year−1 BAINC) was greater in limed plots (30.6 cm2·year−1 vs unlimed 13.3), American beech (Fagus grandifolia Ehrh.) BAINC was unaffected by lime application, and black cherry BAINC was reduced in limed plots compared with unlimed plots. The sustained effect of this one-time lime treatment shows the strong role of efficient nutrient cycling in forests and suggests that the benefits over a substantial portion of a stand rotation may increase the feasibility of operational liming.

This paper is about the issue of students’ monologic speech, examining possible differences in fluency, production over levels of proficiency (as represented by TOEIC scores), and how this speech improves over an academic year. The data, which is based on the speech of 12 participants, was taken from the corpus Monologic and Dialogic Corpus 2019 (20,368 words and 42 subjects), and from the second corpus Monologic and Dialogic Corpus 2020 (16,997 words and 29 participants). Research questions focused on characterizing the speech in monologues of higher and lower proficiency Japanese EFL (English as a Foreign Language) learners in regards to the fluency variables of speaking time, articulation rate, mean length runs (MLRs), number of words, and percentage of silence. Furthermore, research aims focused on how acoustic, lexical and syntactical dysfluency might change over the year. Results showed that the average time of monologic speech was higher in the high-proficiency group than in the low-proficiency group in 2019 and 2020, but this difference was not statistically significant. In the high-proficiency group, there was a significant difference between 2019 and 2020 in meaningless syllables, whereas the other acoustic, lexical, and syntactical dysfluency variables showed no significant difference over the academic year 2019/2020. Further research will be conducted on how direct feedback might impact students’ output.

Urban biodiversity provides critical ecosystem services and is a key component to environmentally and socially sustainable cities. However, biodiversity varies greatly within and among cities, leading to human communities with changing and unequal experiences with nature. The "luxury effect," a hypothesis that predicts a positive correlation between wealth, typically measured by per capita income, and species richness may be one indication of these inequities. While the luxury effect is well studied for some taxa, it has rarely been investigated for mammals, which provide unique ecosystem services (e.g., biological pest control) and exhibit significant potential for negative human-wildlife interactions (e.g., nuisances or conflicts). We analyzed a large dataset of mammal detections across 20 North American cities to test whether the luxury effect is consistent for medium- to large-sized terrestrial mammals across diverse urban contexts. Overall, support for the luxury effect, as indicated by per capita income, was inconsistent; we found evidence of a luxury effect in approximately half of our study cities. Species richness was, however, highly and negatively correlated with urban intensity in most cities. We thus suggest that economic factors play an important role in shaping urban mammal communities for some cities and species, but that the strongest driver of urban mammal diversity is urban intensity. To better understand the complexity of urban ecosystems, ecologists and social scientists must consider the social and political factors that drive inequitable human experiences with nature in cities.

The twentieth century confluence of clear-cutting, deer overabundance, and rising nitrogen deposition favored dominance by the shade-intolerant, unpalatable, and nitrogen-demanding black cherry (Prunus serotina) throughout the Allegheny Plateau of the eastern United States. The abundance of this species conferred unique and valuable ecological and economic benefits that shaped regional biodiversity and societies. Sustaining these values is increasingly difficult because black cherry, seemingly inexplicably, has experienced diminished establishment, growth, and survival in the twenty-first century. In the present article, we chronicle the change and assess underlying drivers through a literature review and new analyses. We found negative plant–soil microbial feedback loops and lowered nitrogen deposition are biologically, temporally, and geographically consistent with observed declines. The evidence suggests that black cherry dynamics are the unintended consequence of actions and policies ostensibly unconnected to forests. We suggest that these shifts are a bellwether of impending changes to forests, economies, and ownership patterns regionally and beyond.

Cotton fiber cross-sectional properties influence the performance of ring spun yarns. The spinning performance of two Gossypium hirsutum L. Upland cotton genotypes known to have inherently different fiber fineness properties were compared. Genotypes were grown together in field experiments conducted over two growing seasons, and crops were subjected to early and late defoliation treatments. The aim was to quantify the differences in yarn properties following changes targeting fiber fineness properties in isolation from other fiber properties. For the first time, the percentage difference in yarn properties was captured along with the associated changes made to alternative fiber fineness properties within the base micronaire 3.50 to 4.90 G5 range. As expected the genotype with lower fiber micronaire, linear density, and perimeter, spun yarns that were stronger and more even. Late defoliated cotton plants produced fibers that were higher in micronaire and maturity ratio, and were bigger in perimeter, which demonstrated that the fibers had expanded during the secondary wall thickening phase of development. However, the defoliation treatment effect on fiber fineness properties was smaller compared with the effect of genotype, and no change to any yarn property was detected. In terms of environmental effects, the first season cotton had smaller perimeter finer fibers that spun stronger and more even yarns. In contrast, the second season cotton had bigger perimeter fibers that spun weaker and less even yarns.

During the COVID‐19 pandemic, incidence rates for dental diseases will continue unabated. However, the intent to prevent the spread of this lethal respiratory disease will likely lead to reduced treatment access due to restrictions on population movements. These changes have the potential to increase dental‐related emergency department visits and subsequently contribute to greater viral transmission. Moreover, dentists experience unique challenges with preventing transmission due to frequent aerosol‐producing procedures. This paper presents reviews and protocols implemented by directors and residents at the Dental College of Georgia to manage a dental emergency clinic during the COVID‐19 pandemic. The methods presented include committee‐based prioritization of dental patients, a multilayered screening process, team rotations with social and temporal spacing, and modified treatment room protocols. These efforts aid in the reduction of viral transmission, conservation of personal protective equipment, and expand provider availability. These protocols transcend a university and hospital‐based models and are applicable to private and corporate models.

The boll cutting technique allows cotton producers to gauge the maturity of cotton bolls to help in their decision-making in the final stages of management of their crop leading up to harvest. The aim of this work was to assess the feasibility of using portable near infrared technology as a non-destructive rapid replacement for the manual boll cutting technique. Near infrared spectra (702–1100 nm) were collected from bolls using a Felix F-750 Produce Quality Meter. Spectra were successfully calibrated with two levels of boll maturity (immature and mature) using a partial least squares model for a population of 201 bolls. Independent validation of the model using separate boll populations predicted boll maturity correctly with an average accuracy of 96%. Calibrations that used spectra collected from bolls under field conditions performed similarly to calibrations that used spectra collected from the same bolls under controlled laboratory conditions. There was no preferred spectral sampling location on the bolls that resulted in better calibration performance. Calibration performance did not improve when spectral mathematical pre-treatments were used.

As we are often blind to our conversational lapses and shortcomings, the presenter will discuss the issue of dysfluency based on L2 interactions by Japanese speakers based on the JUSFC2018 corpus. The study’s first aim was to examine if the number of words and mean length runs increased with proficiency, as represented by TOEIC scores (Group 1: scores 150-370; Group 2: scores 371-570; Group 3: scores 571-770). The second aim was to compare the dialogic fluency of each group of Japanese EFL learners with that of native speakers to identify significant differences regarding speaking rates, as well as acoustic, lexical and syntactical dysfluency. Results showed that the number of words only increased in the second range, before dropping in the most proficient range; likewise, mean length runs (MLRs) showed an increase from 11.2 syllables from Group 1 to 30.2 syllables in Group 2, before dropping in Group 3 to 9.7. Concerning possible differences in the number of words, Kruskal-Wallis tests showed that there were statistically significant differences in speaking rates, cross-talk pausing, the total amount of silence, the percentage of silence, length of pauses, and the use of L1 among the three groups of EFL learners and native speakers. The post hoc tests of pairwise comparisons revealed that native speakers differed from all three EFL groups. The speaker will also discuss the issue of production, in particular how individuals can be more aware of their fluency to provide more meaningful, fluent and productive interactions.

(1) Damage to the endothelial glycocalyx (eGC), a protective layer lining the endothelial luminal surface, is associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which leads to a worsening of cardiovascular outcomes in these patients. Currently, there are no targeted therapeutic approaches. Whether the dietary supplement EndocalyxTM (ECX) protects against endothelial damage caused by uremic toxins is unknown. (2) We addressed this question by performing atomic force microscopy measurements on living endothelial cells. We examined the effect of ECX on eGC thickness at baseline and with pooled serum from hemodialysis patients. ECX was also successfully administered in vivo in mice, in which eGC was assessed using perfused boundary region measurements by intravital microscopy of cremasteric vessels. (3) Both ECX and fucoidan significantly improved baseline eGC thickness. Our data indicate that these effects are dependent on ERK/MAPK and PI3K signaling. After incubation with eGC damaging serum from dialysis patients, ECX increased eGC height. Intravital microscopy in mice revealed a relevant increase in baseline eGC dimensions after feeding with ECX. (4) We identified a dietary supplement containing glycocalyx substrates and fucoidan as potential mediators of eGC preservation in vitro and in vivo. Our findings suggest that fucoidan may be an essential component responsible for protecting the eGC in acute settings. Moreover, ECX might contribute to both protection and rebuilding of the eGC in the context of CKD.

Occupancy‐based methods are commonly used to model the distribution, habitat use, and relative abundance of species. In particular, occupancy‐based methods are often recommended for monitoring species, allowing researchers to track population trends using detection–non‐detection data alone. Occupancy models, however, have proven difficult to apply to rare, highly mobile species. Species’ movements outside of sampling areas may lead to violation of the geographic closure assumption of occupancy models and overestimated occupancy probability. Low detection probability may further inflate occupancy probability estimates. We developed a novel continuous‐time, multi‐scale occupancy model to simultaneously account for closure assumption violations and low detection probability. We used a simulation study to test our model relative to a discrete‐time multi‐scale model, and we conducted a power analysis to assess the ability of an instantaneous occupancy parameter to detect trends in abundance, relative to standard occupancy alone. The continuous‐time model was competitive with the discrete‐time model and was generally computationally faster than and outperformed the discrete‐time model when detection probability was low. The instantaneous occupancy parameter outperformed occupancy in terms of power to detect trends when we used an implicit (i.e., estimating occupancy independently in each primary occasion) dynamic occupancy model, but performed no better when we used an explicit (i.e., estimating colonization and extinction) dynamic occupancy model. We applied both discrete‐time and continuous‐time multi‐scale occupancy models to a case study of data collected on wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Washington, USA. We found improved precision in estimates with the continuous‐time model and that asymptotic occupancy of wolverines was high, but short‐term use of any given area was low. Our multi‐scale, continuous‐time occupancy model can be used to detect trends in abundance of rare, highly mobile species, regardless of how occupancy dynamics are modeled. Furthermore, our model can allow for more efficient data collection and analysis than traditional discrete‐time or spatially multi‐scale approaches, as our model uses all available detections and requires only one detector per sampling unit by substituting time for space.

Species ranges are expected to move northward with climate warming. However, species will likely encounter soil conditions that differ from their historic ranges. Black (Quercus velutina) and chestnut (Q. montana) oaks are expected to do well in climates that are hotter and drier, but it is unknown as to how they respond to soils of different geological histories. At a glaciated and nonglaciated site in northwestern Pennsylvania, we compared the growth, biomass allocation, and mycorrhizal association for black and chestnut oak seedlings at two different levels of light. On nutrient-poor, nonglaciated soils at high light levels, both species had greater growth and biomass accumulation than on nutrient-rich, glaciated soils. However, at low light levels, these responses were greatest on glaciated soils, especially for chestnut oak. Although mycorrhizal association was beneficial on nonglaciated soil at high light levels, low light levels were associated with reduced growth when compared to glaciated soils. In low light and nutrient-poor soils, mycorrhizal association may result in a carbon sink with lower net photosynthesis, as carbon for plant growth is, instead, allocated to the mycorrhizae symbiont. Variable species response to soil types indicates reduced performance for black and chestnut oak seedlings on high-quality glaciated soils especially in high light environments.

Heart failure (HF) has emerged as a global epidemic and it affects about 6 million adults in the US. HF medical treatment, as recommended in guidelines, significantly improves survival and quality of life; however, the mortality burden of HF remains high. For decades, treatment has been guided, mainly by symptoms, leading to undertreatment in a range of settings. Current evidence emphasises the unfavourable outcomes of HF even in early stages or in patients who achieve reverse remodeling and remission or recovery under optimised treatment. This should stimulate efforts towards a more objective, rigorous management, covering the entire spectrum of mild, moderate and severe HF.

The management of rare species is a conservation priority worldwide, but this task is made difficult by detection errors in population surveys. Both false positive (misidentification) and false negative (missed detection) errors are prevalent in surveys for rare species and can affect resulting inferences about their population status or distribution. Environmental DNA (eDNA)—DNA shed from an organism in its environment—coupled with quantitative PCR (qPCR) analyses, has become a reliable and extremely sensitive mean for identifying rare species in aquatic systems. Due to the demonstrated effectiveness of these methods, we tested their efficacy in surveys for rare species in terrestrial settings to reduce detection errors for three rare forest carnivores of conservation concern: Canada lynx (Lynx canadensis), fisher (Pekania pennanti), and wolverine (Gulo gulo). We specifically investigated our ability to reliably: 1) identify species directly from snow samples collected within tracks; 2) identify species by collecting snow in locations where an animal had been photographed; and 3) identify species from hair samples collected during the summer after being deployed throughout the winter (i.e., overwinter surveys). Our findings indicated that qPCR assays can effectively detect DNA of all three species, including from snow-track surveys, snow collected at camera stations, and overwinter samples that failed to amplify with conventional PCR techniques. All results indicate that the sources of targeted DNA collection provided adequate quantities of DNA for robust species detection. We suggest that using qPCR methods to detect DNA has the potential to revolutionize winter surveys for rare species in terrestrial settings by reducing or eliminating misidentifications and missed detections.

In this review, our goal was to provide a brief background on the evolution of therapeutic targets for heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF), summarize the results of recent clinical trials with diverse pharmacological targets, discuss potential limitations of these findings, and provide future perspectives. Despite advances in pharmacological and device therapy, HFrEF still carries a considerably high morbidity and mortality. For the past four decades, the neurohormonal model has been pivotal in the development of efficacious pharmacotherapies for HFrEF. However, recent clinical trials with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2i), soluble guanylate cyclase stimulators, and cardiac myosin activators have yielded positive results and created a new spectrum of pharmacologic targets to further improve outcomes in HFrEF. Specifically for SGLT2i, the data point to a class disease-modifying effect with mortality benefit in HFrEF, in addition to a substantial reduction in healthcare resources utilization. We are currently witnessing a paradigm shift away from neurohormonal inhibition as the sole line of disease-modifying pharmacotherapies in HFrEF, as encouraging data emerge about alternative pathophysiologic pathways. Further research is needed to identify the optimal target subpopulations for these therapies and to improve outcomes in patients with HFrEF decompensation.

The threat of shortages of personal protective equipment have led to innovations in protective barriers to limit the spread of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2). Those performing aerosolizing procedures such as endotracheal intubation have been designated by the Centers for Disease Control as increased risk of contracting COVID-19. Evaluation of aerosolizing containing barriers for intubation has been limited to date. Some have raised concerns about the universal use of these devices and their possible iatrogenic side effects. It is clear that in time periods of atypical practice that quality and outcome review are critical to addressing novel problems as they arise. An unusual set of injury patterns associated with videolaryngoscopy lead to further evaluation and reconsideration of these devices in our own military department. We review the current literature on this topic and provide a perspective from a single large academic military treatment facility.

Reductions in exchangeable calcium and magnesium and increase in exchangeable aluminum concentrations have been shown in soils impacted by acid deposition, including at four sites on the Allegheny Plateau, PA, USA, sampled in 1967 and 1997 during a period of peak deposition. We repeated sampling at these sites in 2017 to evaluate changes in soils during the more recent period when there has been a strong decline in acid deposition. The uppermost horizons, including the Oa and A horizons where humified organic matter transitions to mineral soil, were thicker, had higher concentrations of organic carbon and exchangeable calcium and magnesium, and lower concentrations of exchangeable aluminum in 2017 compared to 1997, approximating values measured in 1967. Below the Oa/A horizons, 2017 soil chemistry was more similar to the 1997 results, with some reduction of Ca in the recent measurements. These results suggest recovery of base cation–aluminum balance in surface horizons and may indicate a reduction of aluminum mobilization and increased efficiency of vegetation recycling of nutrients with decreased acid anion concentrations. These changes are consistent with a partial recovery from acid deposition. However, the increase in humified soil organic matter may also be affected by coincident increases in temperature and soil moisture.

Nonprofit studies programs have grown over the past three decades in both number and size. Although scholars have devoted increasing attention to both the field of study and its infrastructure, not much attention has been devoted to the administration of these programs. This study reviews the over three-decade-long history and development of the nonprofit leadership studies program at Murray State University and reflects on the various challenges the program has faced, including enrollment concerns, program reorganization, and declining resources. This analysis highlights the importance of developing a clear program identity, which in this case was shaped around the concepts of service learning and student philanthropy. The conclusions extrapolate broad recommendations that can serve as a road map to similar programs that face common budgetary and enrollment challenges in a changing higher education landscape. Subscribe to JNEL

This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. With the accelerating pace of global change, it is imperative that we obtain rapid inventories of the status and distribution of wildlife for ecological inferences and conservation planning. To address this challenge, we launched the SNAPSHOT USA project, a collaborative survey of terrestrial wildlife populations using camera traps across the United States. For our first annual survey, we compiled data across all 50 states during a 14-week period (17 August - 24 November of 2019). We sampled wildlife at 1509 camera trap sites from 110 camera trap arrays covering 12 different ecoregions across four development zones. This effort resulted in 166,036 unique detections of 83 species of mammals and 17 species of birds. All images were processed through the Smithsonian's eMammal camera trap data repository and included an expert review phase to ensure taxonomic accuracy of data, resulting in each picture being reviewed at least twice. The results represent a timely and standardized camera trap survey of the USA. All of the 2019 survey data are made available herein. We are currently repeating surveys in fall 2020, opening up the opportunity to other institutions and cooperators to expand coverage of all the urban-wild gradients and ecophysiographic regions of the country. Future data will be available as the database is updated at eMammal.si.edu/snapshot-usa, as well as future data paper submissions. These data will be useful for local and macroecological research including the examination of community assembly, effects of environmental and anthropogenic landscape variables, effects of fragmentation and extinction debt dynamics, as well as species-specific population dynamics and conservation action plans. There are no copyright restrictions; please cite this paper when using the data for publication. Publisher PDF

Background The coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has increased burden on healthcare systems with subsequent reductions in non-emergent hospitalizations and procedures. While there are widespread reports of intentional reductions in elective hospitalizations, trends in urgent or emergent hospitalizations including heart failure (HF) hospitalizations have not been adequately characterized. Methods We evaluated trends of HF hospitalizations before and during the COVID-19 pandemic at the University of Mississippi Medical Center using electronic health records and discharge database. We also compared HF hospitalization trends during the same time frame in 2019 to account for seasonal variation in HF presentations. Results Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic in our medical center, a mean of 30 patients per week were admitted with a principal diagnosis of HF. After the first case of COVID-19 was diagnosed in Mississippi, there was a sharp 50% decline in the number of HF hospitalizations that declined even further after a “state of emergency” was declared in Mississippi. Conclusions Based on observations from a large academic medical center, there has been a significant reduction in the number of patients hospitalized for HF during the COVID-19 pandemic. Further investigation of these trends is warranted to determine the effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on long-term HF outcomes.

Lymphocyte migration is essential for the function of the adaptive immune system, and regulation of T cell entry into tissues is an effective therapy in autoimmune diseases. Little is known about the specific role of cytoskeletal effectors that mediate mechanical forces and morphological changes essential for migration in complex environments. We developed a new Formin-like-1 (FMNL1) knock-out mouse model and determined that the cytoskeletal effector FMNL1 is selectively required for effector T cell trafficking to inflamed tissues, without affecting naïve T cell entry into secondary lymphoid organs. Here, we identify a FMNL1-dependent mechanism of actin polymerization at the back of the cell that enables migration of the rigid lymphocyte nucleus through restrictive barriers. Furthermore, FMNL1-deficiency impairs the ability of self-reactive effector T cells to induce autoimmune disease. Overall, our data suggest that FMNL1 may be a potential therapeutic target to specifically modulate T cell trafficking to inflammatory sites.

PURPOSE The CheckMate 066 trial investigated nivolumab monotherapy as first-line treatment for patients with previously untreated BRAF wild-type advanced melanoma. Five-year results are presented herein. PATIENTS AND METHODS In this multicenter, double-blind, phase III study, 418 patients with previously untreated, unresectable, stage III/IV, wild-type BRAF melanoma were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive nivolumab 3 mg/kg every 2 weeks or dacarbazine 1,000 mg/m2 every 3 weeks. The primary end point was overall survival (OS), and secondary end points included progression-free survival (PFS), objective response rate (ORR), and safety. RESULTS Patients were followed for a minimum of 60 months from the last patient randomly assigned (median follow-up, 32.0 months for nivolumab and 10.9 months for dacarbazine). Five-year OS rates were 39% with nivolumab and 17% with dacarbazine; PFS rates were 28% and 3%, respectively. Five-year OS was 38% in patients randomly assigned to dacarbazine who had subsequent therapy, including nivolumab (n 5 37). ORR was 42% with nivolumab and 14% with dacarbazine; among patients alive at 5 years, ORR was 81% and 39%, respectively. Of 42 patients treated with nivolumab who had a complete response (20%), 88% (37 of 42) were alive as of the 5-year analysis. Among 75 nivolumab-treated patients alive and evaluable at the 5-year analysis, 83% had not received subsequent therapy; 23% were still on study treatment, and 60% were treatment free. Safety analyses were similar to the 3-year report. CONCLUSION Results from this 5-year analysis confirm the significant benefit of nivolumab over dacarbazine for all end points and add to the growing body of evidence supporting long-term survival with nivolumab monotherapy. Survival is strongly associated with achieving a durable response, which can be maintained after treatment discontinuation, even without subsequent systemic therapies. © 2020 by American Society of Clinical Oncology

Anomalous dark rings found in black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) sawlogs have been anecdotally related to defoliations from cherry scallop shell moth (CSSM) (Hydria prunivorata Ferguson). Using six timber harvest sites on the Allegheny National Forest and a thinning on the Kane Experimental Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania, we documented the occurrence of dark rings in the 1970s, 1980s, and 1990s, concurrent with historical CSSM defoliations. Thirty cross-sections sampled from six Allegheny National Forest sites showed that dark rings formed on 18 sections in the 1970s, 17 sections in the 1980s, and 5 sections in the 1990s. Fourteen cross-sections had multiple (2–4) dark rings. Anatomical studies show the dark rings formed in these three decades have similar characteristics: darkened and thinner (>50 percent) fiber cell walls than normal-colored fiber cell walls. A long-term Kane Experimental Forest study was thinned in 2011–12, and dark ring frequency on recently cut stumps ranged from 48 percent to 68 percent across three replications. Dark rings in 12 of 20 cross-sections were associated with a ≥50 percent growth reduction in mean ring width during 1982–84. These results show that dark rings are associated with CSSM defoliation and that growth may be significantly reduced by defoliation.

Drosophila suzukii (Matsumura) is an invasive insect pest native to Southeastern Asia that is now reported to have established populations in North America. We used traps baited with red wine vinegar to detect and monitor D. suzukii in four black cherry (Prunus serotina Ehrh.) and maple (Acer spp.) stands in the Allegheny National Forest in northwestern Pennsylvania. Stands ranged in age from 70 to 110 years old, with average basal area from 40 to 45 m2/ha. All stands are characterized as the intermediate Allegheny hardwood forest type with black cherry being the dominant species making up > 70% of the total stand basal area at each site (Eyre, 1980). Traps were placed in the crowns of mature black cherry from May to October 2012. In total, 11,000 D. suzukii were collected. The appearance of D. suzukii on the High Allegheny Plateau in northwestern Pennsylvania could have negative implications for fruit production, dispersal, and seed viability of black cherry and other forest species. With D. suzukii's predilection toward Prunus spp. and its unusual method of oviposition, this could be a contributing factor that impacts black cherry regeneration on the Plateau.