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Drivers of land use change were captured by the use of DPSIR model where Drivers (D) represented human needs, Pressures (P), human activities, State (S), the ecosystem, Impact (I) services from the ecosystem and Response (R), the decisions taken by land users. Land sat MSS and Land sat ETM+ (path 185, row 31) were used in this study. The Land sat ETM+ image (June 1987, May, 2000 and July, 2014) was downloaded from USGS Earth Resources Observation Systems data website. Remote sensing image processing was performed by using ERDAS Imagine 9.1. Two land use/land cover (LULC) classes were established as forest and shrub land. Severe land cover changes was found to have occurred from 1987-2000, where shrub land reduced by −19%, and forestry reduced by −72%. In 2000 – 2014 shrub land reduced by-45%, and forestry reduced by −64%. Forestry and shrub land were found to be consistently reducing.

Purpose Societal problems have impacted the northeast of the USA for various generations. This paper aims to analyse various sustainability aspects in the Hudson River watershed of New York by highlighting a temporal progression from environmental sustainability at the watershed level in the 1970s to growing concerns with more localized cross-border social and cultural sustainability in recent decades. We discuss an engagement with the Rapp Road Historic District and a documentary screening series as potential ways to eliminate racism and embrace diversity. Design/methodology/approach The research was based on fieldwork and classroom teaching conducted mostly since summer 2014. It included mixed methods combining document analysis and reviews with the examination of case studies, and the assessment of public policy priorities. Findings Formal training has to be combined with a substantial dose of realism, humility and motivation to recognize that what the authors teach and research in the community matters. Future learning experiences within a place-based education paradigm could include: Having students help devise urban rehabilitation strategies whilst suggesting integrative measures with the surrounding built and natural environments; students could also help improve public spaces in the neighbourhood; and finally, they could also help to strengthen the cultural identity of the district by augmenting urban design features endogenous to the African American community. Practical implications Opportunities could be further augmented with service-learning projects and programmes, internships and even full-time jobs for recent graduates in local community development organizations. Social implications The study served to raise the community’s awareness of its own natural, ecological and human assets, and to create place-based real-world opportunities for students and faculty in environmental and cultural sustainability studies. Originality/value Environmental sustainability is discussed with the creation of the Hudson River Valley National Heritage Area, whilst the public engagement with the Rapp Road Historic Association in the Capital Region of upstate New York, the identification of an emerging creative cluster in the Berkshires-Hudson region, and a documentary and discussion series on striving for diverse cities serve to demonstrate current concerns with social and cultural sustainability.

The Mearim River Watershed has multiple uses e.g. leisure, navigation, fishing and subsistence agriculture and constitutes the main source of supply for the populations of municipalities situated along its course. In addition to being a water supply source, the existence of the ‘pororoca’ (tidal bore) effect in a stretch of the lower course of the Mearim River attracts people from several Brazilian states and different countries, as it offers excellent conditions for surfing in fresh water. In this respect, given the importance of the watershed, this study was developed to report the detection of diarrheagenic Escherichia coli pathotypes in a stretch of the lower course of the Mearim River, located in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. Thirty water samples were collected from 10 sampling points. To quantify E. coli, the chromogenic enzymatic system was used and positive samples were isolated and biochemically identified. Pure cultures underwent DNA extraction by heating followed by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) characterization. At the time of the collections, an observation schedule was used to record information on the existence of rearing of livestock and domestic animals; businesses; residences; and fruit and vegetable farming on the riverbanks. The samples were analyzed for the mean populations of E. coli, which ranged from 444 to 2,585 MPN mL-1. Twenty bacterial isolates were identified and the diarrheal pathotypes ETEC, typical EPEC and atypical EPEC were detected. The detection of these pathotypes can represent an epidemiological risk and compromise several uses of this water resource, such as irrigation of fruits and vegetables consumed raw, fishing, animal watering and recreation. Structural investments in basic sanitation are essential to minimize environmental degradation resulting from anthropic activities and to act preventively in public health. In addition, the recovery of riparian forests along the watershed and the maintenance of vegetation in these areas are measures to reduce the transport of particles from the soil to the watercourses, improving the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of this water resource. A Bacia Hidrográfica do Rio Mearim apresenta múltiplos usos - lazer, navegação, pesca e agricultura de subsistência - e constitui a principal fonte de abastecimento para as populações dos municípios inseridos em seu curso. Além de fonte hídrica de abastecimento, a existência do efeito pororoca em um trecho do baixo curso do Rio Mearim atrai pessoas de vários estados brasileiros e diferentes países, pois apresenta excelentes condições para a prática de surfe em água doce. Nesse sentido, considerando a importância da Bacia Hidrográfica, objetivou-se relatar a detecção de patótipos diarreiogênicos de Escherichia coli em um trecho do baixo curso do rio Mearim, localizado no estado do Maranhão. Para isso, foram realizadas coletas de 30 amostras de água em 10 pontos amostrais. Para a quantificação de E. coli utilizou-se o sistema cromogênico enzimático e das amostras positivas procedeu-se ao isolamento e identificação bioquímica dos isolados. A extração do DNA das culturas puras foi realizada por aquecimento seguido da caracterização por reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR). No momento das coletas utilizou-se uma pauta de observação para anotação de informações sobre a existência de criação de animais de interesse pecuário e doméstico, empreendimentos comerciais, residências e cultivo de frutas e hortaliças nas margens do rio. Nas amostras analisadas, foram quantificadas populações médias de E. coli que variaram de 444 a 2.585 NMP.mL-1, identificados 20 isolados bacterianos e detectados os patótipos diarreiogênicos ETEC, EPEC-típica e EPEC-atípica. A detecção destes patótipos pode representar risco epidemiológico e compromete diversos usos desse recurso hídrico, como a irrigação de frutas e hortaliças ingeridas cruas, pesca, dessedentação animal e recreação. Investimentos estruturais em saneamento básico são fundamentais para minimizar a degradação ambiental resultante das atividades antrópicas e para atuar preventivamente na saúde pública. Adicionalmente, a recuperação das matas ciliares ao longo da Bacia Hidrográfica e manutenção da vegetação nestas áreas são medidas para a redução do transporte de partículas do solo para os cursos d’água, e em consequência, acarretará na melhoria das características quali-quantitativas desse recurso hídrico.

Pressure on water resources has reached unprecedented levels during the last decades because of climate change, industrialization, and population growth. As a result, vulnerability to inappropriate water availability and/or quality is increasing worldwide. In this paper, a Soil & Water Assessment Tool (SWAT) model of the Carp River watershed located in the city of Ottawa, Ontario was calibrated and validated. The model was then used to evaluate the individual and coupled impacts of urbanization and climate change on water quantity (discharge) and quality (nitrogen and phosphorus loads). While most of the watershed is currently rural, the headwaters will undergo rapid urbanization in the future, and there are concerns about possible negative impacts on water quantity and quality. Seven scenarios were developed to represent various watershed configurations in terms of land use and climate regime. Future climate time series were obtained by statistically downscaling the outputs of nine regional climate models, run under representative concentration pathways (RCP)4.5 and RCP8.5. The impacts were evaluated at the main outlet and at the outlet of an upstream sub-watershed that would be most affected by urbanization. Results show that climate change and urbanization's impacts vary greatly depending on the spatial scale and geographic location. Globally, the annual average discharge will increase between 6.75 and 9.34% by 2050, while changes in annual average nitrogen and phosphorus loads will vary between −1.20 and 24.84%, and 19.15 and 23.81%, respectively. Local impacts in sub-watersheds undergoing rapid urbanization would be often much larger than watershed-scale impacts.

Achieving sufficient water supplies for multiple uses in the watershed is a major public policy issue. Understanding the current ecohydrologic processes is essential to assess potential impacts on hydrologic regimes. The Tuul River (TR) watershed faces a cold, continental climate with water supply variability. This study aims to simulate watershed processes in the TR watershed and subbasins and analyze the influences of those processes on water resources. Watershed hydrologic processes and their impact on the water resources are modeled using the Soil Water Assessment Tool (SWAT). Calibration and validation were conducted using R2, PBIAS, RSR, and NSE to assess the effectiveness of the SWAT model to replicate annual, monthly streamflow values. The spatial and temporal variations in watershed processes are critical for water resource decisions. With increasing uncertainty and scarcity in water resources, simulation modeling is a valuable tool in watershed management in regions with water scarcity. HIGHLIGHTS Simulates a large semiarid watershed for watershed assessment.; Demonstrates the spatial and temporal variability.; Models the ecohydrologic process and drivers using the SWAT model.; Calibration and validation demonstrate model performance.; Water resource management depends on dynamic assessment of hydrologic components.

Temporal variations of de facto wastewater reuse are relevant to public drinking water systems (PWSs) that obtain water from surface sources. Variations in wastewater discharge flows, streamflow, de facto reuse, and disinfection by-products (DBPs – trihalomethane-4 [THM4] and haloacetic acid-5 [HAA5]) over an 18-year period were examined at 11 PWSs in the Shenandoah River watershed, using more than 25,000 data records, in gaged and ungaged reaches. The relationship of de facto reuse with DBPs by year and quarter at the PWSs was examined. A linear relationship was found between THM4 and de facto reuse on an annual average basis (p = 0.050), as well as in quarters 3 (July – September) (p = 0.032) and 4 (October – December) (p = 0.031). Using a t-test (p < 0.05), the study also showed that there were significant differences in DBP levels for PWSs relative to 1% de facto reuse. This was found for THM4 based on annual average and quarter 1 (January – March) data, and for HAA5 based on quarter 3 data during the period of record. HIGHLIGHTS De facto wastewater reuse demonstrates temporal variations.; Wastewater related to use as an indicator of precursors for disinfection byproducts.; De facto reuse related to trihalomethanes and haloacetic acids in drinking water water systems.; Threshold value for de facto wastewater reuse and safe drinking water.; Data to help inform decision-making about wastewater reuse to improve downstream water quality.

The present study evaluates the impact of reservoir on changing the landscape pattern in the Urmodi River watershed of Satara district, Maharashtra, India, by employing Remote Sensing (RS)-based change detection technique. To map the change in surface cover due to the reservoir, we have used Landsat TM and Landsat 8 imagery which represents before-dam and after-dam status of land cover in the year 1996 and 2016. The supervised classification used with the maximum likelihood algorithm was employed to generate the thematic map. Further, to detect the change, SAGA GIS software was used which has an inbuilt tool of the confusion matrix (grid-based) to represent changes in two grids. The tool has significant importance in showing the detection of the transformation of land cover in previous to next condition. The technique is found to be scientific and robust with more precision as compared to the traditional methods. The rate of change in land cover of agriculture land shows −2.50%, barren land 0.31%, settlement 6.64%, and forest 2.20% change per annum. The water body area has a sudden increment in the year 2016 with coverage of 11.86 km2 as compared to a previous area of 0.64 km2 in the year 1996, and is not considered under the rate of change as it was a one-time activity. The study has a potential role in analyzing the land change dynamics.

To understand the spatial–temporal pattern of climate and land cover (CLC) change effects on hydrology, we used three land cover change (LCC) coupled scenarios to estimate the changes in streamflow metrics in the Clackamas River Watershed in Oregon for the 2050s (2040–2069) and the 2080s (2070–2099). Coupled scenarios, which were split into individual and combined simulations such as climate change (CC), LCC, CLC change, and daily streamflow were simulated in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool. The interannual variability of streamflow was higher in the lower urbanized area than the upper forested region. The watershed runoff was projected to be more sensitive to CC than LCC. Under the CLC scenario, the top 10% peak flow and the 7-day low flow are expected to increase (2–19%) and decrease (+9 to −20 cm s), respectively, in both future periods. The center timing of runoff in the year is projected to shift 2–3 weeks earlier in response to warming temperature and more winter precipitation falling as rain. High streamflow variability in our findings suggests that uncertainties can stem from both climate models and hydrologic model parameters, calling for more adaptive water resource management in the watershed. HIGHLIGHTS Tightly coupled CLC change scenarios were used to model flow in the Soil and Water Assessment Tool.; Snow-influenced, forested watershed is more sensitive to CC than LCC.; Hydrologic variability is higher in the urban, agricultural part than the forested part.; Top 10% flow is projected to increase, while low flow is projected to decline.; Warming will shift the center timing of flow volume earlier from mid-May to late-April.

espanolLa gestion del recurso hidrico es prioritaria en la agenda de la Organizacion de las Naciones Unidas. Tres vectores son esenciales, cantidad, calidad y escenarios del cambio climatico en el recurso hidrico. En la region centro de Tamaulipas, Mexico, destaca la red fluvial de la cuenca del rio Soto la Marina, con los rios Corona, Purificacion y Pilon, como principales tributarios. En esta region existen importantes volumenes de aguas residuales y otros vertimientos que ponen en riesgo las condiciones del sistema hidrico, particularmente de la presa Vicente Guerrero. El objetivo de este trabajo fue desarrollar un modelo hidrologico de disponibilidad y calidad del agua de la cuenca del rio Soto la Marina (CRSLM) que considere el cambio climatico mediante la regionalizacion de dos modelos de circulacion global, los cuales son los mas cercanos a la latitud en que se encuentra la cuenca (GFDL-CM3 y HAGDGEM2-ES), usando dos vias de concentracion representativas (RCP): 4.5 y 8.5 con proyeccion al ano 2100, con el proposito de analizar el comportamiento de la cuenca, a efecto de simular la vulnerabilidad hidrica. Se evaluo la calidad del sistema espacio-temporal: avenidas y sequias, mediante la determinacion de demanda bioquimica de oxigeno, demanda quimica de oxigeno y oxigeno disuelto, ademas de temperatura, en 15 sitios de la cuenca del rio Soto la Marina, con modelado del abatimiento del oxigeno disuelto. Se elaboraron vectores de hidrologia, monitoreo y calidad del agua. Las concentraciones de los contaminantes valorados presentaron un incremento en la presa Vicente Guerrero, aunque su comportamiento estacional fue mas sensible en estiaje que en avenidas. En las simulaciones con el modelo construido WEAP con escenarios de cambio climatico se predijeron resultados mas conservadores en periodo de estiaje que en epoca de avenidas, siendo el RCP 4.5 W/m2 para el modelo el GFDL-CM3 la proyeccion mas adversa. EnglishThe management of water resources is a priority on the agenda of the United Nations. Three vectors are essential, quantity, quality, and climate change scenarios in water resources. In the central region of Tamaulipas, Mexico, the fluvial network of the Soto la Marina river watershed stands out, with the Corona, Purificacion and Pilon rivers as the main tributaries. In this region there are significant volumes of wastewater and other discharges that put the conditions of the water system at risk, particularly of the Vicente Guerrero dam. The objective of this work was to develop a hydrological model of water availability and quality of the Soto la Marina river watershed (CRSLM) that considers climate change through the regionalization of two global circulation models, which are the closest to the latitude in which the watershed is located (GFDL-CM3 and HAGDGEM2-ES), using two representative concentration routes (RCP): 4.5 and 8.5 with projection to the year 2100, with the purpose of analyzing the watershed behavior, in order to simulate water vulnerability. The quality of the spatial-temporal system was evaluated: floods and droughts, by determining the biochemical oxygen demand, chemical oxygen and dissolved oxygen demand, as well as temperature, in 15 sites of the Soto la Marina river watershed, with modeling of the abatement of dissolved oxygen. Vectors for hydrology, monitoring and water quality were developed. The concentrations of the measured pollutants showed an increase in the Vicente Guerrero dam, although their seasonal behavior was more sensitive in low water levels than in floods. In the simulations with the WEAP built model with climate change scenarios, more conservative results were predicted in the dry season than in the rainfall season, with the RCP 4.5 W / m2 for the GFDL-CM3 model being the most adverse projection.

Better documentation and understanding of long-term temporal dynamics of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) in watersheds is necessary to support effective water quality management, in part because studies have identified time lags between terrestrial nutrient balances and water quality. We present annual time series data from 1969 to 2012 for terrestrial N and P sources and monthly data from 1972 to 2013 for river N and P for the Willamette River Basin, Oregon, United States. Inputs to the watershed increased by factors of 3 for N and 1.2 for P. Synthetic fertilizer inputs increased in total and relative importance over time, while sewage inputs decreased. For N, increased fertilizer application was not matched by a proportionate increase in crop harvest; N use efficiency decreased from 69% to 38%. P use efficiency increased from 52% to 67%. As nutrient inputs to terrestrial systems increased, river concentrations and loads of total N, total P, and dissolved inorganic P decreased, and annual nutrient loads were strongly related to discharge. The N:P ratio of both sewage and fertilizer doubled over time but there was no similar trend in riverine export; river N:P concentrations declined dramatically during storms. River nutrient export over time was related to hydrology and waste discharge, with relatively little influence of watershed balances, suggesting that accumulation within soils or groundwater over time is mediating watershed export. Simply managing yearly nutrient balances is unlikely to improve water quality; rather, many factors must be considered, including soil and groundwater storage capacity, and gaseous loss pathways. Funding Agencies|US EPAUnited States Environmental Protection Agency [CQ83557701]; USEPAUnited States Environmental Protection Agency; USDA WISDM grant; Bio Earth grant; NSF INFEWS grant [NSF EAR1639458]

Oil sands development in the lower Athabasca River watershed has raised considerable public and scientific concerns regarding perceived effects on environmental health. To address this issue for tributaries and the mainstem of the Athabasca River in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region, the Water Component of the Joint Oil Sands Monitoring (JOSM) plan produced monitoring assessments for seven integrated themes: atmospheric deposition, tributary water quality, river mainstem water quality, groundwater quality and quantity, water quality and quantity modelling, benthic invertebrate condition, and fish health. Our review integrates and synthesizes the large and diverse datasets assembled in the seven JOSM theme assessments to (i) evaluate possible environmental effects based on known sources and candidate proximal causes and (ii) determine the importance of cause-and-effect pathways related to contaminant, sediment, and nutrient inputs. Although JOSM research identified ecological effects that appear to be associated with contaminant exposure, the source of this exposure is confounded by co-location of, and inability to differentiate between, oil sands operations (principally released by atmospheric emission) and inputs from the natural bitumen outcrops (e.g., erosional material transported by surface and groundwater flows). Nutrient enrichment from treated municipal sewage effluent was the dominant ecological effect observed for the mainstem Athabasca River, associated with increased fish size and changes in invertebrate assemblages, likely because this pollution source is discharged directly into the river. If the direct release of treated oil sands process water occurs in the future, then the potential ecological impact of these direct industry releases will need to be evaluated carefully. The ecological causal assessment method proved to be a useful tool for better understanding how stressor sources relate to ecological effects through candidate proximate causes. Factors that confound our ability to assess the ecological effects of oil sands development focus on our inability to adequately differentiate between contaminants supplied from natural and anthropogenic contaminant sources. Our causal synthesis identifies options for changes in future monitoring to better anticipate and detect degradation in the ecosystem health of the lower Athabasca River and its tributaries.

This study combines input variables and natural influences to measure fishing yields as productivity. The research was conducted in the central area of the Mahakam River watershed. The purpose of this study is to calculate the income of fishermen at each level of tidal levels and to analyse what factors that affect fisheries productivity. The research uses a mixed method analysis. The data used are primary data obtained by using a structured interview technique through a questionnaire to fishermen who live in the research location, the sampling technique of respondents using the purposive sampling technique. Data were analysed using profit analysis techniques and multiple linear regression. The results of the data analysis show that the highest profit for fishermen is when the conditions of the highest tide go to the lowest tide. Significantly, the fishermen's catch is influenced by two factors, namely the fishing location and their experiences.

Identifying critical source areas (CSAs) is the first step to effectively managing nonpoint source (NPS) pollution. Increasing variability in climate can affect identification of CSAs. In this study, we identified present and future CSAs of NPS pollution in the Nakdong River watershed and examined how climate change will influence the identification of CSAs. Nine NPS pollution-related factors affecting the watershed environment and water quality were considered. These factors were rescaled through a min-max normalization to propose an index system that ranks basins based on the sensitivity of basins to climate change on identifying CSAs. For analyses, past rainfall was replaced with future rainfall under two RCP scenarios, RCP 2.6 and RCP 8.5. Results showed insignificant differences in the spatial distribution of CSAs between the present and the future and between the future scenarios. Basins that are on or adjacent to the Nakdong River mainstream were mainly identified as CSAs, in addition to many basins of the Geumho and Nam rivers. Highly ranked CSAs including the level 1 CSAs, were mainly distributed in the mid- and downstream areas of the Nakdong River, indicating high need of NPS pollution management. This study can provide a foundation for the effective management of NPS pollution in the present and the future.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the bioaccumulation of mercury in 13 species of fish with different eating habits, captured in the Três Marias Reservoir, São Francisco Basin, from March 2012 to April 2013. The results obtained showed that the species with carnivorous eating habit presented the highest average concentrations of mercury in muscle, especially Serrasalmus brandtii (pirambeba) and Pygocentrus piraya (piranha), with concentrations of 0.4147 ± 0.2744 μg g-1 and 0.17774 ± 0.2980 μg g-1, respectively. Considering the average concentrations, all the species studied showed levels of mercury below the maximum limit of 0.5 μg g-1 in non-predatory fish and 1.0 μg g-1 in predatory fish, established by the Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Taking each species into account, the minimum and maximum values of mercury in the muscular and hepatic tissues showed a wide dispersion. In 4% of the specimens of pirambeba and 7% of piranha, the contents of mercury in muscle exceeded the limit established by ANVISA for predatory fish, and therefore, were unfit for human consumption. The other species did not present muscle samples with Hg content above that established by law. Due to its carnivorous eating habit and its wide distribution in the São Francisco Basin, Serrasalmus brandtii can be considered a biomonitor, capable of bioaccumulating mercury, thus indicating the level of contamination in the aquatic environment in which it lives. Resumo Diante da toxicidade do mercúrio para o ser humano e para o meio ambiente, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a sua bioacumulação em 13 espécies de peixes com diferentes hábitos alimentares, capturados no reservatório de Três Marias, bacia do rio São Francisco, no período de março de 2012 a abril de 2013. Os resultados obtidos revelam que as espécies com hábito alimentar carnívoro apresentaram as maiores concentrações médias de mercúrio em músculo, com destaque para Serrasalmus brandtii (pirambeba) e Pygocentrus piraya (piranha), com concentrações de 0,4147 ± 0,2744 μg g-1 e 0,1774 ± 0,2980 μg g-1, respectivamente. Considerando as concentrações médias, todas as espécies estudadas apresentaram teores de mercúrio abaixo dos limites máximos de 0,5 μg g-1 em peixes não predadores e de 1,0 μg g-1 em peixes predadores, estabelecidos pela Agência Nacional de Vigilância Sanitária. Levando em conta cada espécie, os valores mínimos e máximos de mercúrio nos tecidos muscular e hepático demonstraram uma ampla dispersão. Em 4% dos espécimes de pirambeba e 7% de piranha, os teores de mercúrio em músculo ultrapassaram o limite estabelecido pela ANVISA para peixes predadores, e, portanto, sendo impróprios para o consumo humano. As demais espécies não apresentaram amostras de músculo com teor de Hg acima do estabelecido em lei. Devido ao seu hábito alimentar carnívoro e sua ampla distribuição na bacia do rio São Francisco, Serrasalmus brandtii pode ser considerada como biomonitor, capaz de bioacumular mercúrio, indicando, assim, o nível de contaminação desse metal no ambiente aquático em que vive.

Esta pesquisa foi desenvolvida considerando os impactos causados pelo El Niño - Oscilação Sul (ENOS) na variabilidade da precipitação. Apresenta uma proposta de uso de um modelo estatístico inferencial para a identificação da participação do fenômeno, por meio do Índice de Oscilação Sul (IOS), na variabilidade temporal da precipitação pluviométrica na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piquiri-PR. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa optou-se por analisar a ocorrência de ENOS por meio do IOS, com os dados disponibilizados pelo National Climate Centre da Austrália e dados mensais de precipitação pluviométrica do Instituto das Águas do Paraná para 41 postos pluviométricos com série histórica entre 1976 e 2010. Os resultados obtidos indicam que 31,4% dos meses da série histórica analisada tiveram IOS negativo ≤ -7, enquanto 21,1% obtiveram IOS positivo ≥ +7 e 47,5% dos meses foram considerados neutros com relação ao IOS. Aplicou-se o modelo estatístico GAMLSS (Modelos Aditivos Generalizados para Posição, Escala e Forma) para identificar a influência do ENOS na precipitação média mensal. Observou-se uma defasagem de até um mês entre o registro dos desvios de IOS e a precipitação registrada na bacia hidrográfica do rio Piquiri. Identificou-se ainda uma diminuição na precipitação média mensal quando se aumenta em média uma unidade de IOS ao modelo inferencial. Essa diminuição mostrou-se variável entre as três áreas de drenagem consideradas no estudo.

Impact of Best Management Practices (BMPs) can be evaluated using hydrologic and water quality models. Although numerous models with diverse function, capability and degree of complexity are availa...

Groundwater resource overdraft is a serious water resource concern worldwide. Although afforestation has been recognized as conserving water resources, improving water quality and mitigating river ...

The paper examines changes in air temperature, precipitation, and river discharges on seasonal and annual scale over the Sava River watershed in Bosnia & Herzegovina during the period 1961–2016. Based upon data gathered from 11 meteorological stations and 3 hydrological stations, hydroclimatic variables trends were established by utilizing the nonparametric Mann-Kendall test and the nonparametric Sen’s slope estimator. The results show significant positive seasonal and annual trends (expect for autumn, during which upward trends were insignificant) in air temperature, whereas both positive and negative insignificant seasonal and annual precipitation trends are shown where determined for the entire watershed. Most prominent upward trends in air temperature were found in summer and afterwards in winter and spring, indicating a pronounced warming tendency over the Sava River watershed. Trends in river discharge displayed a negative tendency in all seasons. Nevertheless, a majority of estimated trends of river discharges were weak and statistically insignificant. Throughout the year, river discharges showed significant positive correlation with precipitation, whilst connection with air temperature was mostly significant and negative. The study results suggest that climate is an important factor affecting river regimes, as well as that changes in river discharges are reflecting recent abrupt changes in climatic variables.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a dinâmica do uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrografica do Arroio Sao Luiz, Brasil-Uruguai, entre 1985 e 2017, utilizando-se tecnicas de sensoriamento remoto e de sistemas de informacoes geograficas. A realizacao do estudo compreendeu a delimitacao da bacia hidrografica e de sua rede de drenagem, o mapeamento do uso e cobertura da terra, o calculo de metricas da paisagem e a determinacao de transicoes e persistencias. Detectaram-se alteracoes contundentes nos padroes de uso e cobertura da terra na bacia hidrografica, tanto em territorio brasileiro quanto uruguaio, ocasionadas por mudancas nas atividades economicas relacionadas ao setor agropecuario. Embora as alteracoes tenham ocorrido de maneira similar nas duas partes da bacia quando se considera apenas os cenarios inicial (1985) e final (2017) - reducao nas areas campestres e florestais e aumento nas areas agricolas e nos corpos d’agua - constatou-se que elas ocorreram em periodos e intensidades diferentes em territorios brasileiro e uruguaio. A conversao dos campos em areas agricolas foi mais intensa em territorio uruguaio, enquanto em territorio brasileiro a fragmentacao dos campos ocorreu com maior intensidade. As areas florestais reduziram com intensidade semelhante nos dois paises, acompanhada pela reducao da fragmentacao. As areas ocupadas por corpos d’agua aumentaram ao longo de todo o periodo de estudo, com maior intensidade em territorio uruguaio entre 1985 e 1996 e em territorio brasileiro entre 2003 e 2017. Dynamics of land use and land cover in a Brazil-Uruguay transboundary watershed between 1985 and 2017 ABSTRACT This study aims to investigate the dynamics of land use and land cover (LULC) in the Sao Luiz river watershed, Brazil-Uruguay, between 1985 and 2017, using remote sensing and geographic information systems techniques. The study included the delimitation of the watershed and its drainage network, mapping of LULC, the calculation of landscape metrics and the determination of transitions and persistence. Severe changes in LULC patterns were detected in both the Brazilian and Uruguayan territories, caused by changes in economic activities related to the agricultural and livestock sector. Although the changes occurred similarly in both parts of the watershed based on he initial (1985) and final (2017) scenarios - reduction in the grassland and forest areas and increase in the agricultural areas and water bodies - were found that they occurred at different periods and intensities in brazilian and uruguayan territories. The conversion of grassland into agricultural areas was more intense in uruguayan territory, while inbBrazilian territory the fragmentation of the grassland occurred with greater intensity. Forest areas have reduced with similar intensity in both countries, accompanied by reduction in the fragmentation. The areas occupied by water bodies increased throughout the study period, with greater intensity in uruguayan territory between 1985 and 1996 and in brazilian territory between 2003 and 2017. Keywords: LULC, Geoprocessing, Sao Luiz River

The objective of the research was to economically value the environmental services of the Coata river watershed; Likewise, determine the willingness to pay for the improvement of environmental services and identify the socio-economic variables that determine the willingness to pay. The contingent valuation method and the binomial logit econometric model were applied, with a sample of 369 households living around the basin, for this the primary source data collection technique was used and the survey on the population was used as an instrument. that resides in the basin, using the statistical packages SPSS 25.0 and Stata 16.0 for the estimation and contrast of hypotheses. It was determined that the economic value of the DAP amounts to 4.88 soles per month, thus evidencing the existence of full willingness to pay by the families that live in the vicinity of the river basin. Finally, the DAP is explained by age in 2.77%, education in 3.1%, frequency of use of the environmental service in 2.3% and distance to the river in 2.3%. El objetivo fue de valorar económicamente los servicios ambientales de la cuenca del río Coata; así mismo, determinar la disponibilidad a pagar por la mejora de los servicios ambientales e identificar las variables socio-económicas que determinan la disposición a pagar. Se aplicó el método de valoración contingente y modelo econométrico logit binomial, con una muestra de 369 hogares que viven alrededor de la cuenca, para esto se utilizó la técnica de recolección de datos de fuente primaria y como instrumento se utilizó la encuesta, sobre la población que radica en la cuenca, utilizando los paquetes estadísticos SPSS 25.0 y Stata 16.0 para la estimación y contraste de hipótesis. Se determinó que el valor económico de la DAP asciende a 4.88 soles mensuales, por lo que evidencia la existencia de una plena disponibilidad a pagar por parte de las familias que habitan en las cercanías de la cuenca del río. Finalmente, la DAP es explicado por la edad en 2.77%, la educación en 3.1%, la frecuencia de uso del servicio ambiental en 2.3% y distancia al río en 2.3%. O objetivo era valorizar economicamente os serviços ambientais da bacia do rio Coata; da mesma forma, determine a disposição a pagar pela melhoria dos serviços ambientais e identifique as variáveis socioeconômicas que determinam a disposição a pagar. Foram aplicados o método de valoração contingente e o modelo econométrico logit binomial, com uma amostra de 369 domicílios residentes no entorno da bacia, para isso foi utilizada a técnica de coleta de dados de fonte primária e utilizado como instrumento o inquérito populacional. que reside na bacia, utilizando os pacotes estatísticos SPSS 25.0 e Stata 16.0 para a estimação e contraste de hipóteses. Foi apurado que o valor econômico do DAP é de 4,88 soles mensais, evidenciando a existência de plena disposição a pagar por parte das famílias que moram no entorno da bacia hidrográfica. Por fim, a DDP é explicada pela idade em 2,77%, educação em 3,1%, frequência de uso do serviço ambiental em 2,3% e distância ao rio em 2,3%.

The ancient auriferous gravels that helped spawn the California Gold Rush have figured prominently in investigations of the Cenozoic history of the Sierra Nevada. These fluvial sediments, scattered throughout the northern half of the range, are the remnants of much larger deposits that accumulated throughout the Eocene and Early Oligocene. In this study, we present a reconstruction of the original extent of the gravels developed according to a few simple rules. This reconstruction suggests that large swaths of the northern Sierra Nevada were once buried under broad alluvial plains, a result consistent with previous work. The reconstruction also supports the hypothesis that the gravels accumulated behind high ridges along the Sierra Nevada foothills, with the Yuba River providing an important outlet. Moreover, gravel deposits on two high peaks indicate that the gravels may have buried the Feather River watershed up to the modern crest of the range. Finally, on the basis of our reconstruction, we estimate that the total volume of the gravels was, at a minimum, ∼200 km3.

At the watershed scale, weather types show variability and heterogeneity throughout a basin; as a result, unified weather conditions are not realistic for analyzing the underlying surface response. The Ashi River watershed was selected as a case in the present study, and weather types were redefined. Statistics on the spatial and temporal changes of meteorological factors from 1989 to 2015 and path analysis were used to identify the relationship between meteorological factors and runoff. Results showed that (1) statistical weather analysis revealed multidimensional heterogeneity of season types. The weather was clearly diverse in the sub-basins. The redivided times for the seasons were 61 days for spring, 55 days for summer, 48 days for autumn, 201 days for winter, and a frozen period (spring, summer, autumn) and non-frozen period (winter). (2) Temperature decreased by 0.35 °C over the past 27 years, and it increased gradually from the southeast to the northwest. Precipitation and runoff increased from 1989 to 2015. Mutations in precipitation and runoff occurred in 1994 and 1998. Temperature, precipitation, and runoff varied across frozen and non-frozen periods. (3) In different typical hydrologic years, meteorological factors affected runoff in different ways, and the direct effect of temperature on runoff was larger and positive. Precipitation in the flood year had a significant and direct impact on runoff in the non-frozen period, while evaporation had a significant and indirect impact on runoff in the dry year. The barometric pressure also had different impacts on runoff in the dry and median years. The purpose of this study was to provide scientific guidance for local agricultural production and water distribution.

The Russian River Hydrometeorological Observing Network (RHONET) is a unique suite of high-resolution in situ and remote sensing observations deployed over 20 years to address both scientific and operational gaps in understanding, monitoring, and predicting weather and water extremes on the United States’ West Coast. It was created over many years by diverse organizations ranging from universities to federal, state, and local government agencies and utilities. Today, RHONET is a hybrid network with diverse observation sets aimed at advancing scientific understanding of physical processes driving extreme precipitation and runoff in the region. Its development is described, including the specific goals that led to a series of network enhancements, as well as the key characteristics of its sensors. The hydroclimatology of the Russian River area is described, including an overview of the hydrologic extremes and variability driving the scientific and operational needs in the region, from atmospheric river behavior and orographic precipitation processes to hydrologic conditions related to water supply and flooding. A case study of Lake Mendocino storage response to a landfalling atmospheric river in 2018 is presented to demonstrate the network’s performance and hydrologic applications during high-impact weather events. Finally, a synopsis of key scientific findings and applications enabled by the network is provided, from the first documentation of the role of landfalling atmospheric rivers in flooding, to the occurrence of shallow nonbrightband rain, to the buffering influence of extremely dry soils in autumn, and to the development of forecast-informed reservoir operations for Lake Mendocino.

Extreme hydrological phenomena recurrence in West Africa in recent decades is a problem in the anthropized watershed management. Link analysis between extreme hydrological phenomena and climate variability is necessary to guard against their consequences. However, qualitative data accessing difficulties and explanatory variable definition of extremes hydrological phenomena limit extreme flows rate studies. This study proposes the analysis the variability of the floods and the low flows at the Bianouan hydrometric station. Thus, five (5) floods characteristics variables (QCX5, QXJA, F90p, F95p and F99p) and three (3) for, the low flows (VCN10, QJNA and F10p) were extracted daily flows from the Bianouan hydrometric station from 1 January 1962 to 31 December 2005. The variability of these extremes has been studied by the trend analysis (linear regression) and of the stationarity (Pettitt and Hubert tests). The results show that for flood variables the negative trend is very significant and ruptures are observed in 1980. For low flow variables the negative trend is significant and the ruptures are observed in 1981. From this study, we can deduce that the ruptures observed in the rains and flows average in the end 1960s and early 1970s have affected later the extreme flows around the 1980s.

En la cuenca del río Chambira, Loreto, Perú, las mujeres Uranina son conocidas por tejer esteras llamadas “ela” o “cachihuango” de la fibra de la palmera aguaje (Mauritia flexuosa L.f.) y otras especies de los humedales. El tejido “ela” se convierte en seña de identidad que une el pasado con el presente de las nuevas generaciones, a través del vínculo entre la maestra tejedora y la joven aprendiza. El objetivo de este estudio fue identificar las especies vegetales utilizadas por dos comunidades del pueblo urarina en sus tejidos tradicionales. Aplicamos entrevistas semi-estructuradas, observamos las prácticas textiles y visitamos las zonas donde las especies de plantas fueron colectadas. Se determinó el uso, directo o indirecto, de siete especies vegetales utilizadas en el tejido tradicional “ela”. Los hallazgos refuerzan la idea de la adaptación tardía del pueblo urarina a los humedales y la importancia que la práctica tradicional tiene para la conservación de los ecosistemas inundables.

Image segmentation in land cover regions which are overlapping in satellite imagery, is one crucial challenge. To detect true belonging of one pixel becomes a challenging problem while classifying mixed pixels in overlapping regions. In current work, we propose one new approach for image segmentation using a hybrid algorithm of K-Means and Cellular Automata algorithms. This newly implemented unsupervised model can detect cluster groups using hybrid 2-Dimensional Cellular-Automata model based on K-Means segmentation approach. This approach detects different land use land cover areas in satellite imagery by existing K-Means algorithm. Since it is a discrete dynamical system, cellular automaton realizes uniform interconnecting cells containing states. In the second stage of current model, we experiment with a 2-dimensional cellular automata to rank allocations of pixels among different land-cover regions. The method is experimented on the watershed area of Ajoy river (India) and Salinas (California) data set with true class labels using two internal and four external validity indices. The segmented areas are then compared with existing FCM, DBSCAN and K-Means methods and verified with the ground truth. The statistical analysis results also show the superiority of the new method.

En Mexico es necesaria la explotacion y el control de los recursos hidricos, ya sea para cubrir las diversas carestias o para protegerse del dano causado por eventos extremos. Esta investigacion tuvo como objetivo modelar y calibrar los hidrogramas de una cuenca, calculados con datos de lluvia y medidos con imagenes de satelite GPM-IMERG en la cuenca del rio Huaynamota, Mexico, asi como comparar los resultados con un modelo hidrologico alimentado con datos de lluvia de estaciones meteorologicas automaticas. Esta investigacion se realizo en un tributario de la cuenca del rio Huaynamota, el cual es parte de la region hidrologica Lerma-Chapala-Santiago. La cuenca se ubica en los estados de Zacatecas, Durango, Jalisco y Nayarit. Para el analisis de los hidrogramas a la salida de la cuenca se evaluaron eventos de lluvia maximos ocurridos en los periodos del 21 al 26 de julio de 2016, del 14 al 24 de agosto de 2017, y del 1° al 16 de septiembre de 2017. El modelo se desarrollo en HEC-HMS, con base en metodos como el numero de curva de escurrimiento y el hidrograma unitario de Clark. La comparacion de los hidrogramas medidos y aparentados mostro un buen ajuste de lo simulado con la realidad. En la mayoria de los eventos modelados, el coeficiente de Nash-Sutcliffe fue mayor a 0.5, que se considera aceptable. Se concluyo que la modelacion hidrologica a partir de imagenes de satelites meteorologicos es una buena opcion para su implementacion en regiones donde se carece de datos de lluvia horaria medida con instrumentos en tierra.

Este trabalho trata das espécies de Peperomia Ruiz & Pav. (Piperaceae) ocorrentes na microbacia do rio Água Fria, Pedra Branca do Amapari, estado do Amapá. O estudo envolveu a análise morfológica dos táxons coletados na região e tombados no Herbário Amapaense, além de observações de campo, bem como consulta aos portais virtuais dos herbários nacionais. São apresentadas descrições, distribuição geográfica e uma chave para facilitar a identificação das espécies. Foram registrados cinco táxons: Peperomia glabella (Sw.) A. Dietr. var. glabella; P. pellucida (L.) Kunth; P. pilicaulis C. DC.; P. rotundifolia (L.) Kunth e P. serpens (Sw.) Loudon. P. rotundifolia é citada pela primeira vez para o estado do Amapá.

In 2018, the ancient tomb was discovered in Tagawa, Fukuoka. The sizes of the tomb were measured by UAV. The length is 443 m, the diameter is 152 m, and the height is 33 m: the second biggest mound in Japan. Chinese history book, Sanguozhi (Chen, 280) reads Yamatai country occupied 27 countries in Japan in the 3rd century by the queen Himiko. The location of Yamatai was 840 km south from Soul with 70000 families, and the size of Himiko’s tomb was 150 m diameters. The locations of Yamatai country and Himiko’s tomb are still unknown. From Sanguozhi, the optimum location was estimated with the direction, the distance and family numbers. Family numbers were estimated from the river watershed areas. Kyushu islands have 28 big rivers, corresponding to 28 countries described in Sanguozhi. Each river corresponded to each country, and their family number was estimated by 2.5% of the watershed area with family number / 10 a. Finally, the Chikugo river watershed was a candidate of Yamatai country. Moreover, two kinds of tombs became candidates of Himiko’s tomb.

The political reforms made along the Gansu-Kökenuur border in the aftermath of the Lubsang-Danzin Rebellion (1723-4) represented the first significant change to that frontier to occur in centuries. Only recently have scholars begun to consider the repercussions of these changes for the powerful religious institutions of this region known as Amdo. This article utilises Chinese histories, Tibetan-language materials and Chinese-language land deeds from the eighteenth century to illustrate the drastic increase in imperial oversight and regulation of Tibetan Buddhist monasteries and monastics in Amdo, especially those of the Xining River watershed. Significantly, the policies and practices directed toward these monasteries and monastics were those traditionally employed for Chinese Buddhists of the empire's interior. In addition, the reforms introduced in the Xining region helped to set the tone and precedents for how the Qing would later engage with monasteries and monastics elsewhere in Amdo.

This work used multispectral images from the Sentinel-2 satellite of the Cachoeira River Watershed, in the south of Bahia state. This paper aim to detect, delimit and quantify the area occupied by water reservoirs at Cachoeira River Watershed. For this purpose, the MNDWI (Water Index with Modified Normalized Difference) and NDWI (Water Index with Normalized Difference) indexes were calculated. The detection capability of small water bodies by the methods employed proved to be satisfactory, with a correspondence of up to 78% between the methods, with superior results for the MNDWI index compared to the NDWI. Through this methods a seasonal and spatial changes were observed in the distribution of reservoirs in the Cachoeira River Watershed. The southwestern portion of the basin showed a higher concentration of small reservoirs in the rainy season. In the general context of the hydrographic basin, water reservoirs occupy up to 0.13% of the basin area, while in the southwestern areas of Cachoeira River Watershed this value reaches up to 0.86% of the area occupied by reservoirs.