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Funding Information: reported serving as a consultant for AbbVie UK; receiving honoraria from Falk and AbbVie UK; receiving grants from Crohn’s & Colitis UK and Tillott’s Pharmaceuticals; having a fellowship from the UK National Institute for Health Research; and receiving travel reimbursement from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Norgine. Dr Heap reported receiving travel reimbursement from AbbVie; and being a current employee of AbbVie and owning stock in the company. Dr Andersen reported receiving personal fees from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Janssen. Dr Ananthakrishnan reported receiving a grant from Pfizer; and receiving personal fees from Takeda. Dr Beaugerie reported receiving advisory board fees from Allergan, Janssen, and Pfizer; receiving a grant from Hospira; and receiving grants and honoraria from AbbVie, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Ferring, Takeda, and Tillott’s Pharmaceuticals. Dr Cummings reported receiving personal fees from AbbVie, Takeda, Biogen, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Amgen, Hakim Pharmaceuticals, and Pfizer/Hospira; and receiving grants from Takeda, Biogen, AstraZeneca, and Pfizer/Hospira. Dr Halfvarson reported receiving personal fees from AbbVie, Hospira, Janssen, Medivir, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, RenapharmaVifor, Takeda, Tillott’s Pharmaceuticals, Celgene, Sandoz, and Shire; and receiving grants from Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, and Takeda. Dr Hart reported receiving advisory board fees from AbbVie, Atlantic, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celltrion, Janssen, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Pfizer, Shire, and Takeda; receiving honoraria from Falk and Ferring; and receiving a grant from Takeda. Dr Irving reported receiving personal fees from Janssen, AbbVie, Takeda, Ferring, Pfizer, Lilly, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Samsung, and Sandoz; and receiving grants from Takeda and Merck Sharp & Dohme. Dr Lindsay reported receiving advisory board fees from Atlantic Health, AbbVie UK/global, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Shire UK, Vifor Pharma, Ferring International, Celltrion, Takeda, Napp, Pfizer, and Janssen; serving as a consultant for AbbVie UK/global, Takeda, and Pfizer; receiving grants from Shire UK, AbbVie UK/global, Warner Chilcott, Funding Information: Takeda, Hospira, Ferring International, and Merck Sharp & Dohme; receiving honoraria from Takeda, Cornerstones US, Tillott’s Pharmaceuticals, Napp, Shire International, Janssen, AbbVie, and Pfizer; and receiving travel reimbursement from AbbVie UK, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Warner Chilcott, Takeda, and Shire International. Dr McGovern reported receiving grants from the National Institutes of Health, Helmsley Charitable Trust, and Janssen; and serving as a consultant for Pfizer, Q Biologics, Cidara, Gilead, and Janssen. Dr Seksik reported receiving advisory board fees from Astellas; receiving honoraria from Takeda, AbbVie, and Ferring; and receiving grants from Merck Sharp & Dohme and Biocodex. Dr Sokol reported receiving grants from Biocodex, Danone, and BiomX; serving as a consultant for Enterome, Takeda, AbbVie, Roche, Amgen, Danone, BiomX, Ferring, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Astellas, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Novartis, Tillott’s Pharmaceuticals, and Biose; and being the co-founder of Nextbiotix. Dr Annese reported receiving advisory board fees from Takeda, AbbVie, and Medtronic; and receiving honoraria from Janssen, Takeda, AbbVie, and Medtronic. Dr Weersma reported receiving grants from Takeda, Ferring, and Tramedico; and receiving personal fees from AbbVie. Dr Goodhand reported receiving honoraria from Falk, AbbVie, and Shield Therapeutics. Dr Kennedy reported serving as a consultant for Falk; receiving honoraria from Falk, Allergan, Pharmacosmos, and Takeda; and being a deputy editor of Alimentary Pharmacology & Therapeutics. Dr Ahmad reported receiving unrestricted grants, advisory board fees, speaker honoraria, and support to attend international meetings from AbbVie, Merck Sharp & Dohme, Janssen, Takeda, Ferring, Tillott’s Pharmaceuticals, Ferring, Pfizer, Napp, Celltrion, and Hospira. No other disclosures were reported. Funding Information: Immunobiology Research Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California), Alistair McNair, PhD (Queen Elizabeth Hospital, London, UK), Anita Modi, MD (Luton and Dunstable University Hospital, Luton, UK), Kevin Monahan, PhD (West Middlesex University Hospital, Middlesex, UK), Alex Moran, MD (Northern Devon Healthcare Trust, Barnstaple, UK), Mary-Anne Morris, MD (Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK), Marianne Mortimore, MBBS (Mater Research Institute, University of Queensland, South Brisbane, Australia), Craig Mowat, MD (Ninewells Hospital, NHS Tayside, Dundee, UK), Rafeeq Muhammed, MD (Birmingham Children's Hospital, Birmingham, UK), Charles D. R. Murray, PhD (Royal Free Hospital, Royal Free London NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK), Hanlie Olivier (IBD Pharmacogenetics Group, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK), Timothy R. Orchard, DM (Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK), Simon Panter, MD (South Tyneside District Hospital, South Tyneside, UK), Vinod Patel, MBBS (Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne, UK), Rosemary Phillips, MD (Princess Alexandra Hospital, Essex, UK), Neeraj Prasad, MSc (Wrightington Hospital, Wrightington, UK), Cathryn Preston, MBChB (Bradford Royal Infirmary, Bradford, UK), Graham Radford-Smith, PhD (Royal Brisbane and Women’s Hospital, Brisbane, Australia), Praveen Rajasekhar, MD (Northumbria NHS Trust, Tyne and Wear, UK), Dipak Roy, PhD (Tameside and Glossop Integrated Care NHS Foundation Trust, Ashton-under-Lyne, UK), Rebecca Saich, PhD (Basingstoke and North Hampshire Hospital, Basingstoke, UK), Jack Satsangi, PhD (Western General Hospital, NHS Lothian, Edinburgh, UK), Stefan Schreiber, PhD (Kiel University, Kiel, Germany), Sandip Sen, MD (Royal Stoke University Hospital, Stoke-on-Trent, UK), Neil Shah, MD (Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK), Richard Shenderay, MBBS (Airedale NHS Foundation Trust, Keighley, UK), Acuth Shenoy, MD (Colchester Hospital University NHS Foundation Trust, Colchester, UK), James Shutt, DM (Dorset County Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Dorchester, UK), Mark Silverberg, PhD (Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada), Alison Simmons, PhD (Oxford University Hospitals, Oxford, UK), Jonathan Simmons, DM (Royal Berkshire Hospital, Royal Berkshire NHS Foundation Trust, Reading, UK), Salil Singh, PhD (Bolton NHS Foundation Trust, Bolton, UK), Malcolm Smith, MBChB (Aberdeen Royal Infirmary, Aberdeen, UK), Mark Smith, MD (Shrewsbury and Telford Hospital NHS Trust, Shrewsbury, UK), Melissa Smith, MB (Royal Sussex County Hospital, Brighton, UK), Jonathon A. Snook, DPhil (Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK), Sunil Sonwalker, MD (Calderdale Royal Hospital, Halifax, UK), Christine R. Stevens, PhD (Broad Institute, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts), Giacomo Sturniolo, PhD (Univerita di Padova, Padova, Italy), Sreedhar Subramanian, MD (Royal Liverpool and Broadgreen University Hospitals NHS Trust, Liverpool, UK), Amanda Thomas, MBBS (Department of Gastroenterology, Royal Devon and Exeter Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Exeter, UK), Mark Tighe, BM (Poole Hospital NHS Foundation Trust, Poole, UK), Franco Torrente, MD (Department of Gastroenterology, Addenbrooke’s Hospital, Cambridge University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Cambridge, UK), Mark Tremelling, MD (Norfolk and Norwich University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Norwich, UK), Epameinondas Tsianos, PhD (University Hospital of Ioannina, Ioannina, Greece), Deven Vani, MD (Mid Yorkshire Hospitals NHS Trust, Wakefield, UK), Alissa Walsh, MBBS (St Vincent’s Hospital, Sydney, Australia), Gillian Watermeyer, MBChB (Groote Schuur Hospital, Cape Town, South Africa), David Watts, MBChB (Forth Valley Royal Hospital, Larbert, UK), Gill Watts, MD (Wythenshawe Hospital, South Manchester, UK), Sean Weaver, PhD (Royal Bournemouth General Hospital, Bournemouth, UK), Emma Wesley, MBBS (Musgrove Park Hospital, Taunton and Somerset NHS Hospitals, Taunton, UK), Anne Willmott, MBChB (Leicester Royal Infirmary-Paediatric, Leicester, UK), Karen Yearsley, BM (Nevill Hall Hospital, Abergavenny, UK), Veena Zambar, MBBS (Leeds General Infirmary, Leeds, UK), and Sebastian Zeissig, MD (University Medical Center Schleswig-Hostein, Kiel, Germany). These individuals identified and recruited patient s to the study and provided comments on a draft of the manuscript. Funding Information: Adverse Events Consortium funded the sample collection and genotyping at the Broad Institute. The UK National Institute for Health Research provided research nurse support to facilitate recruitment at all UK research sites. Crohn’s & Colitis UK and forCrohns provided funding support and publicized this study to their members. The Exeter National Institute for Health Research Clinical Research Facility provided DNA storage and management. Institutional strategic support award WT097835MF from Wellcome Trust supported the management of the study. Samples from Cedars-Sinai were collected and processed through the MIRIAD biobank that was funded by grant P01DK046763 from the National Institutes of Health. Publisher Copyright: © 2019 American Medical Association. All rights reserved. IMPORTANCE Use of thiopurines may be limited by myelosuppression. TPMT pharmacogenetic testing identifies only 25% of at-risk patients of European ancestry. Among patients of East Asian ancestry, NUDT15 variants are associated with thiopurine-induced myelosuppression (TIM). OBJECTIVE To identify genetic variants associated with TIM among patients of European ancestry with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). DESIGN, SETTING, AND PARTICIPANTS Case-control study of 491 patients affected by TIM and 679 thiopurine-tolerant unaffected patients who were recruited from 89 international sites between March 2012 and November 2015. Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and exome-wide association studies (EWAS) were conducted in patients of European ancestry. The replication cohort comprised 73 patients affected by TIM and 840 thiopurine-tolerant unaffected patients. EXPOSURES Genetic variants associated with TIM. MAIN OUTCOMES AND MEASURES Thiopurine-induced myelosuppression, defined as a decline in absolute white blood cell count to 2.5 x 10(9)/L or less or a decline in absolute neutrophil cell count to 1.0 x 10(9)/L or less leading to a dose reduction or drug withdrawal. RESULTS Among 1077 patients (398 affected and 679 unaffected; median age at IBD diagnosis, 31.0 years [interquartile range, 21.2 to 44.1 years]; 540 [50%] women; 602 [56%] diagnosed as having Crohn disease), 919 (311 affected and 608 unaffected) were included in the GWAS analysis and 961 (328 affected and 633 unaffected) in the EWAS analysis. The GWAS analysis confirmed association of TPMT (chromosome 6, rs11969064) with TIM (30.5% [95/311] affected vs 16.4% [100/608] unaffected patients; odds ratio [OR], 2.3 [95% CI, 1.7 to 3.1], P = 5.2 x 10(-9)). The EWAS analysis demonstrated an association with an in-frame deletion in NUDT15 (chromosome 13, rs746071566) and TIM (5.8% [19/328] affected vs 0.2% [1/633] unaffected patients; OR, 38.2 [95% CI, 5.1 to 286.1], P = 1.3 x 10(-8)), which was replicated in a different cohort (2.7% [2/73] affected vs 0.2% [2/840] unaffected patients; OR, 11.8 [95% CI, 1.6 to 85.0], P = .03). Carriage of any of 3 coding NUDT15 variants was associated with an increased risk (OR, 27.3 [95% CI, 9.3 to 116.7], P = 1.1 x 10(-7)) of TIM, independent of TPMT genotype and thiopurine dose. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Among patients of European ancestry with IBD, variants in NUDT15 were associated with increased risk of TIM. These findings suggest that NUDT15 genotyping may be considered prior to initiation of thiopurine therapy; however, further study including additional validation in independent cohorts is required.

Esta tesis recoge las conclusiones de un trabajo de campo realizado en Ecuador, para recopilar titulares de prensa sobre justicia indígena, en los periódicos más relevantes del país. La finalidad de esta investigación ha sido, realizar un análisis de contenido de titulares sobre justicia indígena en la prensa ecuatoriana, desde enero de 2008 hasta diciembre de 2015. Así como, descubrir qué dice la prensa sobre justicia indígena y cómo lo dice. Para ello, se consultaron los periódicos, El Comercio, El Universo, El Telégrafo, El Mercurio y La Hora. De los cuales, se pudieron recabar un total de ciento noventa titulares de prensa. También se realizaron entrevistas semiestructuradas a personas relevantes del país y expertas en el tema. Para obtener mayor conocimiento e información que pudiera nutrir este trabajo. En la Constitución de la República de Ecuador de 2008 se contempla el reconocimiento de Ecuador como un Estado de derechos, plurinacional e intercultural. Por primera vez en el país y después de 20 constituciones, se aprobó un doble ordenamiento jurídico. Es decir, la justicia ordinaria o del Estado y la justicia indígena. Este doble modelo jurídico amparado por la Constitución, está siendo motivo de reiterados conflictos entre la sociedad autodefinida como indígena y la sociedad no indígena. También ha servido para hacer política, no sólo del gobierno hacia la población indígena, igualmente de los indígenas hacia el gobierno. La prensa ha sido empleada como medio para la extorsión y manipulación de la justicia indígena y la sociedad ecuatoriana. En los medios de comunicación se han manifestado formas negativas de identificación, manipulación, e incitación de actores que constituyen la sociedad indígena ecuatoriana. En ellos se han hecho manifestaciones todas, de la violencia y la exclusión. Concretamente, la sociedad indígena ecuatoriana, de acuerdo con Soliz Carrión (2014), está siendo objeto de discriminación en cuanto a uso peyorativo de su imagen motivada por su pertenencia a grupos minoritarios. La supremacía de la sociedad blanca y mestiza sobre la indígena queda sugerida y también la supeditación de su cultura y su justicia al modelo occidental de desarrollo capitalista y sus símbolos. This thesis reflects the conclusions of a field work carried out in Ecuador, to collect newspaper headlines on indigenous justice in the most important newspapers of the country. The purpose of this research was an analysis of contents of headlines about indigenous justice in the Ecuadorian press, from January 2008 to December 2015. As well as discovering how and what the press said about indigenous justice. To do this, the newspapers, “El Comercio”, “El Universo”, “El Telégrafo”, “El Mercurio” and “La Hora” were consulted. In them, a total of one hundred ninety headlines were collated. Semi-structured interviews with relevant people in the country and experts in the subject were also undertaken, in order to obtain more knowledge and information which could enhance this work. The Constitution of the Republic of Ecuador in 2008 provides for the recognition of Ecuador as a multinational and intercultural rights State. Constitutional Assembly, for the first time in the country and after 20 past constitutions, adopted a double legal system. That is, the ordinary or the State Justice and indigenous justice. This double legal system covered by the Constitution, has continued in repeated conflicts between society self-defined as indigenous and non-indigenous society. It has also served to make politics, not only of the Government towards the indigenous population, also of indigenous people towards the Government. The press has been used as a means for extortion and manipulation of indigenous justice and Ecuadorian society. Negative forms of identification, handling, and incitement of people that constitute the Ecuadorian indigenous society are expressed in the media. In them have undergone many manifestations of violence and exclusion. Specifically, the Ecuadorian indigenous society, according to Soliz Carrión (2014), is being subject to discrimination with regard to pejorative use of their image motivated by membership in minority groups. The supremacy of the white and mestizo society on the indigenous is suggested and also the subordination of their culture and law to the Western model of capitalist development and its symbols.

This paper analyzes the role played by the peseta outside the gold standard, between 1883-1931,in altering the levels of tariff protection enjoyed by the Spanish economy, a controversial theme in modern economic history. We test the compliance of purchasing power parity between the peseta and the pound sterling to determine the relationship between the exchange rate and relative prices. The test of the homogeneity or proportionality hypotheses is carried out on the basis of the parameters estimated by the ADL method and also through the cointegration technique proposed by Johansen. The results of both models prove the compliance of long-run purchasing power parity and confirm that the situation of the peseta outside the gold standard was neutral in terms of protection for the Spanish economy. The deviations produced in the short-run tended to be compensated for or corrected quite quickly. This paper analyzes the role played by the peseta outside the gold standard, between 1883-1931,in altering the levels of tariff protection enjoyed by the Spanish economy, a controversial theme in modern economic history. We test the compliance of purchasing power parity between the peseta and the pound sterling to determine the relationship between the exchange rate and relative prices. The test of the homogeneity or proportionality hypotheses is carried out on the basis of the parameters estimated by the ADL method and also through the cointegration technique proposed by Johansen. The results of both models prove the compliance of long-run purchasing power parity and confirm that the situation of the peseta outside the gold standard was neutral in terms of protection for the Spanish economy. The deviations produced in the short-run tended to be compensated for or corrected quite quickly.

Hand grip strength is a widely used proxy of muscular fitness, a marker of frailty, and predictor of a range of morbidities and all-cause mortality. To investigate the genetic determinants of variation in grip strength, we perform a large-scale genetic discovery analysis in a combined sample of 195,180 individuals and identify 16 loci associated with grip strength (P, Hand grip strength as a proxy of muscular fitness is a clinical predictor of mortality and morbidity. In a large-scale GWA study, the authors find 16 robustly associated genetic loci that highlight roles in muscle fibre structure and function, neuronal maintenance and nervous system signal transduction.

La carga constituye un concepto clave en el análisis del estado emocional de los cuidadores. Desde su introducción en el campo el concepto de carga ha ido evolucionando desde una concepción unidimensional a una diferenciación entre carga objetiva y subjetiva e incluso a una concepto multidimensional. Sin embargo, la evaluación de la carga en el ámbito gerontológico se hace casi exclusivamente a través de la Escala de Carga del Cuidador de Zarit. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo revisar y analizar las escalas de evaluación de la carga del cuidador utilizadas en el ámbito gerontológico, estableciendo la adecuación de su uso en función de las características de la situación de cuidado y precisando la conceptualización de la carga que subyace a cada uno de ellos. En función de dicho análisis se establecen pautas para la selección de la prueba más adecuada para cada cuidador y objetivo de la evaluación. Burden is a key concept in the study of caregivers' emotional status. Since its introduction in the field, the concept of burden has evolved from unidimensional definitions to a clear differentiation between objective and subjective burden and even to multidimensional models. Nevertheless, the assessment of burden in gerontology has continuously focused, almost exclusively, on Zarit Caregirver Burden Interview. The present study aims to review and analyze the available scales for the assessment of burden applied in gerontology, in order to establish their feasibility according to caregiving features. Moreover, the study determines the burden model underlying each instrument. Consequently, recommendations for the selection of the best instrument for each caregiver and assessment objective are provided.

ADDI, the Basque Country University (UPV/EHU) Digital Archive for Learning and Research materials.

La parálisis facial secundaria a una otitis media es una conocida complicación de infecciones agudas y crónicas. Su fisiopatología es desconocida pero la presión elevada en el oído medio, la osteítis, la invasión bacteriana y la neurotoxicidad, podrían estar involucradas. Los exámenes de laboratorio no entregan mayor información para determinar la etiología de la parálisis facial y la tomografía computada de oídos sería el estudio radiológico de elección ya que permite identificar el compromiso óseo, la extensión de la enfermedad y posibles alteraciones anatómicas existentes, además de ser utilizado para el diagnóstico de eventuales complicaciones intracraneales. El tratamiento de la parálisis en el curso de una otitis media aguda es médico, con antibióticos y esteroides, con buen pronóstico de recuperación; mientras en una otitis media crónica el tratamiento es quirúrgico y el pronóstico global peor Facial paralysis secondary to otitis media is a well known complication of acute and chronic infection. The physiopathology of facial nerve paralysis secondary to otitis media of not known, but high middle ear pressure, osteitis, direct bacterial invasion and neurotoxicity could be involved. Laboratory studies have failed to provide clues as to determining the etiology of facial nerve palsy. Ear CT is the radiologic study of choice, as it allows the identification of bone destruction, disease extension and possible anatomic alterations, and may also be used as a screening for intracranial complications. Acute otitis media treatment is medical with antibiotics and steroids, with good prognosis, whereas in chronic otitis media the treatment is surgical, with worst global prognosis

El estudio del lenguaje de la mujer a partir de datos más o menos empíricos no es algo nuevo. Con el paso del tiempo ha evolucionado no sólo la forma en que dichos estudios se llevan a cabo, sino también la interpretación que tiene lugar a partir de los datos obtenidos. En este trabajo pretendemos hacer un repaso de los estudios más relevantes que se han hecho en los últimos años y analizar la evolución que ha sufrido la situación de la mujer en la sociedad de forma paralela a los mismos. Mantenemos que estos dos fenómenos están íntimamente relacionados. Women's language has been for a long time the subject of empirical approaches based on an analysis of fundamentally quantitative data. However, both the data and the method of analysis have not always been as scientific and objective as their authors claimed they were. With the passage of time this type of studies has evolved not only in its methods, but also in the interpretations drawn from the data obtained. Not surprisingly, the conclusions usually run parallel to the philosophic trends in society when the analysis was carried out. We attempt to have a closer look and revise the evolutíon of women's role in society from the interpretation of studies on language and gender. We finally maintain the hypothesis that both phenomena are inextricably related.

En: Escuela Abierta. ISSN. 1138-6908 n. 7 (2004), pp. 225-233

RESUMEN. Los cambios anatomofisiológicos propios de la gestación condicionan el aumento de la frecuencia de las infecciones urinarias bajas. Existen múltiples factores de riesgo para adquirir estas infecciones además de la condición de gravidez. Entre estos se encuentran edad de la paciente, número de gestas, vida sexual activa y edad gestacional. Es por ello que en este estudio se investiga la relación entre el embarazo y dichos factores. Se diseño un estudio descriptivo, de casos y controles. El universo lo constituyó 206 embarazadas que asistieron al control prenatal del Hospital Universitario de Caracas entre mayo de 1999 y marzo de 2.000. Para ello se utilizaron, modelos de encuesta de grupos seleccionados y revisión de las historias clínicas. Dicho estudio reveló un mayor porcentaje de infecciones urinarias durante el embarazo en el grupo etario de 20 a 25 años (31%), en el segundo trimestre del embarazo (41,8%), en las multigestas (51,7%) y aunque hay similitud con la literatura mundial no se puede hablar de una relación causa efecto ya que las P obtenidas fueron mayor de 0,05. A pesar de que porcentualmente la frecuencia de mantenimiento de relaciones sexuales se vio asociada al desarrollo de la infección la P (0,11) no demuestra significación estadística. Se concluyó que la clínica y el examen de orina simple patológico no son parámetros estadísticamente significativos para el diagnóstico de infecciones urinarias. ABSTRACT: The increase of the number of urinary infections in pregnancy is conditioned by the anatomophysiological changes that take place during this period. There are many susceptibility factors that lead to women suffering this pathology while she is pregnant, such as age, how many times that woman have been pregnant, sexual activity during pregnancy, how many months into the pregnancy she is. This work examined the relation between these risk factors and pregnancy. Case and control study has been carried out, mainly descriptive. The universe to study were 206 pregnant, who attended the pregnant consultation at the Hospital Universitario de Caracas, from may 1999 to march 2000. To find out it, it has been made in guest for select groups and the revision of the medial history of those females. It was found that in pregnant between 20 and 25 years old there is mayor percentage of urinary infections (31%), as well as in women in the second trimester of the pregnancy (41,9%) and in those women that have been pregnant more than once. The P found has shown that these percentages have a statistical signification, because the P found was more than 0.05 in each case. This study also has demonstrated that the sexual activity has a relation with the percentage of development of urinary infections, but the P found has shown that there is not a statistical signification in this finding. This study also has shown that a pathological urinary sample is not enough to diagnostic ate urinary tract infections during pregnancy.

Las cefalosporinas son antibióticos similares a las penicilinas pero resultan más efectivas porque han mostrado tener una mejor resistencia contra las B-lactamasas. Dichos antibióticos se obtienen del ácido 7-ACA el cual al ser modificado ha dado origen a cuatro generaciones bien diferenciadas y actualmente se esta ensayando producir cefalosporinas de acción dual enlazando quinolonas a la posición 3’ de la cefalosporina, lo cual resulta en un aumento de su actividad contra bacterias gram negativas y positivas las cuales tienen como mecanismo de resistencia al antibiótico la hidrólisis del anillo beta-lactámico por inducción cromosomal de B-lactamasas tipo I. En la actualidad se esta estudiando un nuevo grupo de estos antibióticos entre las que se encuentran el cefozopran, cefpiramide, E 1100, FK 037 y DQ-2556 y han mostrado buenos resultados en el manejo de infecciones por gérmenes gram positivos y negativos especialmente en los casos de procesos nosocomiales en los que otros antibióticos han visto su uso limitado. Cephalosporins are antibiotics that one similar to penicilim but cephalosporins are more effective because they have shown a better resistance against B-lactamics. These B-lactamics are obtained from 7-ACA acid. As a result of its modification it has originated four different generations of antibiotics. Actually there are many clinical trials in progress in order to produce dual action cephalosporin tie with quinolones to the cephalosporin 3‘ position that results in increase its activity against gram + and - bacteries which has a antibiotic defense mechanism, the B-lactamic ring hidrolisis through cromosomal of B-lactamases called type I. At this time there are many clinical studies in progress in order to find the new generation of those antibiotics such as cefozopran, cefpiramide, E1100, FK 037 and DQ-2556 which has shown positive results against gram positive and negative bacteries specially in nosocomial processes in which other antibiotics have shown their limited use.

Sin resumen

Hand grip strength is a widely used proxy of muscular fitness, a marker of frailty, and predictor of a range of morbidities and all-cause mortality. To investigate the genetic determinants of variation in grip strength, we perform a large-scale genetic discovery analysis in a combined sample of 195,180 individuals and identify 16 loci associated with grip strength (P

[Background]: Maintenance therapy following autologous stem cell transplantation (ASCT) can delay disease progression and prolong survival in patients with multiple myeloma. Ixazomib is ideally suited for maintenance therapy given its convenient once-weekly oral dosing and low toxicity profile. In this study, we aimed to determine the safety and efficacy of ixazomib as maintenance therapy following ASCT. [Methods]: The phase 3, double-blind, placebo-controlled TOURMALINE-MM3 study took place in 167 clinical or hospital sites in 30 countries in Europe, the Middle East, Africa, Asia, and North and South America. Eligible participants were adults with a confirmed diagnosis of symptomatic multiple myeloma according to International Myeloma Working Group criteria who had achieved at least a partial response after undergoing standard-of-care induction therapy followed by high-dose melphalan (200 mg/m²) conditioning and single ASCT within 12 months of diagnosis. Patients were randomly assigned in a 3:2 ratio to oral ixazomib or matching placebo on days 1, 8, and 15 in 28-day cycles for 2 years following induction, high-dose therapy, and transplantation. The initial 3 mg dose was increased to 4 mg from cycle 5 if tolerated during cycles 1–4. Randomisation was stratified by induction regimen, pre-induction disease stage, and response post-transplantation. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) by intention-to-treat analysis. Safety was assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of ixazomib or placebo, according to treatment actually received. This trial is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, number NCT02181413, and follow-up is ongoing. [Findings]: Between July 31, 2014, and March 14, 2016, 656 patients were enrolled and randomly assigned to receive ixazomib maintenance therapy (n=395) or placebo (n=261). With a median follow-up of 31 months (IQR 27·3–35·7), we observed a 28% reduction in the risk of progression or death with ixazomib versus placebo (median PFS 26·5 months [95% CI 23·7–33·8] vs 21·3 months [18·0–24·7]; hazard ratio 0·72, 95% CI 0·58–0·89; p=0·0023). No increase in second malignancies was noted with ixazomib therapy (12 [3%] patients) compared with placebo (eight [3%] patients) at the time of this analysis. 108 (27%) of 394 patients in the ixazomib group and 51 (20%) of 259 patients in the placebo group experienced serious adverse events. During the treatment period, one patient died in the ixazomib group and none died in the placebo group. [Interpretation]: Ixazomib maintenance prolongs PFS and represents an additional option for post-transplant maintenance therapy in patients with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma, This study was sponsored by Millennium Pharmaceuticals, a wholly owned subsidiary of Takeda Pharmaceutical Company.

Tesis (Cirujano Dentista, Especialización en Odontología Pediátrica) En el presente estudio se realizó una terapia interceptiva en niños con interposición lingual en deglución, en los cuales se evaluó cambios de la actividad electromiográfica (EMG) de los músculos suprahioideos e infrahioideos en actividad de reposo y en la deglución de saliva. Se seleccionó una muestra de 20 niños sistémicamente sanos, 12 son de sexo femenino y 8 son de sexo masculino, de edades entre los 6 y 9 años, en etapa de dentición mixta primera fase, los cuales presentaban el mal hábito de interposición lingual en deglución. Se efectuaron tres registros de la actividad EMG de los musculas suprahioideos e infrahioideos del lado izquierdo, en las siguientes condiciones experimentales: • Condición 1: registro de la actividad de reposo. • Condición 2: registro durante la deglución de saliva. El registro electromiográfico inicial (sin broches) se realizó sin dar ninguna indicación especial al niño, sólo se le pidió permanecer en reposo y luego deglutir saliva. Una vez colocado los broches, a cada niño y sus Padres se les dio instrucción respecto a mantener la lengua en posición palatoincisal, contactando suavemente con la punta de la lengua en los botones metálicos colocados en la cara palatina de los incisivos superiores, los cuales no interferían con la oclusión dentaria. Cada niño fue chequeado una vez a la semana en la clínica de la Universidad Andrés Bello para verificar permanencia de los botones metálicos en boca y chequear la práctica de la correcta posición de lengua en reposo y durante la deglución. El registro final se realizó a las doce semanas de colocación de los botones metálicos. A la semana de colocación de los botones metálicos, se observó un cambio significativo en el cuociente de actividad EMG de reposo suprahioideo/infrahoideo, en comparación al cuociente de actividad EMG de reposo suprahioideo/infrahoideo inicial (previo a la colocación de los botones metálicos). A las doce semanas de colocación de los botones metálicos, se observó que los niños presentaron una significativa mayor actividad infrahioidea que suprahioidea, similar al patrón observado inicialmente, antes de la colocación de los botones metálicos. Aún cuando la colocación de los botones metálicos sólo permitió observar una diferencia significativa en el cuociente de actividad EMG suprahioidea/infrahioidea en condición de reposo a la semana de su colocación, fue posible observar un significativo aumento en el ángulo interincisivo a las doce semanas de colocación de los botones en comparación al valor inicial antes de colocar los botones.