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Na Região Sul do Brasil, o cultivar Tifton 85 (C. dactylon X Cynodon nlemfuensis cv. Tifton 68) é amplamente utilizado, porém possui alta dependência a adubação nitrogenada. Devido aos custos elevados de fertilizantes, estratégias de uso mais eficiente de nutrientes vêm sendo pesquisadas, como o uso de microrganismos promotores de crescimento de plantas. Nesse sentido, um experimento foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar o desenvolvimento da cultivar Tifton 85 sob adubação nitrogenada reduzida associada à inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense 2083 e 2084 e Pseudomonas fluorescens estirpe 2799. Avaliou-se a produção de massas verde e seca de forragem e teores de proteína e nitrogênio. O tratamento com 25% N + P. fluorescens teve desempenho semelhante ao tratamento com 100% N em todas as variáveis, apontando a redução de custos de adubação mediante inoculação com este microrganismo, mantendo-se o mesmo nível de produção de forragem.

O cobre é um metal que pode se tornar tóxico para o sorgo quando presente em altas concentrações no solo. A utilização de rizobactérias promotoras do crescimento de planta pode ser uma alternativa para o desenvolvimento do sorgo [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench] em solo contaminado com cobre. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito da inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense no desenvolvimento e teores de cobre do sorgo cultivado em solo contaminado com Cu, possibilitando o reaproveitamento dessas áreas. O delineamento experimental foi de blocos casualizados em arranjo fatorial (9 × 2), sendo avaliadas nove doses de cobre [(0: teor natural do solo), 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, 180, 240 e 300 mg de cobre kg-1 de solo] com e sem inoculação de Azospirillum brasilense, com seis repetições. No tratamento sem inoculação foi realizada aplicação de nitrogênio na dose de 200 kg-1 ha. Foram avaliados a altura de planta, o diâmetro do colo, a massa seca da parte aérea (MSPA), o volume, o comprimento e a massa seca radicular (MSR), o índice relativo de clorofila a e b e os teores de cobre na MSPA e MSR. A inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense possibilita maior índice de clorofila A e B e desenvolvimento da parte aérea do sorgo, reduzindo o teor de cobre na parte aérea, possibilitando o reaproveitamento de solo contendo 52,5% de argila, contaminado com até 300 mg de cobre kg-1 de solo. A inoculação com Azospirillum brasilense aumenta a área superficial específica de raízes de sorgo em comparação a plantas não inoculadas cultivadas somente com adubação nitrogenada em solo contaminado com cobre.

Biochar (BC) is presented as an amendment based on biomass pyrolysis residue that promotes an increase in the amount of beneficial bacterial and mycorrhizal communities and the quantity of elemental nutrients for plant fertility; in addition, by its characteristics, it provides recalcitrant carbon, generates physicochemical changes, such as an increase in pH, increase in water retention in soil and cation exchange capacity. Most studies about BC focus on evaluating the results in physicochemical variables into soils, however, few studies show and explain reasons because BC increases beneficial bacterial and mycorrhizal communities to plant growth, for this reason is necessary to selectively analysis to define the mechanisms between BC and microorganisms. This review examines publications of the last 12 years of research on BC in different databases (ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springerlink, SciELO, Google Scholar), focusing on the years (2020-2022), to elucidate the underlying mechanisms that let the interaction between BC-soil microbial communities and its benefits as an agricultural amendment. An accepted hypothesis is the high porosity into BC that serves as a “microhabitat” since it allows ideal conditions of space, temperature, humidity, air, and food growing levels of rhizobacteria and mycorrhizal fungus involved in the solubilization of nutrients such as N, P and K increasing the exo-enzymatic activity of dehydrogenase, β-glucosidase, urease between others improving soil fertility and plant growth. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Common bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) yield is limited by prolonged drought conditions and nutrients scarcity in the soil. The Colombian Agricultural Research Corporation (AGROSAVIA) selected five common bean genotypes for presenting biofortification characteristics, good grain size and water deficit tolerance, however, sustainable techniques are required that contribute to the adaptation of these genotypes, and mitigate the impact of drought and nutrient scarcity on the crop production. Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria is an alternative to improve nutrients absorption and plants adaptation to adverse conditions. In this work, the efficiency of rhizobia in biological nitrogen fixation (BNF) in selected common bean genotypes was evaluated. Soil samples were taken in the rhizosphere and roots of the five bean genotypes at the Motilonia Research Center, as well as two alternative samplings in other areas of the Cesar department. Bean seeds were used as a trap to obtain nodules in the laboratory. The nodulation and biological nitrogen fixation of 11 strains from the AGROSAVIA bank in five bean genotypes were evaluated and the symbiotic efficiency of 7 of the strains in four of the genotypes was measured. Three isolates with rhizobia characteristics, symbionts of the 77-SMG22 genotype, were obtained. The most efficient strains in BNF were P17 and P22 in genotype 45-HTA10-2, strains C229 and P37 in 48-HTA14-1, in genotype 56-DAB295 all symbiont strains were efficient (C229, P03, P22 and P37), and in the 77-SMG22 genotype the most efficient treatment was the commercial inoculant Rhizobiol®. Therefore, the strains from the AGROSAVIA bank promote the development of some common bean genotypes reflected in the growth of the plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Hortícolas is the property of Revista Colombiana de Ciencias Horticolas and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Caatinga is the property of Revista Caatinga and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The search for cultivation practices that provide productive, social and environmental benefits to the agroecosystem is of great importance for the sustainable intensification of agriculture. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of multifunctional microorganisms (MM) and mix of cover crops on gas exchange, production components and grain yield of soybean. In the field experiment, conducted by two growing seasons, the experimental design of randomized blocks in factorial scheme 8x2 was used, with four replications. The treatments were composed by the combination of eight vegetal cover and the use or not of MM. The vegetal cover were composed of: 1. Fallow, 2. Corn, 3. Mix 1 (white lupine, buckwheat, white oats, black oats, Crotalaria ochroleuca, C. juncea, turnip, coracana grass, white lupine), 4. Mix 2 (millet, C. ochroleuca, black oats, white oats, buckwheat, coracana grass), 5. Mix 3 (Millet, C. ochroleuca, black oats, white oats, buckwheat, coracana grass), 6. Mix 4 (C. spectabilis, buckwheat, millet and C. breviflora), 7. Mix 5 (oats, buckwheat, millet, piatã grass and C. Ocholeuca); and 8. Mix 6. (black oats, turnip forage, white lupine, coracana grass, buckwheat). The MM consortium used was Serratia marcenses (BRM 32114) + Bacillus sp. (BRM 63573). Soybean plants coinoculated with (BRM 32114) + (BRM 63573) showed an increase in photosynthetic rate (16.65%), stomatal conductance (37.50%), internal CO2 concentration (10%), number of pods per plant (15%), mass of 100 grains (4.04%) and grain yield (14.83%). However, no differences were observed in soybean plants grown in succession to the mix of cover crops, except for the number of grains per pod. Therefore, in this study, the highlight was the consortium of multifunctional microorganisms, technology considered strategic for the sustainable intensification of agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Agricultural Research in the Tropics / Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical is the property of Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Agricultural Research in the Tropics / Pesquisa Agropecuária Tropical is the property of Pesquisa Agropecuaria Tropical and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The existing issues of climate change and population growth have driven to a rising awareness of the need to innovate in sustainable agricultural practices, such as intercropping, Enhancing the efficiency of intercropping systems by applying beneficial microorganisms (rhizobacteria, mycorrhizae or both) is a valuable approach. Two experiments were conducted to assess the effect of inoculation with beneficial microorganisms: rhizobacteria (B), mycorrhizae (M), and a rhizobacteria-mycorrhizae consortium (B+M) compared to a control of uninoculated plants (C) on a vetch-oat-triticale intercropping system. Growth, physiological traits, forage yield and qualities were determined at two harvesting periods (74 and 142 days after seeding, das). Overall, the different studied intercrops varied in terms of inoculation effects. Mycorrhizal inoculation had a significant positive effect on SPAD, total nitrogen and leaf to stem ratio for vetch, oat and triticale, respectively. Bacteria inoculation promoted leaf area and plant height for vetch and oat crops, but only plant height for triticale. The dual bacteria and mycorrhizae inoculum significantly improved the yield dry matter (YDM) by 41.2 % ensuring an increase of 2.1 and 1.67 Mg ha-1 at 74 and 142 das respectively, compared to the control. Further data analysis revealed an improvement of calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P) status after mycorrhizae inoculation. This study highlighted the potential applications of the dual biofertilizers on vetchoat-triticale intercropping as a way to increase forage yield and qualities in semi-arid regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. El uso de bacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal puede ser una alternativa a integrar en estrategias de manejo del cultivo de uchuva mediante su incorporación en etapas de semillero, permitiendo obtener plántulas de mayor vigor que puedan tolerar el estrés biótico y abiótico al momento del trasplante. Objetivo. Evaluar la actividad promotora de crecimiento vegetal y capacidad endofítica de las bacterias Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Bs006 y Pseudomonas migulae Pf014 inoculadas durante la etapa de semillero de uchuva (Physalis peruviana L.). Materiales y métodos. Se realizó un experimento de abril a mayo de 2018 en invernadero ubicado en el Centro de Investigación Tibaitatá, Mosquera, Colombia, en un diseño de bloques completos al azar con tres repeticiones. Se inocularon rizobacterias por separado en el sustrato 1 x 108 UFC mL-1 y se analizaron las variables fisiológicas biomasa seca (g) de raíz, tallo y hojas, la longitud final (cm), el área foliar (cm2) y número de hojas, adicionalmente se comprobó su endofitismo mediante la evaluación de la colonización del tejido vegetal. Resultados. B. amyloliquefaciens Bs006 estimuló el crecimiento de plántulas a diferentes niveles, exhibiendo mayor capacidad de promoción que P. migulae Pf014, ya que aumentó la longitud de la planta en 34 %, y el crecimiento en tallo y raíz en 59 % y 16 % respectivamente; aumento de la biomasa seca de la raíz en 178 %, el tallo en 161 %, y de las hojas en 96 %. Las bacterias se aislaron del interior de los tejidos vegetales demostrando su comportamiento endofítico. Conclusiones. La respuesta positiva en todas las variables agronómicas evaluadas con la aplicación de B. amyloliquefaciens Bs006, indica que esta bacteria puede ser integrada al esquema de producción de la uchuva contribuyendo a potenciar la producción del cultivo.

La fijación biológica de nitrógeno (FBN) es un proceso importante para la fertilidad del suelo y su microbiología. En pasturas tropicales influye en el consumo de proteína durante el proceso de pastoreo. Teniendo en cuenta esta condición, se llevó a cabo una revisión de diferentes documentos con el objeto de exponer la importancia de las bacterias fijadoras de nitrógeno como microorganismos valiosos para la producción bovina y presentar información inherente a la relación entre estas, el nitrógeno, la producción vegetal y animal, así como su importancia ecológica. Se consultaron 679 documentos obtenidos de diferentes plataformas de búsqueda, que se adquirieron mediante 12 ecuaciones de exploración o combinaciones de palabras clave, seleccionando 86 documentos, de los cuales 37 fueron artículos de investigación, 26 artículos de revisión, 18 tesis y 5 libros académicos, cuya información se organizó de forma clara con el fin de evidenciar la importancia que tienen las bacterias en el aprovechamiento del nitrógeno en pasturas.

An experiment was carried out under semi-controlled conditions to evaluate the effect of biofertilization with Gluconacetobacter diazotrophicus and Funneliformis mosseae on Guinea grass (Megathyrsus maximus cv. Likoni). Five treatments (simple and combined inoculation with G. diazotrophicus and F. mosseae, fertilization with 25 mg N kg-1 of soil and a control without biofertilizers or nitrogenous fertilizer) were studied in a completely random design with five repetitions. Biofertilization with G. diazotrophicus and F. mosseae separately produced higher effects than the control without biofertilizers. However, with the combined application of both, the highest frequency of mycorrhizal colonization was reached (52.4 %), as well as concentrations of N in aerial biomass (18.5 g kg-1) and aerial biomass yields (7.45 g pot-1) and radical (7.38 g pot-1), similar to those obtained with nitrogen fertilization. It is concluded that the co-inoculation with G. diazotrophicus and F. mosseae is effective in improving nitrogenous nutrition and biomass yields of Megathyrsus maximus cv. Likoni. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of plant growth promoting rhizobia is an interesting alternative to stimulate the development of coffee plants in the pre-germination phase, in the context of sustainable agriculture. The objective of this work was to evaluate the inoculation of strains and doses of rhizobia in coffee plants in pre-germination beds. The cultivars 'Isla 5-15' (Coffea arabica L.) and 'Robusta' (Coffea canephora Pierre ex Froehner) were used. A complete randomized design with a 3×3 factorial arrangement was used with an additional treatment (control without rhizobia), using three strains (Rhizobium sp. Rpd16, Rhizobium sp. C1 and Bradyrhizobium elkani ICA 8001) and three application rates (0.1, 0.5 and 1.0 mL per seed) as factors. The experiment was conducted in two phases: during germination and seed development. The percentage of emergence (PE), emergence index (EI) and emergence velocity index (EVI) of the seed were evaluated in the first phase. In the second phase, seedling height (PA) and root length (RL) were evaluated. The combination of strains and rhizobia doses influenced the two cultivars in the germination phase and showed little effect in the growth phase under pre-germination conditions. The strains that showed the best response in the two cultivars were Rhizobium sp. (Rpd16) and B. elkani (ICA 8001). The doses had effects only in the germination phase and were dependent on the strains evaluated in the different indices. These results suggest the use of rhizobial strains for the integrated management of coffee plants in their initial stage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of multifunctional microorganisms (MM) directly benefits the growth and development of plants due to the production of phytohormones and siderophores, supply of nutrients, and assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen (N2), as well as, indirectly, by protecting plants against pathogens. In this way, the search for sustainable agricultural systems is of great importance in searching for cultivation technologies that provide productive increments and minimize production costs and negative environmental impacts. The study aimed to determine the effect of multifunctional microorganisms on gas exchange, grain yield, and production components in soybean plants. In the field experiment, 2019/2020 harvest, a randomized block design was used, with 32 replications. Soybean plants were treated with a consortium of microorganisms Serratia marcensens (BRM 32114) + Bacillus sp. (BRM63573), and, as a control, soybean plants were treated without intercropping. Soybean plants treated with microorganisms showed an increase in photosynthetic rate (16.65%), stomatal conductance (37.50%), the internal concentration of CO2 (10.36%), a mass of 100 grains (4.04%), and yield of grains (14.83%) about untreated plants. Therefore, using a consortium of multifunctional microorganisms, combining multiple functionalities from different microorganisms, shows the potential to increase the agronomic performance of soybean plants. Coinoculation technology appears as a strategic component of achieving sustainable agriculture. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El biochar (BC) se presenta como una enmienda para suelos a partir del residuo de pirólisis de biomasa, que promueve el incremento de las comunidades bacterianas y micorrícicas benéficas y de nutrientes elementales para la fertilidad vegetal; por sus características, aporta carbono recalcitrante, genera cambios fisicoquímicos positivos como el incremento del pH, el aumento de la retención de agua en suelo y en la capacidad de intercambio catiónico. La mayoría de los artículos sobre BC se enfocan en evaluar los resultados de variables fisicoquímicas del suelo, sin embargo, son escasos los estudios que expliquen cómo y porqué el BC incrementa las comunidades microbianas benéficas para el crecimiento vegetal, razón por la cual es necesario analizarlos selectivamente para definir las causas y los efectos de la interacción entre el BC y los microorganismos del suelo. Esta revisión examina publicaciones de los últimos 12 años de investigación sobre el BC en diferentes bases de datos (ScienceDirect, Scopus, Springerlink, SciELO, Google Scholar), enfocándose en los años (2020-2022), con el fin de elucidar los mecanismos subyacentes que permiten la interacción entre BC-comunidades microbianas del suelo y sus beneficios como enmienda agrícola. La hipótesis aceptada es que la alta porosidad del BC que puede servir como “microhábitat” permite las condiciones ideales de espacio, temperatura, humedad y alimento para alterar los niveles de rizobacterias y hongos micorrícicos involucrados en la solubilización de nutrientes como N, P y K aumentando los niveles exo-enzimáticos de deshidrogenasa, β-glucosidasa, ureasa entre otras, mejorando la fertilidad del suelo y el crecimiento de plantas.

The search for life on other planets is one of the most important scientific challenges of this century, centered mainly on Mars. The Atacama Desert is one of the places on the planet with an environment similar to the red planet, with a hyper-arid core that constitutes an extreme environment and scarce life, due to environmental factors. At the moment it has not been possible to confirm the existence of life in this planet, but it is planned to take the life to this planet by means of potato crop. Also has been research the application of microorganisms for the recovery of desert soils, with high salinity or low fertility, through the interaction of microorganisms and plants. The present review describes the similarities between the La Joya desert in Atacama and Mars, showing its importance for the search for life on that planet. Show the recent advances in the investigation of potato crops for its development on Mars or in similar conditions, in addition to the importance of the application of microorganisms that facilitate the growth and adaptability of this crop to inhospitable conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The positive effect of plant growth promoting rhizobacteria on plants that are subjected to environmental stress has been studied for decades. This review fundamentally deals with aspects related to the theoretical basis of the physiological-biochemical mechanism of these microorganisms, and that have to do with tolerance to drought and salinity by plants, which includes the production of phytohormones, enzymes and osmolytes, among others. Information is also compiled about the progress made on this subject in recent years, in the world and in Cuba, especially in relation to cereals, legumes and grasses. It is considered that water stress, as well as saline stress, limits the growth and productivity of crops, but the use of microbial inoculants highlighted among the ways that exist to reverse the consequences of these stressful environmental factors. Proven results are cited with the application of bioinoculants from rhizobacteria and other beneficial microorganisms that show their usefulness, by increasing the productivity of different crops, under drought and salinity stress conditions. Future researches are needed to develop and apply novel bioinoculants in agriculture so that the threats of drought and salinity can be counteracted. This objective can be achieved through the applied study of plant-microorganism interactions, under environmental stress conditions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

En estudios previos, realizamos una colecta de raíces y suelos asociados a cultivos de ñame (Dioscorea rotundata Poir) en la región Caribe de Colombia, de los cuales se lograron aislar e identificar varias cepas de Azotobacter chroococcum y Azotobacter vinelandii, que en estudios de laboratorio y casa de malla mostraron promoción del crecimiento en plantas de ñame. Para la presente investigación, se obtuvieron de AGROSAVIA, dos de estas cepas (A. chroococcum DBC12, A. vinelandii DBC9) y se evaluaron, bajo condiciones de campo, sus efectos sobre los rendimientos y la calidad de los tubérculos de ñame, en combinación con la aplicación de cuatro niveles de fertilización química con nitrógeno (0, 50, 75 and 100% de la dosis recomendada para el cultivo). Por un lado, en una primera prueba realizada bajo condiciones in vitro, se confirmó la capacidad de fijación de N y la producción de NH3. en ambas cepas de bacterias, mientras que, bajo condiciones de campo, los más altos rendimientos se obtuvieron con la combinación de la inoculación individual con las cepas A. chroococcum DBC12 o A. vinelandii DBC9, y el 50% de la dosis recomendada de fertilización con nitrógeno. Por otro lado, la clasificación de los tubérculos de ñame de acuerdo con la calidad para el mercado, indicaron que los mismos tratamientos indujeron la producción de una mayor cantidad de tubérculos de prime­ra categoría o calidad tipo exportación, lo que sugiere que estas dos cepas de bacterias son efectivas para mejorar también los aspectos de calidad de los tubérculos. De estos resultados, se concluye que las cepas A. chroococcum DBC12 y A. vinelandii DBC9 tienen la potencialidad de reemplazar hasta el 50% de la dosis recomendada de fertilización nitrogenada y presentan potencial como posibles bioinoculantes, lo que las convierte en una alternativa para reducir los niveles de fertilización química, contribuyendo así a una agricultura más sostenible y competitiva en el cultivo del ñame.

Multifunctional microorganisms are beneficial microorganisms able of promoting plant growth through direct and indirect mechanisms. Because of this, has enormous potential for use when aiming a sustainable agriculture. The objective of this work was to determine the effect of seed inoculation with multifunctional microorganisms on the initial development of corn seedlings. The experiment was carried out under controlled conditions in a completely randomized design, with seven treatments and six replications. Treatments consisted of microbiolization of corn seeds with the rhizobacteria: 1. Pseudomonas fluorescens (BRM 32111), 2. Burkholderia pyrrocinia (BRM 32113), 3. Serratia sp. (BRM 32114), 4. Bacillus sp. (BRM 63573), 5. Azospirillum brasilense (Ab-V5), 6. Azospirillum sp. (BRM 63574) and 7. control treatment (no microorganisms). For each experimental unit, 500 mL plastic pots filled with soil and two corn seeds were used. After 14 days the seedlings were removed from the pots, set aside from the ground and photographed with a digital camera. The images presented were analyzed by WinRHIZO 2012 software to determine: total root length, root diameter, total root surface area and root volume. After this, roots and shoots of the seedlings were dried and weighed. Corn seedlings treated with the multifunctional microorganisms Bacillus sp. (BRM 63573), Serratia sp. (BRM32114) and Azospirillum sp. (BRM 63574) presented increased in the root and shoots biomass compared to untreated seeds. The microorganism Azospirillum sp. (BRM 63574) was the one that provided the highest values in the parameters of total root length, root diameter, root volume, root dry mass, shoot dry mass and total dry mass compared to the control treatment. The use of multifunctional microorganisms is a promising alternative to provide greater development of corn seedlings.

Copyright of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental - Agriambi is the property of Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agricola e Ambiental and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La población mundial genera un alto consumo de alimentos, situación que provoca el incremento del uso de fertilizantes sintéticos, los cuales, son costosos y contaminan al medio ambiente. Las bacterias rizosféricas son una alternativa a la aplicación de fertilizantes sintéticos, debido a que estimulan el crecimiento y la productividad de las plantas, no contaminan al medio ambiente y su aplicación es de bajo costo. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar el efecto de la inoculación de tres cepas rizobacterianas de Pseudomonas putida y aplicación de dos concentraciones de fertilización sintética sobre parámetros morfológicos y rendimiento de fruto en plantas de pimiento morrón variedad ‘California Wonder’ en condiciones de invernadero. Las plantas fueron inoculadas con tres rizobacterias de P. putida catalogadas como FA-8, FA-56 y FA-60 de manera individual y combinada. La concentración de la fertilización sintética fue del 100 y 75%. Se determinó la altura, el diámetro de tallo, longitud y volumen de raíz, biomasa fresca y seca, rendimiento y contenido de solidos solubles totales de fruto y población bacteriana. Los resultados indican que las bacterias y las dosis de fertilización sintética incrementaron todos los parámetros morfológicos y de productividad del pimiento morrón. El uso de P. putida como un bio-fertilizante puede ser importante dentro de la producción sustentable de cultivos hortícolas como el pimiento morrón.

El Azospirillum es un género de bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal, encontrado en suelos de diferentes regiones del globo terrestre. Estas bacterias cuando se asocian a raíces de plantas, ayudan en la producción y productividad del cultivo, actuando en el aumento de parte aérea y sistema radicular. Estos beneficios se derivan de la excreción de los fitonutrientes de crecimiento, especialmente las auxinas. En las gramíneas forrajeras, la inoculación de estas cepas puede proporcionar mayores ganancias de masa de forraje con menores dosis de N-fertilizante, garantizando la sostenibilidad del sistema de producción del pasto. El uso de Azospirillum spp., en gramíneas debe llenar un vacío entre la productividad y la sostenibilidad. La promoción del crecimiento proporcionado por Azospirillum se ha descrito en varias gramíneas como la caña de azúcar, el maíz y plantas forrajeras, pero se deben realizar más estudios en diferentes condiciones para diseminar y consolidar su adopción entre los productores. La adopción de la inoculación de esta bacteria puede aumentar la competitividad de los productos agrícolas y ser un diferencial frente a la producción adoptada en la agricultura convencional. En la ganadería la inoculación en pastizales puede aumentar la producción de masa de forraje, y mitigar los riesgos de degradación y mejorar los índices productivos de ese sector.

Introducción. La contaminación por compuestos orgánicos persistentes (COP) y metales pesados en aguas y suelos es un serio problema ambiental. El objetivo fue evaluar el empleo de microorganismos (autóctonos y de colección) y sus productos en la remoción de estos contaminantes. Métodos. Los microorganismos autóctonos se aislaron mediante enriquecimiento secuencial. La cuantificación de ramnolípidos y clorofenoles se realizó por métodos colorimétricos y la remoción de hidrocarburos se cuantificó gravimétricamente. Los metales se determinaron por absorción atómica con plasma (AAS-ICP). Resultados. El ramnolípido producido por Pseudomonas aeruginosa ORA9 removió más del 50 % del cobre presente en aguas y el 75 % de los hidrocarburos de suelos contaminados. Asimismo, el empleo de 4 cepas bacterianas y bacterias rizosféricas aisladas de suelos contaminados permitieron hasta un 84 % y 72 % de remoción de hidrocarburos y de degradación del herbicida ácido 2,4-diclorofenoxiacético (2,4-D), respectivamente. Por otra parte, se comprobó la efectividad del empleo de sistemas biológicos para el tratamiento de las aguas contaminadas con hidrocarburos y metales pesados, obteniéndose porcentajes de remoción de hidrocarburos de 60 % y 84 % con un biorreactor Airlift diseñado y un sistema de reactores aerobio/anaerobio, respectivamente. Finalmente, utilizando biomasa microbiana seca, se extrajo el 52 %, 23 % y 14 % de los metales cobre, zinc y manganeso, respectivamente, presentes en aguas contaminadas. Como conclusión los resultados de esta investigación constituyen los fundamentos científicos para implementar un paquete tecnológico para la remediación de sitios contaminados con COP y metales pesados utilizando microorganismos.

El garbanzo (Cicer arietinum L.), es una de las leguminosas más importantes del mundo con una producción que ronda los 9 millones de toneladas. El cultivo es sensible a varios estreses abióticos como son: la salinidad, las temperaturas extremas y el exceso o deficiencia de humedad en el suelo; además, puede ser afectado por varias plagas y enfermedades. Los efectos adversos del uso indiscriminado de productos químicos en la agricultura, ha propiciado el uso de diversos bioestimulantes en el garbanzo como alternativa segura al empleo de los mismos, ya sea para el aporte de nutrientes a las plantas como para el control y manejo de plagas y enfermedades; así como para la inducción de tolerancia a estreses abióticos. El uso de bacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (BPCV) como biofertilizantes, ha sido una de las prácticas más utilizadas en este cultivo, aunque también se han empleado los hongos micorrízicos arbusculares, la coinoculación de bacterias de diferentes géneros y de bacterias y hongos. Además, se ha informado el empleo de otros bioestimulantes como los productos a base de algas o quitosano, para incrementar el rendimiento y la calidad de los granos. El objetivo de esta revisión bibliográfica es dar una visión actualizada sobre el uso de bioestimulantes en el cultivo del garbanzo, haciendo énfasis en aquellos basados en microorganismos benéficos, extractos de algas y quitosano. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Microrganismos multifuncionais podem contribuir para o desenvolvimento do sistema radicular de plantas afetando positivamente a produtividade de grãos das culturas. Objetivou-se determinar o efeito da inoculação de rizobactérias em sementes no desenvolvimento radicular de plântulas do arroz de terras altas. O experimento foi conduzido no laboratório de microbiologia agrícola da Embrapa Arroz e Feijão, e adotando delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com oito repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram da inoculação em sementes de arroz com as rizobactérias 1. Pseudomonas fluorescens (BRM 32111), 2. Burkholderia pyrrocinia (BRM 32113), 3. Serratia sp. (BRM 32114), 4. Bacillus sp. (1301), 5. Azospirillum brasilense (Ab-V5), 6. Azospirillum sp. (1381), e 7. tratamento controle (sem microrganismo). O tratamento com a utilização do microrganismo Azospirillum sp. (1381) proporcionou maior comprimento radicular, volume de raízes e massa seca total de raízes, sendo respectivamente, 86,34, 111,53 e 29,41%, superior ao tratamento controle e diferiu significativamente. Além disso, os tratamentos Ab-V5 e Bacillus sp. (1301) proporcionaram maior diâmetro radicular nas plantas de arroz, sendo 13,81 e 13,06 % respectivamente superior ao tratamento controle. O uso destes microrganismos multifuncionais foi eficiente em sua capacidade de proporcionar incrementos no desenvolvimento radicular de plântulas de arroz.

The objective of this study was to evaluate plant growthpromoting bacteria in eucalyptus, associated with different levels of ammonium sulfate, to know the benefits to initial plant growth, determining which nitrogen level and bacterial isolate is the most effective. Five bacterial isolates and one control without inoculation were used, besides 4 levels of ammonium sulfate, 0, 20, 40 and 60 mg dm-3 N, in a factorial scheme and randomized block design, set in a 20-L pot, with Eucalyptus urophylla clone AEC144. Height, diameter, dry matter, leaf area, Spad index, Ntotal and photosynthesis were evaluated. The isolates UESBJMR32E and UESBJNR32E promote initial growth in eucalyptus plants associated with intermediate doses of ammonium sulfate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The association between beneficial microorganisms and green beans can accelerate establishment in the field. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of seed treatments in different doses of Bacillus subtilis on the physiological potential of green beans. Seeds from the cultivar Macarrão Baixo were used. The study used a completely randomized design in a double factorial scheme with factor A in the treatments: Pelliculation (PC), Pelliculation with Drying (PCD), Pre-Imbibition (PI), Biopriming (BP); factor B, doses of B. subtilis: 0; 7; 14 and 28 mL of a commercial product.kg of seed-1, and a control. The following treatments were applied: moisture content analysis, first count and final germination, electrical conductivity, length, fresh and dry seedling weight, speed index, and final emergence. Analysis of variance was applied to the data and when significant, it was compared using Tukey's test and polynomial regression; for the absolute control, orthogonal contrast was applied, with p < 0.05 for all analyses. The treatments did not impair seed viability. Vigor benefited with the use of PI and doses between 16 and 20 mL of p.c.kg of seed-1. PI alone had the best performance. Biopriming, associated with B. subtilis, favors the vigor of green beans. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bracantiga (Mimosa scabrella Benth) is a native leguminous specie from the south of Brazil, with great potential for commercial use. It can be used to recover degraded areas due to their fast growth, high adaptability and root nodule formation capacity. One alternative to reduce fertilization costs of seedlings production, are the plant growth promoting rhizobacteria. The fluorescent group of Pseudomonas is common at several plant rhizosphere. The objective of this work was to assess the growth stimulus of fluorescent Pseudomonas isolates at bracatinga seedlings. The seeds were inoculated with three bacterial isolates (CBSAL14, CBSAL18 and CBSAL05), genetically identified as Pseudomonas sp. They were previously grown in 50 mL of Luria Bertani medium for 48 h and then the seeds were submerged for 30 min in the suspensions. Subsequently, they were sown in tubes containing sterilized commercial substrate and kept in greenhouse for five months. From 61 days after sowing, seedling height and stem diameter were measured monthly. The CBSAL14 and CBSAL18 isolates promoted promoted increase in growth of seedlings height of inoculated individuals compared to control, suggesting their potential use as plant growth promoters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bactérias do gênero Bradyrhizobium podem estabelecer simbiose com a soja e suprir a demanda de nitrogênio pela fixação biológica de nitrogênio (FBN). Este estudo teve como objetivo caracterizar genes relacionados à eficiência na FBN em cepas de B. japonicum contrastantes quanto a eficiência na FBN. As sequências gênicas relacionadas à eficiência da FBN em soja foram previamente identificadas na cepa S370 de B. japonicum utilizando uma técnica de DNA subtrativo. Os genes foram amplificados com iniciadores construídos a partir do genoma da cepa USDA 110. Os produtos de PCR foram digeridos com endonucleases de restrição e os produtos de RFLP foram analisados por eletroforese horizontal. Dos quatro genes estudados, apenas blr 3208 e blr 4511 amplificaram na maioria das cepas. Não foi observado polimorfismo no perfil de restrição dos genes blr 3208 e blr 4511 por PCR-RFLP. As cepas contrastantes tiveram os genes blr 3208 e blr 4511 sequenciados e a comparação das sequências nucleotídicas por análise de alinhamento múltiplo mostrou a presença de regiões internas preservadas, confirmando a análise realizada por PCR-RFLP. Os genes blr 3208 e blr 4511 são altamente conservados entre as cepas de B. japonicum, o que pode estar relacionado à função adaptativa durante o processo evolutivo do gênero Bradyrhizobium.

La lechuga y el brócoli son productos de importancia agrícola en Ecuador, cuyo cultivo demanda considerables cantidades de nutrientes minerales obtenidos, generalmente, de fertilización química. Dado que el uso de rizobacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal (RPCV) es una alternativa biológica para el desarrollo de estas especies hortícolas, se estudiaron varias cepas de Bacillus spp. mediante pruebas en laboratorio y campo. La fijación biológica de nitrógeno se realizó mediante una evaluación cualitativa en medio de cultivo libre de nitrógeno; la producción de ácido indolacético se realizó en medio Tryptic Soy Broth (TSB) y se cuantificó la concentración de este con el reactivo de Salkowski; la solubilización de fosfatos se realizó en medio NBRIP, y se cuantificó la concentración de fósforo transformado con el reactivo Mo-Blue. Los datos obtenidos mostraron una diferencia significativa entre los tratamientos (p < 0,01), donde B. megaterium y B. licheniformis presentaron mayor capacidad para fijar nitrógeno, producir auxinas y solubilizar fosfatos. La evaluación de campo determinó, por una parte, un incremento en altura de 26,7 % y 13,72 % en lechuga y brócoli respectivamente, con la aplicación semanal de B. licheniformis. Por otra parte, la aplicación semanal de B. megaterium incrementó significativamente el contenido de materia seca, longitud y peso de la raíz tanto en lechuga como en brócoli. Todas las comparaciones se hicieron frente a un testigo. Estos resultados demuestran que las cepas identificadas en la investigación pueden ser consideradas como rizobacterias promotoras de crecimiento vegetal y son una alternativa biológica a los fertilizantes de síntesis química.

Introducción: Las rizobacterias promotoras del crecimiento vegetal (RPCV) son un grupo de bacterias rizosféricas con la habilidad de promover el crecimiento y la salud de las plantas, y restaurar la fertilidad del suelo. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo evaluar la promoción del crecimiento en el cultivo de trigo (Triticum turgidum L. subsp. durum) por la co-inoculación de cepas nativas del género Bacillus aisladas del Valle del Yaqui, México, para su potencial uso como inoculante microbiano. Método: Tres cepas bacterias obtenidas de la Colección de Microorganismos Edáficos y Endófitos Nativos (COLMENA), aisladas del cultivo de trigo en el Valle del Yaqui, fueron estudiadas. Primeramente, se realizó la identificación molecular de las cepas mediante la secuenciación del gen 16S RNAr, mediante la plataforma Sanger. Además, las cepas bacterianas fueron caracterizadas metabólicamente mediante actividades funcionales asociadas a la promoción del crecimiento vegetal (producción de indoles, solubilización de fósforo insoluble, y producción de sideróforos). Finalmente, el impacto de la inoculación de estas cepas individualmente, y en consorcios fue determinado utilizando el cultivo de trigo (Triticum turgidum L subsp. durum) como planta modelo, simulando las condiciones edafo-climáticas del Valle del Yaqui. Las variables morfométricas medidas fueron la longitud aérea y de raíz, peso seco aéreo y de raíz, e índice de biovolumen. Resultados: Las cepas TRQ8, TRQ65 y TE3T fueron afiliadas taxonómicamente a Bacillus megaterium, Bacillus paralicheniformis y Bacillus cabrialesii, respectivamente; dicha clasificación fue soportada por sus características macro-microscópica como: su forma bacilar y tinción Gram positiva, que son características propias de este género bacteriano. Las cepas en estudio tuvieron la capacidad de producir indoles, siendo B. paralicheniformis TRQ65 quien presentó mayor producción con 39.29 µg/mL. Mientras que en la prueba de solubilización de fósforo insoluble las 3 cepas mostraron la capacidad en un rango de índice de solubilización de 1.37 a 1.43; finalmente, solamente la cepa B. megaterium TRQ8 mostró un índice de producción de sideróforos de 8.17. La inoculación del consorcio B. megaterium TRQ8 + B. paralicheniformis TRQ65 mostró los mayores incrementos en las 5 variables medidas en la planta, diferencia significativa (p

Plant growth promoting rhizobacteria (PGPR) are soil bacteria that have the ability to colonize the rhizosphere and favor the growth of plants through several mechanisms, such as phytohormone production, biological fixation in nitrogen (BNF), increased efficiency in uptake of nutrients in the soil, and greater tolerance to water stress or disease attack. The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of inoculation of different growth promoting bacteria on the development of canola plants. The experiment was conducted in a greenhouse with a completely randomized design. Four treatments were evaluated: control - without inoculation, Azospirillum brasilense of strain Ab-V5, Rhizobium sp. strain 8121, and Bacillus sp. strain CM. The height parameter of plants was evaluated weekly, starting at 25 days after sowing (DAS). At the end of the evaluations, at 53 DAS, the length of the main root, the dry mass of the aerial part and the root system were measured. The canola showed a linear increase in height from 25 to 53 DAS. Bacillus sp. negatively influenced the growth of the plants, reducing their height in periods 25, 32 and 39 DAS in relation to the control group. A. brazilense. yielded 2.64 times more dry root mass (0.7 g plant-1) than the control plants (0.3 g plant-1). Even though Rhizobium sp. produced an increase in the length of the main root, this was not reflected in an increment of dry mass in the root system. The greatest development of the root system was provided by A. brazilense.

Las rizobacterias de vida libre o asociativas promueven el crecimiento vegetal, fi jan nitrógeno y sintetizan fi tohormonas. La combinación de estos mecanismos contribuye a mejorar la efi ciencia en el uso de fertilizantes nitrogenados y aumentar la productividad de los cultivos. El objetivo de esta investigación fue evaluar el efecto de Azotobacter vinelandii DVS9 y Pseudomonas denitrifi cans DVS10 bajo diferentes niveles de fertilización química nitrogenada (50% y 75%) sobre el rendimiento y calidad nutricional de los tubérculos de Dioscorea rotundata. El estudio se realizó en el municipio de Morindó, Córdoba (Colombia), empleando un diseño experimental completamente aleatorizado con un arreglo factorial aumentado 3x2+2, con 3 repeticiones. Los resultados obtenidos indican que la inoculación de la cepa Pseudomonas denitrifi cans DVS10 redujo un 25% la fertilización nitrogenada el cultivo de ñame espino, asimismo, esta bacteria produjo incrementos signifi cativos en los contenidos de proteína y fi bra cruda del tubérculo.

An experiment was carried out to evaluate the contribution of biofertilization to the reduction of nitrogen fertilization in Urochloa hybrid cv. Mulato II with the use of rhizobacterium Azospirillum brasilense and the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus (AMF) Rhizoglomus irregulare. A total of three doses of nitrogen (0, 70 and 100 kg ha-1) were evaluated, alone and combined with the application of both biofertilizers, in a random block design, with factorial arrangement and four replications. For biofertilization, inocula containing A. brasilense with a concentration of 109 CFU mL-1, and R. irregulare, with a concentration of 30 spores g-1 were used. Both were applied by the seeds coating method at the time of sowing. In the case of A. brasilense, a second application was made, at a rate of 20 L ha-1 after the first cut. The grass significantly responded (P <0.01) to nitrogen fertilization. The highest yields (14.5 t ha-1), concentrations of nitrogen in biomass (16.1 g kg-1) and organic matter digestibility (64.7 %), as well as the lowest content of neutral detergent fiber (68.1 %) were obtained with the dose of 100 kg N ha-1. With the biofertilization, without the application of nitrogen, these indicators reached similar values to those registered with the addition of 100 kg N ha-1. The effect of biofertilizers was maintained for a year. It is concluded that biofertilization with A. brasilense and R. irregulare constitutes an effective alternative to reduce the use of nitrogen fertilizer in B. hybrid cv. Mulato II. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Brazil is the second world producer of bovine meat, which often relies on preserved forage to decrease seasonality of forage production. Increased forage accumulation may be favored by technologies such as inoculation. Research works on this theme have been conducted with Azospirillum brasilense associated to oats, ryegrass and guinea grass. However, response of jiggs, a widely cultivated perennial grass, to plant growth-promoting microrganisms is poorly understood. Hence this study aimed to assess effects of inoculation on development of Cynodon dactylon cv. Jiggs. Four treatments were tested: T1) control, T2) Inoculation with A. brasilense, T3) Inoculation with Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas and Saccharomyces, T4) Inoculation + Reinoculation with Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas and Saccharomyces. Forage mass, percentage of leaves, stems, dead mass, reproductive structures and leaf/stem ratio were measured. Data were submitted to analysis of variance, and when significant effects were detected, means were separated by LSD Test. Positive effects of inoculation were recorded at all evaluations, mostly concerning percentage of leaves and leaf/stem ratio. A. brasilense improved leaf/stem ratio up to 56%. Also, a 64% increment on this parameter was obtained with Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Pseudomonas and Saccharomyces. Modifications of plant morphology components are important since grasses with more percentage of leaves increase nutritional value of haylage. Morphology of Cynodon dactylon cv. Jiggs is affected by Azospirillum, Rhizobium, Saccharomyces and Pseudomonas, improving aspects related to palatability and preferred grazing of livestock animals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Net effect of plant-microbe interactions on plant growth could be either positive, neutral or negative. All those bacteria inhabiting plant roots and influencing the plant growth positively by any mechanism are referred to as plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Se realizó un experimento con el objetivo de evaluar el efecto de la biofertilización con la rizobacteria Azospirillum brasilense y el hongo micorrízico arbuscular Rhizoglomus irregulare en el pasto Brachiaria híbrido cv. Mulato II cultivado en un suelo Pardo Mullido Carbonatado. Se incluyeron cuatro tratamientos conformados por la inoculación sola y combinada, de ambos microorganismos, más un testigo sin inocular, en un diseño cuadrado latino. El inóculo con R. irregulare poseía una concentración de 30 esporas g-1 y se aplicó mediante el método del recubrimiento de las semillas al momento de la siembra, mientras que A. brasilense, con una concentración de 109 UFC mL-1, se aplicó sumergiendo las semillas en una solución de inóculo y agua en relación 1:10, y a razón de 20 L ha¹ después del primer corte. Se realizaron cuatro cortes, a intervalos de 60 y 90 días en el período lluvioso y poco lluvioso, respectivamente. R. irregulare aumentó la frecuencia e intensidad de la colonización micorrízica, así como el número de esporas en la rizosfera, aunque los mayores resultados se alcanzaron cuando se aplicó con A. brasilense. Los biofertilizantes por separado incrementaron el crecimiento de la parte aérea y radical de las plantas, las concentraciones de nitrógeno en la biomasa aérea y el rendimiento de masa seca del pasto, pero los mayores valores de estas variables, así como la mayor contribución de la biofertilización a la nutrición nitrogenada del pasto, se obtuvieron con su aplicación conjunta. El efecto de la biofertilización se mantuvo durante un año. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The use of biocontrollers in agriculture benefits the physiological aspects in plants, unlike the constant application of pesticides in the cultivation of banana has caused the loss of sensitivity in M. fijiensis, reducing soil microbiota. The objective was to characterize the antagonistic potential of PGPR in inhibition of ascospore germination and mycelial development of M. fijiensis. Monosporic cultures of M. fijiensis and identified by PCR were performed. The cellular extracts of Pseudomonas putida PB3-6, Klebsiella variicola BO3-4, Enterobacter asburiae BA4-19, Serratia marcescens PM3-8, Enterobacter asburiae PM3-14, Pseudomonas protegens CHA0, Pseudomonas fluorescens WCS417, Pseudomonas veronii R4 and Bacillus subtilis ATCC 5540 were evaluated for its antagonistic evaluations: a) Inhibition of the germination tube of the ascospores at 2% and b) Mycelial development at (2 and 10%). The PCR used in the identification of M. fijiensis confirms the amplification product of 1018 bp. The antagonistic factor of the cellular extracts at 2% of PM3-14 and CHA0 inhibits over 80% the development of germ tubes. The inhibition to the mycelial development of the cellular extract to 2%, of CHA0 achieved an effectiveness of 54% and the strains (PM3-8, PM3-14 and BA4-19) with (32, 26 and 26%). 10% of the extract of strain PM3-8 inhibited mycelial development with turbidity levels of 0.47 (OD600nm). The use of these bio-controllers in agriculture will offer an alternative to benefit in reducing the use of agrochemicals. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this study was to evaluate the controlling effect of Bacillus spp. on Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. cubense (Foc) activity under greenhouse conditions. Two experiments were set up, with the first consisting of one Bacillus application on the substrate, with Foc addition seven days later; two Bacillus applications at a seven-day interval on the substrate and Foc application seven days after the last Bacillus application; and Bacillus applied to the substrate at the same time as Foc. After 14 days of incubation of the substrate infested with Foc and Bacillus, banana seedlings of the Prata-Anã cultivar were planted in tubes. In the second experiment, the application interval was the same as the pre-inoculation experiment, but with Fusarium inoculated first and then transferring bacteria to the substrate. The results of both experiments demonstrated that the Bacillus spp. application after the Fusarium installation, with and without time interval, proved to be the best biocontrol of this disease in Prata-Anã plants. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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