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Palm Fatty Acid Distillate (PFAD), a by-product of CPO industry, contains approx. 82%-wt of free fatty acids, which can be utilized as raw material for Magnesium Salts of Fatty Acids (Mg-PFAD). The objectives of the experiment were to produce Mg-PFAD salts through saponification-fusion reaction of PFAD at low temperature and ambient pressure and investigate the effect of MgO to fatty acid molar ratio on reaction conversion and yield. Next, washing Mg-PFAD salts with ethanol was able to facilitate the recovery of vitamin E (tocopherol and tocotrienol) from PFAD. Composition of Mg-PFAD were determined by AAS and GC analysis. Based on the data, yield of Mg-PFAD was increased by the increased of MgO to PFAD molar ratio. Mg-content of the product was within the standard according to FAO reference (4-5%-wt). Reaction was completed within 5-7 min after the addition of H2O (as catalyst).

Introduction: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a common allergic eczema that affects up to 10% of adults in developed countries. Immune cells in the epidermis, namely, Langerhans cells (LCs), contribute to the pathogenesis of AD, although their exact role(s) in disease remain unclear. Methods: We performed immunostaining on human skin and peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) and visualized primary cilium. Result and discussion: We show that human dendritic cells (DCs) and LCs have a previously unknown primary cilium-like structure. The primary cilium was assembled during DC proliferation in response to the Th2 cytokine GM-CSF, and its formation was halted by DC maturation agents. This suggests that the role of primary cilium is to transduce proliferation signaling. The platelet-derived growth factor receptor alpha (PDGFRα) pathway, which is known for transducing proliferation signals in the primary cilium, promoted DC proliferation in a manner dependent on the intraflagellar transport (IFT) system. We also examined the epidermal samples from AD patients, and observed aberrantly ciliated LCs and keratinocytes in immature and proliferating states. Our results identify a potential relationship between the primary cilium and allergic skin barrier disorders, and suggest that targeting the primary cilium may contribute to treating AD., Competing Interests: FF and FO were employed by Mandom Corporation The remaining authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2023 Toriyama, Rizaldy, Nakamura, Atsumi, Toriyama, Fujita, Okada, Morita, Itoh and Ishii.)

Primary cilia influence cell activity, and thus have a unique role in maintaining cell proliferation and differentiation. In atopic dermatitis (AD) and psoriasis, areas of skin inflammation exhibit dysregulated keratinocyte homeostasis. The role of primary cilia in these conditions remains unclear. The objectives of this study is to elucidate the incidence of primary cilia in skin inflammation and the potential mechanism underlying the dysregulation of keratinocytes. Primary cilia were observed using immunofluorescence staining. Normal skin samples were compared with skin samples from patients with AD or psoriasis in terms of cilia numbers and length. The effect of cytokine stimulation on ciliogenesis in keratinocytes was analysed using a primary keratinocyte culture. IFT88, an important ciliary intraflagellar protein, was blocked in Th2 and Th17 cytokines-stimulated keratinocytes. These effects were analysed with quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blot. Significant increases in ciliated cells were observed in AD and psoriasis skin samples compared with normal skin samples. The stimulation of keratinocytes using Th2 and Th17 cytokines modulated the formation of primary cilia. The amount of IFT88 in the primary cilia associated with the phosphorylation of JNK, but not p38, in keratinocytes stimulated with interleukin-13, 17A and 22. An increase of ciliated cells in the epidermis may impair keratinocyte differentiation under stress conditions caused by inflammation in both AD and psoriasis patients., (© 2021 John Wiley & Sons Ltd.)