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In recent years, the antimicrobial resistance to various synthetic or chemically formed antimicrobial agents in medicines and food products has been observed. The high preference of consumers for purchasing food products free from chemical preservatives has led to more exploration into using antimicrobial agents from natural sources like plants, fungi, algae, and bacteria. The marine ecosystem comprises microorganisms, plants, vertebrates, and invertebrates that are rich sources of diverse antimicrobial products and can be a significant potential for developing novel type therapeutic agents, as the major portion of the sea has still not yet been examined for the evaluation of natural molecules for their antimicrobial activity. Such marine ecological niches promise a great source of antibacterial agents against many drugresistant strains of pathogenic microorganisms. Among the marine source, marine algae are a diverse group of organisms that includes brown, red, and green algae that have been targeted over the last few years for the secondary metabolites and a broad range of natural molecules for a broad spectrum of bioactivities beneficial to humans. Such bioactive compounds and secondary products possess a broad range of biological activities of antibacterial, antiviral, and antifungal properties. The class of compounds derived from marine algae, such as polysaccharides, fatty acids, phenolic compounds, pigments, lectins, alkaloids, terpenoids, and halogenated compounds, would be a new emerging area for unconventional drugs. Such classes of compounds will share a potent ability to control new diseases or tackling against multi-resistant strains of pathogens.

The synthesis and crystal structure of pyridine-3-carbaldehyde-N-ethylthiosemicarbazone (3-pytscH-NHEt) 1, and its CuI complex of stoichiometry, [CuCl(3-pytscH-NHEt)(PPh3)2] 2, studied using single crystal X-ray crystallography, are reported in this paper. Crystal data: 1, monoclinic, P21/n, a = 6.6322(3), b = 21.1200(8), c = 7.2989(3) A; β = 91.883(4), T = 173(2), R factor = 0.0457; 2: triclinic, P-1, a = 19.3600(5), b = 20.6241(6), c = 23.8015(6) A,α = 92.647(2), β = 104.388(2), γ = 114.377(3), R factor = 0.0662. The thio-ligand, as a neutral entity, is coordinating to Cu through its S donor atom in complex 2. It has exhibited an unusual feature of forming four independent molecules (A, B, C, D) in the unit cell, with minor differences in the bond angles / distances / torsion angles. The geometry of each molecule of 2 is distorted tetrahedral. Crystal packing, as well as Infrared, electronic absorption and proton NMR spectroscopic studies, are also reported. Copper compound 2 represents the first example of a structurally studied copper coordination compound of 3-pyridyl based thiosemicarbazones. Copper(I) chloride with pyridine-3-carbaldehyde-N-ethylthiosemicarbazone and PPh3 in CH3CN yielded a copper compound, 2 (Green-Cl, blue-N; aqua-Cu, orange-S, magneta-P).

A pentaammineazidocobalt(III) complex, [Co(NH3)5N3](MnO4)2XH2O has been synthesized by an one-pot synthesis method. It was characterized by studies such as infrared (IR) and UV-visible spectroscopy. The single crystal X-ray structure analysis revealed that the title complex crystallizes in space group Cc. The cobalt center is six coordinated with slightly octahedral geometry. The supramolecular architecture is also formed by intermolecular N-H…O (anion and H2O) and Mn-O…O-H hydrogen bonds. The binding property of the cation, [Co(NH3)5N3]2+ with the anion, MnO4– has also been determined (in solution phase) with the help of UV-visible spectroscopic titrations. Further, the genotoxic effects of KMnO4, [Co(NH3)5N3]Cl2 and [Co(NH3)5N3](MnO4)2XH2O were studied using Allium cepa root chromosomal aberration assay and it revealed that the genotoxicity of the newly synthesized complex is 1.97–1.76 fold, which is less compared to KMnO4. The order of genotoxic potential has been observed to be KMnO4 > [Co(NH3)5N3](MnO4)2XH2O > [Co(NH3)5N3]Cl2.

Background: Green synthesized nanoparticles from the solvent extract of various plant parts show better biological activities as compared to parent solvent plant extract. Traditionally rhizomes of Picrorhiza kurroa are used to cure various diseases like diarrhea, fever, jaundice, eye infection, skin problems, asthma, arthritis, cancer, diabetes, gastrointestinal problems. Objectives: The present study describes the synthesis of copper nanoparticles from a hydroethanolic extract of P. kurroa rhizomes (CuNPs-Pk) and their evaluation for antimicrobial activities against gram-negative, gram-positive bacterial, and fungal strains. Methods: The solution of copper sulfate and hydroethanolic extract of rhizomes of P. kurroa was mixed with help of a magnetic stirrer at 60°C temperature for 1 h. The blue color of CuSO4.5H2O changed to brownish-black colored copper nanoparticles within 10 minutes. These nanoparticles were centrifuged at 4000 rpm for 20 min, washed with ethanol, followed by deionized water, dried, and were characterized by Ultra violet-visible (UV-Vis) absorption spectra, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Field emission scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Different concentrations of hydroethanolic extract of Picrorhiza kurroa rhizomes (HEEPk), CuNPs-Pk and copper oxide nanoparticles (bare CuO) ranging from 100-400 ppm had been studied against selected bacterial and fungal strains by using the well plate diffusion method. Ciprofloxin and fluconazole were used as standard and Dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) as a control for selected strains. Results: The UV-Vis spectral studies confirmed the surface plasmon resonance of green-synthesized CuNPs-Pk. The particle size was found to be 275-285 nm. FTIR analysis of biosynthesis nanoparticles conformed the presence of various functional groups (flavonoids, glycosides, tannins, phenols). SEM and TEM of biosynthesized nanoparticles have predicted their spherical shape and their size (20-40 nm) and these particles have shown effective antimicrobial activities against selected pathogenic organisms viz. Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Aspergillus niger than that of HEEPk and bare CuO. Conclusions: The CuNPs-Pk shows effective antimicrobial activities against bacterial and fungal pathogens as compared to HEEPk and bare CuO.

Lagerstroemia speciosais commonly known as Banaba or Jarul which is used to get rid of various ailments such as fever, urinary infection, decongestion, diarrhoea, mouth ulcers, astringent, diabetes mellitus, kidney diseases, abdominal pains etc. The present work, describes the green synthesis of silver nanoparticles from ethanolic extract of fruits of L.speciosa (Ls-Ag NPs) and their analysis for antimicrobial activities. The characterisation of so obtained nanoparticles have been carried out with help of Field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM) and High-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM). Further, antimicrobial activities of ethanolic extract of fruits of L.speciosa(Ee-Ls), silver oxide (Ag2O), and Ls-Ag NPs have been examined by using well-diffusion method against two bacterial strains: Staphylococcus aureus (gram-positive) and Escherichia coli (gram-negative) and one fungal strain: Aspergillus niger.It has been observed that the biosynthesized Ls-Ag NPs possess much effective antimicrobial activity against selected strains as compared to Ee-Ls and Ag2O.

Origanum vulgare L. is an important aromatic medicinal plant, which has many medicinal properties and is used in the cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries. This study aims to evaluate the chemica...

Unchecked disposal of substances or compounds such as organic/inorganic heavy metals, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), herbicides, pesticides, phenolic and nitrogenous compounds, and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) ubiquitously present in the environment poses a global concern. This requires constant monitoring of environmental pollutants. Biological-based monitors and biosensors with high specificity and sensitivity are applied to monitor and check the level of pollutants. These are biological-based methods used for the intervention of environmental pollutants as analytes. The widely used biosensors are made by immobilizing various enzymes, antibodies, whole cells in the devices, and transducers. Microbial biosensor devices sense the substances in the environment through the various biochemical reactions of the microorganisms incorporated in the devices. However, with the ease of genetic modification techniques like genetic engineering technologies, various microorganisms have gained immense popularity as ideal candidates for developing biosensors. The microbial biosensors' inexpensiveness, compactness, and portability offer advantages over conventional chemical sensors. The most significant aspect of microbial biosensors is the in situ detection capability, and real-time analysis has enhanced their acceptability and applicability in environmental monitoring. The following chapter deals with microbial biosensors to detect air, water, and soil pollutants

Introduction: In spite of the steady progress in the understanding of the etiopathogenesis of Alzheimer's Disease (AD) for the last 50 years, exceptionally few long-standing drugs are, at present, used for AD therapy. New interventions that either prevent, slow or stop the disease are urgently warranted to overcome the growing AD burden. The aim of this narrative review is to summarize the currently existing preclinical and clinical evidence regarding new drug development and biomarkers for better understanding and focused management of AD. This article reviews the various potential and existing targets /receptors with valid biomarkers applied in recent years to address the early-stage tasks of the AD drug discovery process. A comprehensive literature search was conducted in the relevant databases to identify studies published in recent years. In conclusion, the new approaches seem to aim at examining the prospective neuroprotective activity of disease-modifying drugs in the presymptomatic phases of AD, using biomarkers that detect progression of the disease before the growth of overt dementia.

This review focuses on advances in the synthesis of hexaureachromium(III) complexes containing different monoanions, dianions, trianions or hypervalent anions and their investigation by different s...

This review article on Cycas revoluta mainly comprehensively summarizes characterization, morphology, distribution, traditional uses, phytochemical constituents and biological activities of isolated individual constituents as well as plant extract. Cycas revoluta is commonly known as Sago palm which belongs to gymnosperm species, cycadaceae family and has been used as a traditional medicine to cure blood vomiting, flatulence, skin diseases, hypertension, gastrointestinal distress, cough, blood pressure, hair growth, astringent, diuretic, snake bite, dressing wounds, swollen glands and stomach purifying. Its phytochemical analysis have been revealed the presence of flavonoids, glycosides, non-protein amino acids, fatty acids, benzenoids, terpenes, amino acids, diterpenoids, triterpenoids, sterols, esters and steroids. The chemical constituents and crude extracts exhibit biological activities such as antimicrobial, antioxidant, cytotoxic, antileishmanial, anticancer and many more.

Information on the pathogen virulence profile and diversity across locations is crucial for host germplasm improvement and deployment. The rapid acquisition of virulence to host resistance by the wheat yellow/stripe rust pathogen (Puccinia striiformis f.sp. tritici: Pst), makes it crucial to know about its virulence and pathotype diversity. To assess the status of virulence and pathotype diversity in the sub-mountainous areas of Punjab, 27 stripe rust infected wheat samples from initial foci developed early in crop season were collected, multiplied and pathotyped using differential sets carrying known resistance genes. All the Pst isolates were virulent on lines carrying genes Yr2, Yr3, Yr4, Yr6, Yr7, Yr8, Yr9 and were avirulent on genes Yr1, Yr5, Yr10, Yr15 and Yr24/Yr26. Out of 27 isolates, only 4 pathotypes were detected indicating low pathotype diversity in Punjab. Two pathotypes i.e. 46S119 and 110S119 were most prevalent in Punjab. Other pathotypes recorded were; 238S119 and 110S84 but their prevalence was less. Three Pst pathotypes (46S119, 110S119 and 238S119) were tested for aggressiveness and it is found that 238S119 was more aggressive followed by 110S119 as spore production and uredial density was higher for this pathotype. Genetic diversity of the isolates was studied by using 74 SSR markers developed by different researchers. Scatter plot generated from the molecular data revealed the high genetic diversity among the isolates of Punjab. None of the pathotype showed any location specificity. Low pathotype diversity observed can be due to the cultivation of cultivars carrying only 1 or 2 major genes and high genetic diversity arised due to local adaptation, evolution for increased aggressiveness, mutation or parasexuality.

Natural radionuclide levels are studied along the soil profile of alluvial sediments. Eighteen soil profiles have been selected from agricultural soil and undisturbed (uncultivated) areas and gamma-ray spectrophotometer has been used for the analysis. Vertical distribution of radionuclide was evaluated up to the depth of 900cm and levels were found to significantly vary with depth. Higher radionuclide levels are observed in the agricultural sites than the undisturbed land area till the depth interval of 600cm and values are comparable at both the sites after this depth, indicating the role of anthropogenic activities on radionuclide enrichment in agricultural areas. However, the value is higher than the global average at all sites, indicating the geogenic presence of radionuclides. Elemental ratio and multi-statistical analysis are utilized to assess the behaviour of radionuclides involved. Radiological hazard risk assesment is carried out and levels exceed the permissible limit which is a matter of concern for public health.

Numerous groundwater studies exist on the heavy metal (HM) pollution in Punjab, however, research is quite limited in the soil system of the region. In the current work, detailed study has been carried out on the distribution of toxic metals in the agricultural and barren soil (AS & BS) samples in the semi-arid region of Punjab. Pollution level of HMs was determined by using various pollution indices like geo-accumulation index (Igeo), enrichment factor (EF), pollution index and pollution load index (PLI), and potential ecological risk assessment (PERI). A total of 11 toxic elements were measured and 2 fold values were observed in the AS samples. Range of HMs in the AS samples were 3.9 – 28.1, 29.2 - 90, 6.7 – 32.8, 4.2 – 65.6, 13019.5 – 43900, 95.7 – 553, 13.1 – 42.1, 16.5 – 25.2, 82 – 267, 25 – 78.6, 25.4 – 131.8 mg/kg for As, Cr, Cu, Co, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb, Sr, V and Zn respectively. It is seen that there is high variability in the spatial distribution of metals throughout the region indicating the role of anthropogenic activities. Pollution levels reveal the studied region to be moderately contaminated in terms of anthropogenic pollution. Multivariate statistical analysis results also revealed that the majority of HM pollution in the region is due to anthropogenic activities with few elements to be of geogenic origin. Potential health risks assessment is carried out and total hazard index (HI) values were in the acceptable range but the total cancer risks were comparatively higher for children than adults. This study shows the risk of heavy metal contamination in the agricultural regions and the results obtained have global implications.

Karnal bunt (KB) of wheat incited by The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s42360-022-00520-w.

In this investigation, the crystal structures of the thio-ligands 3-formylpyridine 4-phenylthiosemicarbazone (C13H12N4S, 1) and 4-benzoylpyridine 4-ethylthiosemicarbazone (C15H16N4S, 2), and of two new coordination compounds, chlorido(3-formylpyridine 4-phenylthiosemicarbazone-κS)bis(triphenylphosphane-κP)copper(I) acetonitrile monosolvate, [CuCl(C13H12N4S)(C18H15P)2]·CH3CN, 3, and bis(3-formylpyridine 4-ethylthiosemicarbazonato-κ2 N 1,S)nickel(II), [Ni(C9H11N4S)2], 4, are reported. In complex 3, the thio-ligand coordinates in a neutral form to the Cu atom through its S-donor atom, and in complex 4, the anionic thio-ligand chelates to the Ni atom through N- and S-donor atoms. The geometry of complex 3 is distorted tetrahedral [bond angles 99.70 (5)–123.23 (5)°], with the P—Cu—P bond angle being the largest, while that of complex 4 is square planar, with trans-S—Ni—S and N—Ni—N bond angles of 180°.

Field efficacy of seed treatment (ST) with pre-mixed combination of imidacloprid 18.5 per cent + hexaconazole 1.5 per cent at different dosages and time intervals before sowing is reported for the management termites in wheat. Germination and seedling growth decreased significantly in seeds treated 31 d before sowing. Effect of pesticide treatments on germination and shoot length were non-significant; however, root length and vigour index reduced significantly with an increase in dosage of the combination pesticide. Root length (14.66 cm) and vigour index (1420.41) were the highest in untreated seed and were statistically similar to imidaclopridhexaconazole ST @ 2 mLkg⁻¹ of seed (13.90 cm and 1304.06). Interaction effects of time interval × pesticides were non-significant for germination, seedling length and vigour index. Field trials confirmed that imidacloprid-hexaconazole ST did not adversely affect germination and could be used to effectively reduce termite infestation and increase seed yield. Imidacloprid-hexaconazole mixture is a ready to use alternative for farmers which saves time and labour over separate ST for termites and smuts.

Continues use of network services for information and resource sharing makes our work easier. But sometime the extensive use of network services leads many problems in the form of attacks or intrusions which demolish not only the privacy but also the integrity and accessibility of data. Detection of attacks or intrusions on the network is a serious issue of concern for the researchers. Intrusion Detection System solves the purpose of detecting intrusion on the network. Huge amount of data is required to simulate the powerful Intrusion Detection System (IDS) model as well as to train and testing the model. This paper, presents the review of datasets DARPA, KDDCup99 and NSL_KDD which are most widely used by researchers to detect the intrusion in computer network.

Spot blotch (SB) of wheat is emerging as a major threat to successful wheat production in warm and humid areas of the world. SB, also called leaf blight, is caused by Bipolaris sorokiniana, and is responsible for high yield losses in Eastern Gangetic Plains Zone in India. More recently, SB is extending gradually toward cooler, traditional wheat-growing North-Western part of the country which is a major contributor to the national cereal basket. Deployment of resistant cultivars is considered as the most economical and ecologically sound measure to avoid losses due to this disease. In the present study, 89 backcross introgression lines (DSBILs) derived from Triticum durum (cv. PDW274-susceptible) × Aegilops speltoides (resistant) were evaluated against SB for four consecutive years, 2016–2020. Phenotypic evaluation of these lines showed a continuous variation in disease severity indicating that the resistance to SB is certainly quantitative in nature. Phenotypic data of DSBILs were further used for mapping QTLs using SNPs obtained by genotyping by sequencing. To identify QTLs stable across the environments, Best Linear Unbiased Estimates (BLUEs) and Predictions (BLUPs) were used for mapping QTLs based on stepwise regression-based Likelihood Ratio Test (RSTEP-LRT) for additive effect of markers and single marker analysis (SMA). Five QTLs, Q.Sb.pau-2A, Q.Sb.pau-2B, Q.Sb.pau-3B, Q.Sb.pau-5B, and Q.Sb.pau-6A, linked to SB resistance were mapped across chromosomes 2A, 2B, 3B, 5B, and 6A. Genes found adjacent to the SNP markers linked to these QTLs were literature mined to identify possible candidate genes by studying their role in plant pathogenesis. Further, highly resistant DSBIL (DSBIL-13) was selected to cross with a susceptible hexaploidy cultivar (HD3086) generating BC2F1 population. The QTL Q.Sb.pau-5B, linked to SNP S5B_703858864, was validated on this BC2F1 population and thus, may prove to be a potential diagnostic marker for SB resistance.