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13. A meeting of extremes: the symbiosis of Confucians and shamans

Author

Walraven, B.C.A. and Ro, Y.-C.

Subjects
Korean Confucianism, History, Buddhism, Dominant ideology, Elite, Ethnology, Social position, History of Korea, Oral tradition, China, Korean Shamanism, Shamanism, Social status
Abstract

It is commonly assumed that shamanism was the original religion of the inhabitants of the Korean peninsula before Buddhism and Confucianism were introduced from China, where ecstatic religion, usually referred to as shamanism, also is supposed to have been a most ancient form of religion. It cannot be doubted, however, that once Buddhism and Confucianism, with their treasury of scriptures, were accepted by the ruling elite the social position of the shamans, representatives of an oral tradition that relied on personal inspiration, gradually deteriorated and reliance on their services was reduced. This tendency became more pronounced when the rulers of Chosŏn and the elite accepted Confucianism as the dominant ideology. In spite of this, as mediators between the spirit world and the world of man who catered to the immediate needs of people, shamans continued to practice their rituals, and were particularly favoured by women of all classes and men of lower social status than the Confucian elite who tended to look down on the shamans. Consequently, the relationship between shamanism and Confucianism has been characterized as “co-existence within conflict.”

Published
2019

50. Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate: a clinicopathologic study of 12 patients

Author

Shannon, Rhonda L., Ro, Y. Jae, Grignon, David J., Ordonez, Nelson G., Johnson, Douglas E., Mackay, Bruce, Tetu, Bernard, and Ayala, Alberto G.

Subjects
Prostate cancer -- Case studies, Sarcoma -- Pathology, Cancer -- Histopathology, Health
Abstract

Sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate is a rare tumor that can be difficult to distinguish from a true sarcoma. The authors report 12 patients in whom the typical light microscopic appearance of prostatic adenocarcinoma was accompanied by the appearance of spindled or pleomorphic sarcomatoid areas within the same specimen or in subsequent accessions. Immunostaining or electron microscopic study demonstrated epithelial differentiation within the sarcomatoid area(s) in 6 of the 11 patients in whom special studies were performed. All nine patients for whom follow-up data were available died of disease within 3 to 48 months (median time until death, 12.0 months) after the appearance of the sarcomatoid carcinoma, and the clinical course in each instance was characterized by aggressive local recurrence. Our experience confirms that sarcomatoid carcinoma of the prostate is an aggressive variant of prostatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer 1992;69:2676-2682.

Published
1992

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