Search

Isabel grape (IG) products have high contents of phenolic compounds and fiber recognized for their positive impacts on microorganisms associated with health benefits to host. This study evaluated the effects of goat yogurts formulated with ingredients from IG integral valorization on the growth and metabolism of different probiotic strains, as well as on the population of selected bacterial groups and metabolic activity of human colonic microbiota in vitro. Goat yogurts with IG ingredients (IGI) stimulated the growth of tested Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium probiotic strains during a 48-h cultivation, as well as decreased the pH values and enhanced the organic acid production. Goat yogurts with IGI increased the population of Lactobacillus spp. and Bifidobacterium spp. during a 24-h in vitro colonic fermentation. A stable Firmicutes:Bacteroidetes ratio close to 1 was found in media with goat yogurt formulations during the colonic fermentation, being similar to the effect caused by fructooligosaccharides. Goat yogurt formulations with IGI caused increased production of short-chain fatty acids and sugar consumption during colonic fermentation. Goat yogurts with IGI should be a valuable strategy for development of novel added-value foods with beneficial effects on gut microbiota and human health.

ABSTRACT: We evaluated the performance of Limosilactobacillus mucosae CNPC007 as an autochthonous adjunct culture in the production of goat milk Greek-style yogurt. The techno-functional, physicochemical, and sensory characteristics of the control yogurt (containing only starter culture, CY) and the probiotic yogurt (with the probiotic strain added, PY) were assessed during 28 d of refrigerated storage. Furthermore, we determined the survival of the strain throughout the gastrointestinal tract under simulated conditions. The PY yogurt had a lower extent of proteolysis index and a higher depth of proteolysis index. These results indicate that the proteolytic enzymes of L. mucosae may have a possible action in PY. The PY formulation exhibited viscosity almost 1.5 times as high as CY over the refrigeration period, probably due to higher production of exopolysaccharides by the probiotic strain, which directly interferes with the microstructure, texture, and viscosity of the product. The PY formulation received higher scores for color, flavor, and global acceptance at 1 d of storage and higher texture scores at 28 d. The counts of L. mucosae remained high (>7 log cfu/g and >8.5 log cfu/g) throughout mouth-ileum digestion and storage, respectively, in PY. The autochthonous adjunct culture of L. mucosae CNPC007 can be used for production of a novel potentially probiotic goat yogurt without negatively affecting the general characteristics of the product quality, adding value associated with maintaining its functional potential.

This study aimed to evaluate the productive performance and carcass characteristics of lambs fed diets with different types of carbohydrates associated with polyunsaturated fatty acids. Thirty castrated male lambs (20.5 ± 7.6 kg) were used, distributed in a randomized block design under three experimental diets: High proportion of non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC) diet; High NFC diet + spineless cactus (high proportion of NFC and spineless cactus) and Low NFC diet (low proportion of NFC), in a 60 day experimental period. The variables of nutrient intake, performance, and carcass characteristics were evaluated. The animals fed the High NFC + spineless cactus diet presented a higher dry matter intake, organic matter, mineral matter, crude protein, and total carbohydrates intake (p

ABSTRACT: Known as an animal of multiple functions, the Equus asinus has always been used for various purposes, such as entertainment, horseback riding, means of transport, agricultural traction and dairy farming. Although, donkeys are associated with a vast heritage of social, cultural, economic and ecological importance, they have lost their importance in the activities of rural properties, both in the developed economies of European countries and in the Northeast region of Brazil. Specific studies of production systems aimed rational exploitation of the donkey species in Brazil do not exist. New perspectives for the use of donkey in the Brazilian semiarid region through the dairy industry has aroused scientific interest and the interest of investors. The donkey, allied to the low production costs and rusticity of the species, has the capacity to contribute to the economy with products of high biological value and therapeutic characteristics. Thus, this review provided a broad view of the donkey bred in the Northeast of Brazil, observing its characteristics and relevance for the region. The benefits of donkey milk and the need to promote the production and marketing of this milk in the dairy production chain will also be discussed.

Abstract The benefits of grape consumption are widely recognized and mostly due to phenolic compounds. These beneficial effects will depend on the bioaccessibility of these compounds on grape and its derivatives. This study elaborated two formulations of Isabel grape preparation: PAX (with agave and xylitol) and PS (with sucrose); and two formulations of Isabel grape flour: FAX (from the PAX process residues) and the FS (from the PS process residues). The products were analyzed regarding their nutritional and antioxidant properties; their phenolic compounds’ bioaccessibility was also verified through a simulated digestion model. The preparation and flour exhibited relevant sugars levels (10.83-49.71 g 100 g-1). Those produced with natural sweeteners had a reduction in sugar concentration of 51% and 29% for preparation and flour, respectively, compared to formulations with sucrose, with the high fiber content in the flour is being further highlighted (20.14-21.95 g 100 g-1). The catechin (2.37-28.11 mg 100 g-1) was the most bioaccessible compound (22% to 168%), which together with the caftaric acid (2.31-69.43 mg 100 g-1) and malvidin 3-glucoside (8.65-16.47 mg 100 g-1) represent the compounds observed in greater quantity. The preparations showed higher bioaccessibility regarding grapes and flours for most of the phenolic compounds. Furthermore, the products elaborated presented higher values of anthocyanins and antioxidant activity than the in natura grape, highlighting the beneficial effect of grape processing.

The objective of this study was the production of innovative functional cookies enriched with two different sizes (100 and 28 mesh) xiquexique flour by substitution ratio 50% of wheat flour and monitoring the impact of these enrichments on the nutritional, physicochemical, texture characteristics and consumer acceptance. The physicochemical characteristics and sensorial properties of the xiquexique cookies were evaluated in a pursuit to identify an innovative bakery ingredient with high nutritional value and potential function that could be exploited by the food industry. The water activity and moisture values were low, which can provide greater stability during storage of food matrices, such as cookies. The xiquexique cookies had greater ash (2.47–2.74%), protein (0.94–1.36%), fiber (4.41–8.10%), and resistant starch (3.65–2.10%) contents than their respective controls with 100% wheat flour. The functional cookies were rich in minerals: mainly calcium, iron, potassium, magnesium and manganese and can be consumed by all individuals to help meet daily needs, especially those of people who have increased needs for these essential nutrients. In addition to the darker color of the xiquexique cookies, the hardness of these was higher than that of the control cookies, while the expansion index was smaller. The data from the Check All That Apply sensory method, which consists of a test used mainly for recipe adjustments and the development of ideal food products, confirmed that xiquexique flour have the potential for the development of bakery products such as cookies.

The physical-chemical characteristics and sensory attributes of milk are variable. This study aimed to evaluate how spineless cactus varieties resistant to carmine cochineal (Dactylopius sp.) influences the composition and sensory characteristics of goat milk. Twelve lactating goats with body weights of 51.35 ± 3.75 kg were distributed in a 4 × 4 Latin square, with three simultaneous squares composed of four animals, four periods, and four experimental diets: Control - goats fed tifton grass hay and concentrate; SCOE - goats fed the Orelha-de-elefante spineless cactus, tifton hay, and concentrate; SCB – goats fed the Baiana spineless cactus, tifton hay, and concentrate; SCM – goats fed the Miúda spineless cactus, tifton hay, and concentrate. The levels of protein and non-greasy solids and the sensory attributes of the milk (odor, butter flavor, and global acceptance) did not differ between the treatments (p > 0.05). The lipid content of the milk was reduced in the SCOE treatment compared to the control (p = 0.0014). The milk obtained from animals fed the SCOE and SCM treatments had a stronger flavor (p < 0.05). These results suggest that varieties of spineless cactus resistant to carmine cochineal can be used as goat feed without affecting milk production or global acceptance.

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate the physicochemical and sensory properties of the meat of Santa Ines lambs subjected to quantitative nutrient restrictions. Twenty-four confined animals received diets with 30% and 60% feeding restriction levels, and were compared to a controlled group without feeding restrictions (ad libitum). After slaughter, the Longissimus thoracis et lumborum (LTL) muscle was collected for the evaluation, being the lamb meat was affected by the feeding restrictions (p < 0.05). The lipid content decreased with the increased restriction, whereas the shear strength, the lightness (L*) and the red index (a*) were lower in lambs treated with the 60% restriction and there were significant variation (p < 0.05) in the sensory properties according to diet. Due to the greater score in relation to aroma and similarity to control with respect to flavor, tenderness and overall evaluation, the 30% feeding restriction level can be considered an economic and efficient alternative for the maintenance of quality in lamb meat.

Due to its necessity and magnitude, water is essential for animal nutrition. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of increasing levels of water salinity on the quality of goat milk in the Brazilian semiarid region. Twenty-four multiparous Alpine goats, with an average live weight of 38.0 ± 4.0 kg and an average lactation period of 30 days, distributed entirely at random, were used. The experiment lasted 64 days including an initial period of 14 days of adaption to the diet. The experimental treatments consisted of water with different levels of total dissolved solids (TDS): 640, 3188, 5740, and 8326 mg L−1, obtained using sodium chloride (NaCl). Increasing the levels of TDS in drinking water from 640 to 8326 mg L−1 did not significantly (p > 0.05) affect the production and the physicochemical composition of the milk. There was a linear increase (p < 0.05) in the water consumption and acidity variables as a function of the total dissolved solid levels. The mineral composition of the milk was not altered with increasing levels of TDS in water from 640 to 8326 mg L−1. There was no negative effect (p > 0.05) for any of the sensorial attributes analyzed in relation to the treatments. Therefore, as a general conclusion, based on the analyses carried out in this experiment, it was found that water with total dissolved solids, when supplied for short periods of up to 48 days, does not alter the production, physicochemical characteristics, or the organoleptic properties of goat’s milk.

The objectives of this trial were to evaluate the fatty acid profile, chemical composition, and sensory effects of crude glycerin on the longissimus dorsi muscle of crossbred Boer goat kids. Twenty crossbred Boer goat kids (20.8±2.9 kg of BW at slaughter) were used in a completely randomized block design to determine the effect of partial replacement of corn by crude glycerin on chemical composition, longissimus dorsi muscle fatty acid profile, and sensory characteristics of meat. Kids were penned individually for 51 d and fed an isonitrogenous (140.0±2.0 g.kg-1 CP, DM basis) diet composed of 700 g.kg-1 concentrate and 300 g.kg-1 Tifton (Cynodon sp.) hay. Increasing levels of crude glycerin (80.0 g/100 g glycerol, DM basis) were 0, 40, 80 or 120 g.kg-1. There was no effect on the moisture, protein, or total lipids in the longissimus dorsi; however, the ash content decreased linearly with glycerin addition. Linear decrease for linoleic acid (3.57, 2.84, 3.76, and 2.33) and ω6:ω3 ratio (10.61, 9.71, 7.26, and 7.18 for CG0, CG40, CG80 and CG120, respectively) was observed with crude glycerin inclusion. Saturated, monounsaturated, and polyunsaturated fatty acids were not affected by treatments. In the sensory assessment, crude glycerin changed the toughness, color intensity, and overall appreciation of the longissimus dorsi muscle. The partial replacement of corn by crude glycerin has a low impact on chemical composition and meat fatty acid profile. Based on the overall appreciation, it is recommended to include 80 g.kg-1 crude glycerin in the diet.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the chemical composition and fatty acid profile of meat from Santa Inês, Dorper × Santa Inês, and undefined-breed lambs finished in a feedlot system according to two forage:concentrate ratios (50:50 and 20:80) in the diet. Overall, 54 non-castrated animals were used (with an average initial weight of 23±1.5 kg at 150 days old) and were slaughtered when they reached 36 kg of live weight or 63 days of confinement. Diets with high concentrate levels favored meat production with higher protein content. Among the saturated fatty acids, only heptadecanoic (C17:0) and arachidic acids (C20:0) differed among the treatments. The amount of oleic acid detected in the meat ranged from 49.2 to 51.9 g/100 g, making this one the most representative fatty acids. Regardless of the diet and genotype, the unsaturated fatty acid and desirable fatty acid levels in the lamb meat characterize it as of satisfactory quality for the consumer market.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of sources of nitrogen on the intake and digestibility of nutrients and production and chemical composition of goat milk. Soybean meal (SBM), soybean meal + urea (SBM+U), cottonseed meal + urea (CM+U), cottonseed cake + urea (CC+U) and whole cottonseed + urea (WC+U) were used, representing the different sources of nitrogen in the diet. Ten crossbred goats were used (Alpine + Saanen), weighing on average 47.90±1.94 kg of body weight at 30 days of lactation, distributed in a double Latin square (5 × 5) with five treatments and five periods. There was influence of the different sources of nitrogen on the intakes of dry matter (DM), organic matter (OM), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and non-fiber carbohydrates (NFC) of animals, with the lowest values found in most of the variables studied for animals that received CC+U and WC+U. There was an effect of diets on the DM, OM, CP and NFC digestibility coefficients. The diet with sole addition of SBM presented the best result regarding the amount of milk produced, followed by animals fed SBM+U and CM+U and values of 2.05 kg/day; 1.92 kg/day; 1.73 kg/day; 1.47 kg/day; and 1.24 kg/day of milk for diets with SBM, SBM+U, CM+U, CC+U and WC+U, respectively. Milk composition was also changed, and the diet with WC+U showed higher percentages: 0.1208 and 0.0041 percent, for total solids and fat, respectively. There was no difference in nitrogen balance between treatments. The use of SBM+U and CM+U did not compromise the milk performance and characteristics, but the use of CC+U and WC+U is indicated in periods of low milk production.

This study assessed the effect of different growth media [BHI broth, BHI broth plus glucose (10 g/100 mL) and BHI broth plus NaCl (5 g/100 mL)] and incubation temperatures (28 or 37 ºC) on the adherence, detachment and biofilm formation on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces (2 x 2 cm coupons) for a prolonged period (24-72 h) by some strains of Staphylococcus aureus (S3, S28 and S54) from food processing plants. The efficacy of the sanitizers sodium hypochlorite (250 mg/mL) and peracetic acid (30 mg/mL) in reducing the number of viable bacterial cells in a preformed biofilm was also evaluated. S. aureus strains adhered in highest numbers in BHI broth, regardless of the type of surface or incubation temperature. Cell detachment from surfaces revealed high persistence over the incubation period. The number of cells needed for biofilm formation was noted in all experimental systems after 3 days. Peracetic acid and sodium hypochlorite were not efficient in completely removing the cells of S. aureus adhered onto polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces. From these results, the assayed strains revealed high capacities to adhere and form biofilms on polypropylene and stainless steel surfaces under the different growth conditions, and the cells in biofilm matrixes were resistant to total removal when exposed to the sanitizers sodium hypochlorite and peracetic acid.Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de diferentes meios de crescimento [caldo BHI, caldo BHI adicionado de glucose (10 g/100 mL) e caldo BHI adicionado de NaCl (5 g/100 mL)] e temperaturas de incubação (28 e 37 ºC) sobre a adesão, separação e formação de biofilme sobre superfícies (2 x 2 cm) de polipropileno e aço inoxidável durante longo tempo de incubação (24-72 h) por parte de cepas de Staphylococcus aureus (S3, S58 e S54) isoladas de plantas de processamento de alimentos. Também foi avaliada a eficácia dos sanitizantes hipoclorito de sódio (250 mg/mL) e ácido peracético (30 mg/mL) na redução do número de células bacterianas viáveis presentes em um biofilme pré-formado. As cepas de S. aureus aderiram em número mais elevado quando incubadas em caldo BHI em ambos os tipos de superfícies e temperaturas de incubação testadas. A separação das células das superfícies revelou alta persistência ao longo do período de incubação. Número de células necessário para a formação do biofilme foi detectado depois de três dias de incubação em todos os sistemas experimentais. O ácido peracético e o hipoclorito de sódio não foram eficientes em remover completamente a células de S. aureus aderidas sobre as superfícies de polipropileno e aço inoxidável. Os resultados obtidos revelaram alta capacidade das cepas ensaiadas em aderir e formar biofilme sobre superfícies de polipropileno e aço inoxidável sobre diferentes condições de crescimento e que as células na matriz do biofilme apresentaram-se resistentes à total remoção quando expostas aos sanitizantes hipoclorito de sódio e ácido peracético.

Over the past few years, the use of probiotics, which are capable of exerting beneficial effects on the composition of intestinal microbiota, has increased. Cheeses have been suggested as a better carrier of probiotic bacteria than other fermented milk products. The effect of added cultures of probiotic lactic acid bacteria on the quality of a Brazilian goat semi-hard cheese (coalho) was assessed during 21 days of storage at 10 ºC as follows: C1, Lactococcus lactis subsp. lactis and L. lactis subsp. Cremoris (standard cheese); C2, Lactobacillus acidophilus (LA-5); C3, Lactobacillus paracasei (Lactobacillus casei-01); C4, BBifidobacterium lactis (BB12); and C5, L. acidophilus, L. paracasei and B. lactis. Differences in some physico-chemical, experimental texture and proteolysis parameters were found among the assessed cheeses. All of them presented high luminosity (L*) with predominance of the yellow component (b*). Numbers of lactic acid bacteria in the cheeses were greater than 10(7) cfu g-1 during storage. Cheeses with the added probiotic strains alone and in co-culture were better accepted than cheeses without the probiotic strains. It is suggested that goat "coalho" cheese could be a potential carrier of probiotic lactic acid bacteria.

The objective of this study was to evaluate intake, apparent digestibility, ingestive behavior and blood parameters of milking goats fed cactus pear (Opuntia ficus indica) and increasing urea levels in substitution to soybean meal. Ten multiparous Alpine goats with average weight of 31±6.0 kg were used and distributed into (5 × 5) Latin squares and assessed during five 17-day periods, receiving five treatments with the following substitution levels: 0; 5; 10; 15 and 20 g/kg of urea. Neutral detergent fiber (NDF), non-fiber carbohydrates, ether extract, organic matter and water intake values showed differences, whith average values ranging from 1.03 to 1.13; 0.12 to 0.14; 1.76 to 2.10 kg/day and 0.77 to 1.48 kg/day, respectively. The NDF and crude protein apparent digestibility values were significantly affected by urea levels. In relation to the ingestive behavior, the urea levels did not influence the feeding, idleness or rumination parameters. Difference was observed for the following physiological variables: feces frequency (11.5 to 15.9 times per day), urine frequency (10.8 to 14.2 times per day) and frequency of search for water (0.8 to 2.1 times per day). The urea levels influenced the blood parameters, whose average levels ranged from 29.83 to 40.76 mg/dL. Pear cactus and increasing urea levels in substitution to soybean meal do not alter the dry matter intake or ingestive behavior. The use of urea associated with forage cactus reduces water intake and increases the blood urea concentration of milking goats.

The objective of this study was to assess the tissue component yields and the physical, chemical and sensory characteristics of meat from Santa Inês sheep fed diets in which cactus pear partially or completely replaced corn. The study used 45 Santa Inês rams with initial live weight of 25±2.5 kg and final weight of 35±1.5 kg in a completely randomized design with five treatments (0, 25, 50, 75 and 100%) and nine replicates per treatment. The leg of the animal was used to analyze the tissue component yields, and the longissimus dorsi muscle was used for assessment of the sensory characteristics and the physical and chemical compositions. The inclusion of cactus pear in the diet increased the adipose tissue percentage quadratically, up to 50%, reducing the muscle/fat ratio. The lipid content of the meat decreased with the inclusion of cactus pear in the diet. The results indicate that cactus pear can replace 100% of the corn in the diets of Santa Inês sheep kept in confinement, resulting in a decreased lipid percentage and without compromising the physical and sensory characteristics of the meat.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência da adição de melão em substituição ao milho moído em dietas sobre a composição centesimal e análise sensorial da carne de ovinos da raça Morada Nova. Foram utilizados 20 animais da raça Morada Nova, machos não-castrados, com peso vivo médio inicial de 15 kg, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso para avaliação de quatro níveis (0, 30, 60 e 100%) de inclusão de melão em substituição ao milho moído, cada um avaliado com cinco repetições. Para determinar a composição centesimal da carne, utilizou-se o músculo semimembranosus. Com o músculo longissimus dorsi, procedeu-se à análise sensorial quantificando, por intermédio de notas, os atributos de sabor, odor, suculência, maciez e aparência global. As análises dos dados não apresentaram diferenças significativas para a composição centesimal (umidade, proteína, lipídio e matéria mineral). Na análise sensorial, a suculência apresentou comportamento quadrático, com ponto de máximo de 5,18, e as demais qualidades organolépticas (odor, sabor, maciez e aparência global) não foram influenciadas pela inclusão de melão em substituição ao milho nas dietas. A utilização de melão em substituição ao milho em dietas para ovinos Morada Nova não afeta as principais qualidades organolépticas da carne.The objective of this trial was to evaluate the influence of the addition of melon fruit replacing ground corn in diets on the centesimal composition and sensory analysis of meat from Morada Nova lambs. Twenty Morada Nova males with average weight of 15 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with four increasing levels (0, 30, 60 and 100%) of melon in substitution of ground corn, each one with five replications. To determine the chemical composition of meat, the semimembranosus muscle was used. With the muscle longissimus dorsi sensory analysis, the attributes of taste, odor, juiciness, softness and overall appearance were conducted by quantifying, by means of scoring. Data analysis showed no significant differences in proximate composition (moisture, protein, lipid and ash). At the sensory analysis, juiciness showed quadratic response with a maximum peak of 5.18 and the other organoleptic qualities (flavor, tenderness and overall appearance) were not affected by the inclusion of melon replacing corn in diets. The use of melon in diets for Morada Nova sheep diets does not affect the main organoleptic qualities of meat.

Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar a caracterização físico-química, microbiológica e sensorial do queijo de leite de cabra tipo Coalho condimentado com cumaru (Amburana cearensis A.C. Smith), produzido na Região do Cariri do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil. Os valores médios obtidos para umidade, proteínas, lipídeos, gordura em extrato seco, cinzas e acidez em ácido lático foram de 46,5; 23,9; 25,3; 47,5; 3,8; 0,09%, respectivamente. Todas as amostras apresentaram contagem de coliformes totais > 2,4 × 10³ NMP.g-1 e coliformes fecais oscilando entre 0,3 × 10¹ e > 2,0 × 10³ NMP.g-1. Não foi detectada presença de Salmonella. Para as contagens de mesófilos, fungos e Staphylococcus coagulase positiva, foram encontrados valores entre 3,7 × 10(4) e 5,6 × 10(8); 4,6 × 10² e 5,2 × 10(9); < 10¹ e 8,0 × 10(5) UFC.g-1, respectivamente. Os testes sensoriais revelaram boa aceitação geral, bem como satisfatório resultado na intenção de compra do produto. A boa aceitação do queijo mostra seu potencial de ampliação de consumo. Entretanto, os resultados das análises microbiológicas ressaltam a necessidade de melhor monitoramento das etapas envolvidas no seu processamento, com o intuito de obter um produto de melhor qualidade microbiológica.This study aimed to carry out the physicochemical, microbiological and sensory characterization of coalho-like goat's milk cheese with added coumarou (Amburana cearensis A.C. Smith), manufactured in the Cariri region, Paraíba State, Brazil. The average values obtained for moisture, protein, fat, fat in the dry extract, ash and acidity as lactic acid were 46.5; 23.9; 25.3; 47.5; 3.8 and 0.09%, respectively. All the samples analyzed presented total coliform counts > 2.4 x 10³ MPN.g-1, while the faecal coliforms ranged between 0.3 x 10¹ - > 2.0 x 10³ MPN.g-1. Salmonella was not found in any of the samples. The mesophilic, fungal and coagulase-positive Staphylococcal counts were between 3.7 x 10(4)-5.6 x 10(8); 4.6 x 10²-5.2 x 10(9); and > 10¹-8.0 x 10(5) CFU.g-1, respectively. The sensory tests showed good acceptance of the product assessed and satisfactory results for purchasing intent. The good acceptance of the cheeses evaluated showed the potential for increased consumption. However, the results of the microbiological analyses showed the need for better monitoring of the steps involved in its processing, in order to obtain a product with better microbiological quality.

Objetivou-se avaliar os atributos sensoriais (dureza, odor, sabor, suculência e cor) e físicos (força de cisalhamento, perda por cocção e parâmetros de cor L*, a*, b*), além do conteúdo de ferro da carne de cordeiros dos grupos Santa Inês (SI), Dorper × Santa Inês (DP × SI) e Sem Padrão Racial Definido (SRD) terminados em confinamento com dietas formuladas com duas relações volumoso:concentrado (50:50 e 20:80). Foram utilizados 54 animais (18 de cada genótipo, com peso médio inicial de 23 kg e 150 dias de idade) abatidos com 36 kg de peso vivo. As dietas aplicadas favoreceram a diferenciação na cor da carne. A intensidade de brilho (L*) diferiu entre os grupos genéticos. Nos animais terminados com a dieta com alto nível de concentrado, a carne apresentou menores perdas por cocção. Observou-se a existência de correlação entre a intensidade de vermelho (a*) e a cor da carne in natura e entre a concentração de ferro dietético na carne e a intensidade de brilho (L*). A carne de cordeiros SI e SRD possui menor dureza e maior suculência à carne de cordeiros Dorper × Santa Inês. A relação volumoso:concentrado na dieta não promove modificações nos atributos sensoriais e parâmetros físicos da carne.The objective of this work was to evaluate sensory atributes (tenderness, odor, flavor, juiciness and color) and physical attributes (shearing force, cooking losses and the color parameters of L*, a*, b*) in addition to content of iron in the meat of Santa Inês (SI), Dorper × Santa Inês (DP × SI) and Without Definite Breed Pattern (WDB) lambs, finished in feedlots, in function of two roughage:concentrate (50:50 and 20:80) relationships in the diet. It was used 54 whole lambs (18 from each genotype, with initial average weight of 23 kg and at 150 days of age) slaughtered at 36 kg of live weight. The fed diets favored differentiation in meat color. Bright intensity (L*) differed among the genetic groups. In animals fed diet with high level of concentrate, the meat presented fewer cooking losses. It was observed the existence of a correlation between the intensity of red (a*) and the color of fresh meat and among dietary iron concentration in the meat and and bright intensity (L*). Meat of SI and SRD lambs is less tough and more juicy than meat of Dorper × Santa Inês. The ratio roughage:concentrate in the diet does not promote changes in sensory attributes and physical parameters of the meat.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of using silk flower hay replacing corn and soybean meal on physical-chemical and sensorial traits of lamb meat. It was used 32 intact Morada Nova male lambs (12.7 ± 2 kg initial body weigth) on feedlot system, distributed in a completely randomized design with four levels (0, 15, 30 and 45% on dry matter basis). The use of silk flower hay in the diet influenced quality of meat and carcass, leg weight, tissue composition, moisture, juiciness and flavor. Replacing corn (26.67%) and soybean (3.33%) with silk flower hay does not affect the tissue composition, ratios and muscularity index of leg and physical-chemical parameters of semimembranosus muscle of Morada Nova lambs.Objetivou-se avaliar a influência do uso de feno de flor-de-seda em substituição ao milho e ao farelo de soja nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais da carne de cordeiros. Utilizaram-se 32 cordeiros Morada Nova, machos não-castrados (12,7 ± 2 kg de peso vivo inicial), em confinamento, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com quatro níveis (0, 15, 30 e 45% com base na MS). A utilização de feno de flor-de-seda na dieta influenciou a qualidade da carcaça e da carne, o peso da perna, a composição tecidual, a umidade, a suculência e o sabor. A substituição do milho (26,67%) e da soja (3,33%) pelo feno de flor-de-seda não altera composição tecidual, relação e índice de muscularidade da perna e os parâmetros físico-químicos do músculo semimembranosus de cordeiros Morada Nova.

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of genotype and the energy concentration in the diet on the sensorial and chemical quality of lamb meat. It was evaluated samples from 18 Morada Nova animals, 18 Santa Inez animals, and 18 Santa Inez x Dorper crossbred animals, totalizing 54 animals. The animals were kept with two diets, with energy concentrations of 10.46 and 12.56 MJ ME/kg, respectively, and slaughtered at 30 kg average weight. It was determined contents of protein, moisture, fat and ash, as well as cooking loss, water-holding capacity, shear force, and sensorial attributes of flavour, firmness and juiciness of the meat. Genotype influenced the chemical composition of lamb meat because animals of Morada Nova breed presented the highest moisture content, and Santa Inez x Dorper crossbred showed the highest protein percentage; however, there was no variation in the sensorial attributes of lamb meat of these three genotypes. The diet with the highest energy concentration provides meat with higher juiciness.Objetivou-se investigar a influência do genótipo e da concentração energética da dieta na qualidade química e sensorial da carne ovina. Foram avaliadas amostras provenientes de 18 animais Morada Nova, 18 Santa Inês e 18 mestiços Santa Inês x Dorper, num total de 54 animais. Os animais foram mantidos com duas dietas com concentrações energéticas de 10.46 e 12.56 MJ ME/kg e abatidos ao atingirem o peso médio de 30 kg. Foram determinados os teores de proteína, umidade, gordura e cinzas, a perda de peso por cocção, a capacidade de retenção de água, a força de cisalhamento e os atributos sensoriais sabor, dureza e suculência dessas carnes. O genótipo influenciou a composição química da carne ovina, uma vez que os animais da raça Morada Nova apresentaram o maior teor de umidade e os mestiços, o maior percentual de proteína, entretanto não houve variação nos atributos sensoriais da carne ovina desses três genótipos. A dieta com maior concentração energética proporcionou carne com maior suculência.

Avaliou-se o efeito da inclusão de óleos de licuri ou de mamona na dieta sobre a produção, a composição química do leite de cabras leiteiras e a viabilidade econômica dessas dietas. No delineamento experimental foram utilizadas cabras Mestiças Moxotó distribuídas em quadrado latino 5 × 5 com duas repetições, composto de cinco dietas: uma controle, sem lipídio suplementar, e as demais com 3% ou 5% de óleo de licuri ou de mamona. A suplementação com 5% de óleo de licuri reduziu a produção de leite, mas não influenciou a produção de leite corrigida para 4% de gordura. A adição de 3% de óleo de mamona reduziu o teor de gordura e de sólidos totais em comparação ao óleo de licuri, aumentando o teor de lactose. O teor de proteína do leite, no entanto, não foi alterado pela adição de óleo na dieta. Os indicadores econômicos apontaram a dieta controle como a mais rentável, no entanto, a suplementação com 3% de óleo de licuri, em comparação ao de mamona, pode ser interessante quando o leite se destina ao processamento, em virtude do maior teor de gordura.The effect was assessed of including licuri and castor oils in the diet on the production and chemical composition of milk from goats and the economic viability of the diets. Crossbred Moxotó goats in a 5 × 5 Latin square design were used with two replications consisting of five diets: a control treatment without supplementary oil (control), and the others with 3% or 5% licuri or castor oil. Milk production decreased with the inclusion of 5% licuri oil, but it did not influence the production of milk corrected to 4% fat. The addition of 3% castor oil reduced the fat content and total solids production compared to licuri oil, but it increased the lactose content. There was no significant difference in the protein content among treatments. The simple financial analyses showed that the control diet was more profitable, but supplementation with 3% licuri oil when compared to castor oil supplementation can be an alternative when the milk is for processing because of the higher fat content.

This study was carried out to evaluate the effects of increasing metabolizable energy and soybean oil levels on the egg chemical composition, total lipids and cholesterol contents and fatty acids profile in the egg yolk. Three hundred and sixty 29 week-old Bovans Goldline semi-heavy commercial layers were used during three periods of 28 days. A completely randomized design were used in a 3 × 3 double factorial arrangement with three soybean oil levels (1, 2 and 3%) and three metabolizable energy levels in the diet (2,600, 2,750 and 2,900 kcal/kg), totalizing nine diets with five replicates of eight birds. No interaction soybean oil × metabolizable energy levels was observed. The metabolizable energy levels did not affect any of the determined characteristics. The moisture, ash and protein contents in the egg yolk and albumen and the lipid and cholesterol contents in the yolk were not affected by the soybean oil levels in the diet, while linoleic acid (C18:3) and linolenic acid (C18:2) levels responded linearly. The use of 2,600 kcal ME/kg and 3% of soybean oil in the diet of laying hens with consumption of 120 g/bird/day is justifiable, since this feeding strategy improves the fatty acids profile of the egg.Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos de níveis crescentes de energia metabolizável e de óleo de soja sobre a composição bromatológica do ovo, o teor de lipídios totais e de colesterol e o perfil de ácidos graxos na gema. Foram utilizadas 360 poedeiras comerciais da linhagem Bovans Goldline, com 29 semanas de idade, durante três períodos de 28 dias. O delineamento utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, em arranjo fatorial duplo 3 × 3, com três níveis de óleo de soja (1, 2 e 3%) e três de energia metabolizável na ração (2.600, 2.750 e 2.900 kcal/kg), totalizando nove dietas com cinco repetições de oito aves. Não foi observada interação níveis de óleo de soja × energia metabolizável. Os níveis de energia metabolizável não influenciaram nenhum dos parâmetros avaliados. Os teores de umidade, cinzas e proteína na gema e na clara e os teores de lipídio e colesterol na gema não foram afetados pelos níveis de óleo de soja da dieta, enquanto os teores dos ácidos linoléico (C18:3) e linolênico (C18:2) responderam de forma linear. Justifica-se a utilização de 2,600 kcal EM/kg e de 3% de óleo de soja em dietas para poedeiras com consumo de 120 g/ave/dia, uma vez que essa estratégia de alimentação melhora o perfil de ácidos graxos do ovo.

To assess the influence of genotype and diets with different energy levels on the lipid profile of sheep meat, 54 lambs were used (18 animals from each genotype: Morada Nova, Santa Inez and ½Dorper + ½Santa Inez crossbred), distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 3 × 2 factorial arragement (three genotypes and two diets). The animals were submitted to two diets, 2.5 Mcal ME/kg DM and 3.0 Mcal ME/kg DM, receiving feed and water to reach the desired average live weight of 30 kg, when they were slaughtered. Total lipids, cholesterol, phospholipids and fatty acids profile of the Longissimus muscle were assessed. Diet and genotype did not influence the total lipids, cholesterol and phospholipids contents. The diet with the highest energy value presented higher values for the concentration of C12:0, C14:0, C18:0, C19:0, C22:0 acids and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) in relation to that with the lowest energy value. However, for the concentrations of C15:0 acid and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), the highest values were recorded for diet with the lowest energy value. Genotype and diet influenced significantly the MUFA concentration, in which ½Dorper + ½Santa Inez crossbred genotype and diet with 2.5 Mcal ME/kg DM showed the highest values. Genotype influenced the saturated fatty acids (SFA) concentration, with ½Dorper + ½Santa Inez crossbred obtaining the lowest mean, behavior similar to that observed for PUFA concentrations. Desirable fatty acids (DFA), atherogenicity index as well as PUFA:SFA, MUFA:SFA, (C18:0 + C18:1):C16:0 ratios were influenced by diet and genotype. ½Dorper + ½Santa Inez crossbred and diet with 2.5 Mcal ME/kg DM obtained the best results.Para avaliar a influência do genótipo e de dietas com diferentes níveis energéticos sobre o perfil lipídico da carne ovina, foram utilizados 54 cordeiros (18 animais de cada genótipo: Morada Nova, Santa Inês e mestiço ½Dorper + ½Santa Inês) distribuídos em delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, em esquema fatorial 3 × 2 (três genótipos e duas dietas). Os animais foram mantidos com duas dietas (com 2,5 Mcal EM/kg MS ou 3,0 Mcal EM/kg MS) recebendo alimentação e água à vontade até atingirem o peso vivo médio de 30 kg, quando foram abatidos. Determinaram-se os lipídios totais, o colesterol, os fosfolipídios e o perfil de ácidos graxos do músculo Longissimus. A dieta e os genótipos não influenciaram os teores de lipídios totais, colesterol e fosfolipídios. A dieta com maior valor energético apresentou valores mais elevados para concentração dos ácidos C12:0, C14:0, C18:0, C19:0, C22:0 e dos ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGM) em comparação àquela com menor valor energético. As maiores concentrações do ácido C15:0 e de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados (AGP) foram obtidas com a dieta de menor valor energético. O genótipo e a dieta influenciaram a concentração dos AGM, que foi maior nos mestiços ½Dorper + ½Santa Inês mantidos com a dieta com 2,5 Mcal EM/kg MS. O genótipo influenciou a concentração dos ácidos graxos saturados (AGS), uma vez que os mestiços ½Dorper + ½Santa Inês apresentaram a menor média, comportamento semelhante ao observado para as concentrações dos AGP. Os ácidos graxos desejáveis (AGD), o índice de aterogenicidade e as relações AGP:AGS, AGM:AGS, (C18:0 + C18:1):C16:0 foram influenciados pelo genótipo e pela dieta. O genótipo ½Dorper + ½Santa Inês e a dieta com 2,5 Mcal EM/kg MS possibilitaram os melhores resultados.

This study aimed to evaluate the chemical quality and fat profile of meat from crossbred goats (native and exotic) reared under feedlot systems. Thirty-two entire male goats were divided in equal number into four racial groups: eight pure Boer breed, eight ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbred, eight ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbred and eight ½ Anglo Nubian + ½ SPRD crossbred. All goats were reared under feedlot system and slaughtered at the average age and live weight of 223 days and 29 kg, respectively. The chemical composition including moisture, protein, ash, fat, cholesterol, phospholipids and fatty acids was determined. The breed types had no significant effect on moisture, protein, ash, fat, cholesterol and phospholipids contents. However, the percentages of oleic and stearic acids and the MUFA/SFA ratio showed significant differences between the four breed groups, with percentages ranging from 0.72 for ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD crossbred to 0.95 for ½ Boer + ½ SPRD crossbred. The oleic acid (C18:1) was found in the highest percentage in the fatty acid profile in goat meat, particularly for ½ Boer + ½ SPRD and ½ Anglo + ½ SPRD genotypes. The crossing of exotic Boer and Anglo Nubian breeds with the natives SPRD resulted in a goat meat of high quality, even at a ratio of 50%, since the goat meat showed low cholesterol percentage and high protein and unsaturated fatty acids contents.Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar a composição química e o perfil lipídico da carne de caprinos terminados em confinamento. Utilizaram-se 32 animais machos não-castrados de quatro tipos raciais 8 Boer puros, 8 ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD (Sem Padrão Racial Definido), 8 ½ Boer + ½ SPRD e 8 ½ Anglo Nubiano + ½ SPRD criados em regime de confinamento e abatidos com peso médio de 29,0 kg e idade média de 223 dias, para avaliação da composição centesimal e dos componentes lipídicos (colesterol, fosfolipídios e ácidos graxos). O genótipo dos animais não teve efeito sobre a composição centesimal e os níveis de colesterol e fosfolipídios da carne, mas influenciaram os percentuais dos ácidos graxos oléico e esteárico e a relação AGMI:AGS, que variou de 0,72 (grupo genético ¾ Boer + ¼ SPRD) a 0,95 (grupo ½ Boer + ½ SPRD). O ácido oléico (C18:1) foi o que mais contribuiu na composição dos ácidos graxos na carne caprina, especialmente nos grupos ½ Boer + ½ SPRD e ½ Anglo + ½ SPRD. O cruzamento genético das raças Boer e Anglo Nubiana com nativos SPRD, mesmo na proporção de 50%, resultou em carne de boas qualidades nutricionais, como baixo teor de colesterol, elevado teor protéico e elevado índice de ácidos graxos insaturados.

The main objective of this work was to quantify the migration of iron and aluminium ions and to evaluate the influence of recipients made of iron, stainless steel, aluminium and glass on the oxidative stability during frying with soy (Glycine max) and refined nhandiroba oils (Fevillea trilobata). Soy oil during the frying process in the four distinct recipients presented increased Free Fatty Acids index (FFA) and Peroxide index (PI) values and decreased Iodine index (II) values. Refined nhandiroba oil presented decreased FFA rates in all the recipients investigated. The analysis of results showed that soy oil presented relevant oxidative alterations when compared to the heating time of 72 h and the types of frying recipients used, and in iron and stainless steel recipients, these differences were higher when compared to glass and aluminium recipients. The analysis of the nhandiroba oil presented moderate oxidative modifications in all the frying recipients investigated.O Objetivo fundamental foi quantificar a migração dos íons ferro, alumínio e avaliar a influencia dos recipientes de inox, de ferro, de alumínio e de vidro no processo de estabilidade oxidativo, durante a fritura em óleos refinados de soja (Glycine max) e de nhandiroba (Fevillea trilobata). O óleo de Soja durante o processo de fritura nos quatro tipos de recipientes apresentou valores aumentados de (AGL) e (IP) e valores diminuídos (II). O óleo de nhandiroba refinado apresentou taxas de (AGL) decrescidas nos recipientes pesquisados. As análises dos resultados mostraram que o óleo de soja apresentou alterações oxidativas relevantes, quando comparado com o tempo de aquecimento de 72 horas e os tipos de recipientes de frituras utilizados, sendo que, em recipientes de ferro e inox essas diferenças foram maiores do que em recipientes de alumínio e vidro. As análises do óleo de nhandiroba apresentaram modificações oxidativas brandas nos quatro tipos de recipientes pesquisados.

The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the manicoba silage use (Manihot glaziovii Muel Arg.) in different roughage:concentrate ratios (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 and 60:40 %) on the fatty acids profile of the milk from Moxotó goats. Eight multiparous goats with approximately 60 post-birth days and weigh 44 kg on average were used in a Double Latin Square with four treatments, four periods and four animals. Each period lasted 15 days with 10 days of adaptation to experimental diets and 5 days of milk collection. The results of the fatty acids analyses were submitted to the analysis of variance (ANOVA) and regression. An increasing linear effect for the miristic acid (C14:0) and decreasing for the linoleic acid (C18:3) was observed in function of the silage levels in diet. The milk fat presented high contents of desirable fatty acids (C18:0 + unsaturated acids), considered as nutritionally important due to their benefits to the human health. It could be concluded that the manicoba silage could be included in the diet with the participation of up to 60%, presenting a nutrient supply of high nutritional value.O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da utilização de silagem de maniçoba (Manihot glaziovii Muel Arg.) em diferentes relações volumoso:concentrado (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 e 60:40 %) no perfil de ácidos graxos do leite de cabras da raça Moxotó. Foram utilizadas oito cabras multíparas com aproximadamente 60 dias pós-parto, pesando em média 44 kg, em um Quadrado Latino duplo 4 x 4, com quatro tratamentos, quatro períodos e quatro animais. Cada período teve duração de 15 dias, com 10 de adaptação às dietas experimentais e cinco dias de colheita de leite. Foi verificado efeito linear crescente do ácido mirístico (C14:0) e decrescente para o ácido linolênico (C18:3), em função dos níveis de silagem da dieta. A gordura do leite apresentou elevado teor de ácidos graxos desejáveis (C18:0 + insaturados), considerados importantes nutricionalmente pelos seus benefícios à saúde humana.

Com o objetivo de verificar a influência da ordem de parto e do período da ordenha na produção e composição físico-química do colostro e do leite de transição de cabras Saanen, utilizaram-se três grupos de animais (16 animais de primeira parição; 17 animais de segunda parição e oito animais de terceira ou mais parições) e coletaram-se amostras nos horários de 0, 8, 12 e 24 horas após o parto. A ordem de parto não influenciou a produção do colostro e leite de transição e não afetou significativamente as características estudadas (acidez, densidade, gordura, extrato seco total e proteína total), com exceção do pH, que diferiu significativamente (6,70; 6,50 e 6,46) entre os animais de terceira, mais de primeira e segunda parições, respectivamente. O período da ordenha influenciou os teores de gordura (8,29 e 5,14%), extrato seco total (10,52 e 6,68%), proteína total (9,24 e 4,37%) e acidez (46,1 e 25,1ºD) nos períodos de 0 e 24 horas pós-parto, respectivamente. A ordem de parto não influencia a produção nem a composição físico-química das secreções lácteas de fêmeas caprinas nas primeiras 24 horas após o parto, com exceção do pH.Aiming to study the influence of parturition order and milking time in the production and physical-chemical composition of colostrum and transition milk secretion of Saanen goats, three groups of animals were used (16 from the first parturition; 17 from the second and 8 from the third or more parturitions) and samples were collected at zero, 12 and 24 h after kidding. Parturition order did not interfere in colostrum and transition milk secretion productions, neither in the studied characteristics (acidity, density, fat, total dry extract and total protein), except for pH, which differ (6.70; 6.50; 6.46) among goats of 3rd or more, 1st and 2nd parturition, respectively. Milking time influenced fat contents (8.29 and 5.14%); total dry extract (10.52 and 6.68%); total protein (9.24 and 4.37%); acidity (46.1 and 25.1ºD) in the period from 0 and 24h post kidding, respectively. Parturition order did not affected milky secretion production and physical-chemical composition in the first 24 hours post kidding, except for pH.

Esta pesquisa foi realizada com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da inclusão (0, 20, 30 e 40%) de caroço de algodão integral (Gossypium hirsutum) na dieta sobre a composição química e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de cordeiros Santa Inês. Foram utilizados 24 cordeiros machos não-castrados (peso corporal inicial de 19,0 ± 0,2 kg e 4 meses de idade), todos criados em regime de confinamento em baias individuais. Os níveis de caroço de algodão integral não afetaram a composição centesimal e os percentuais de colesterol e fosfolipídios da carne ovina. Entretanto, houve diferença entre os percentuais dos ácidos graxos mirístico, palmítico e linolênico e entre a relação C18:0 + C18:1 / C16:0. Do ponto de vista nutricional, a utilização de caroço de algodão integral na dieta pode ser recomendada, durante períodos curtos, em níveis de até 40% para ovinos em terminação. Ressalta-se que o caroço de algodão integral é um subproduto economicamente viável por apresentar baixo custo de produção em comparação ao milho e à soja.The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of inclusion (0, 20, 30 and 40%) of whole cottonseed (Gossypium hirsutum) in the diet on chemical composition and fatty acids profile of Santa Inez sheep meat. Twenty four no castrated male sheep were used, (initial 19.0 ± 0.2 kg BW and 4 month old), all kept in confinement regime in individual stalls. The levels of whole cottonseed did not affect chemical composition and the percentages of cholesterol and phospholipids of the lamb meat. However, there was difference among the percentages of the miristic, palmitic and linolenic fatty acids and also to the relationship C18:0 + C18:1 / C16:0. At nutritional point of view, the utilization of whole cottonseed could be recommended, during short periods, up to the level of 40% for finishing animals. In addition, whole cottonseed is a by-product economically viable for presenting low production cost as compared to corn and soybean.

The objective of the present work was to quantify the constitution and composition chemistry of the precooked goat buchada produced in the state of Paraíba, Brazil. The goat buchada presented considerable yield in relation to the live weight. High protein content was observed in the products analyzed. The lipid content presented high variation as result of the lack of standardization of products produced in the state and no control on parameters such as age, weight and breed of the slaughtered animals was observed. Although no difference (PObjetivou-se com o presente trabalho, quantificar os constituintes e determinar a composição química da buchada caprina pré-cozida produzida no estado da Paraíba, Brasil. A buchada apresentou um considerável rendimento em relação ao peso vivo. Verificou-se um elevado teor protéico nos produtos analisados. O conteúdo lipídico apresentou alta variação, em decorrência da falta de padronização dos produtos confeccionados no estado, não havendo controle dos parâmetros de idade, peso, sexo e raça dos animais abatidos. Embora não se tenha observado diferença (P

Avaliaram-se os efeitos da utilização de silagem de maniçoba (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.) nas relações volumoso:concentrado 30:70; 40:60; 50:50 e 60:40% sobre a composição do leite, o perfil de ácidos graxos e as características sensoriais do leite de cabras Moxotó. Utilizaram-se oito cabras multíparas com aproximadamente 60 dias pós-parto, pesando em média 44 kg, em um delineamento quadrado latino duplo 4 × 4, com quatro tratamentos, quatro períodos e quatro animais. Cada período teve duração de 15 dias: dez de adaptação dos animais às dietas e cinco de coleta do leite. Não foi observado efeito das dietas na composição química do leite, que apresentou valores médios de proteína (3,79%), gordura (3,97 %), lactose (4,66 %), extrato seco total (13,12%), densidade (1,033) e acidez (19ºD). O fornecimento de silagem de maniçoba influenciou de forma linear crescente as concentrações de ácido mirístico (C14:0), que apresentaram valores de 6,15 a 7,85%, e de forma decrescente os teores de ácido linolênico (C18:3), cujos valores médios foram de 2,13 a 0,76% conforme aumentaram os níveis de silagem na dieta. Os resultados da ADQ (análise descritiva quantitativa) indicam que a utilização de silagem de maniçoba em dieta para cabras não confere mudanças sensoriais perceptíveis no leite. A inclusão de silagem de maniçoba na alimentação de cabras leiteiras em níveis de até 60% da dieta não altera a composição e as características sensoriais do leite.The objective of this work was to evaluate the effects of the use of maniçoba silage (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.) in different forage:concentrate ratio (30:70; 40:60; 50:50 and 60:40%) in milk composition, fatty acids profile and sensorial characteristics of Moxotó dairy goat milk. Eight multiparus goats were used, with approximately 60 days postpartum and about 44 kg on average, in a 4 × 4 Latin square design, with four treatments, four periods and 4 animals. Each period lasted 15 days : 10 of adaptation of the animals to the diets and 5 of milk collection. No effect of the diets was observed on milk chemical composition, which showed mean values of protein (3.79%), fat (3.97%), lactose (4.66%), total dry extract (13.12%), density (1.033) and acidity (19ºD). A positive linear effect was observe for the miristic acid (C14:0), with mean values from 6.15 to 7.85%, and a negative linear effect was observed for the linolenic acid (C18:3), with mean values from 2.13 to 0.76%, due to the increase of silage levels in the diet. The results of ADQ (quantitative and descriptive analyses) show that the use of maniçoba silage in goats diet did not cause sensorial perceptible changes in the milk. The maniçoba silage inclusion in feeding of milk goat up to the level of 60% in the diet did not change the composition and sensorial characteristics of Moxotó breed goat milk.

O efeito da suplementação com óleos de algodão e de girassol sobre a composição do leite foi testado em cabras mestiças Moxotó alimentadas com cinco dietas: controle, sem adição de óleo; adição de óleo de algodão a 3%; óleo de algodão a 5%; óleo de girassol a 3%; e óleo de girassol a 5% (%MS). Foram utilizadas dez cabras em lactação, confinadas, distribuídas em dois quadrados latinos (5 × 5), com 12 dias de adaptação e três dias de coleta em cada período. A suplementação com óleo de algodão a 5% MS elevou o teor de gordura (4,99%) e de extrato seco total (13,48%) do leite, mas não alterou a concentração dos demais componentes. A adição de 5% de óleo de girassol, no entanto, promoveu aumento na concentração do ácido linolênico (C18:3). A adição de óleo vegetal em dietas para cabras nativas promoveu aumento do percentual de gordura no leite e aumento nos teores de ácidos graxos insaturados resultando em um produto de melhor qualidade para a saúde humana.The effects of cottonseed and sunflower oil supplementation on milk composition were tested using crossbred Moxotó goats. Experimental diets were as follows: control, without addition of oil; addition of 3% cottonseed oil; 5% cottonseed oil; 3% sunflower oil and 5% sunflower oil (%DM). Ten confined lactating goats were allotted to a double Latin square experimental design (5 × 5). Each period was comprised by 12 days of adaptation to the diet and three days of sampling in each period. Cottonseed oil supplementation at 5 %DM increased the fat content (4.99%) and the total solid (13.48%) of milk. However, the addition of sunflower oil at 5% promoted an increase in the linolenic acid (C18:3) concentrations. Therefore, the vegetal oil addition in diets for native goats promoted an increase in the percentage of milk fat and in unsaturated fatty acid contents in milk, resulting in a product of better quality for the human health.

Objetivou-se avaliar a influência dos períodos de lactação nas características químicas e físicas do leite de cabras Saanen no Brejo Paraibano, Brasil, e verificar o efeito do manejo do rebanho, da higiene da ordenha e dos períodos da lactação no perfil lipídico do leite. Vinte animais foram selecionados, constituindo-se quatro grupos de 5 (com e sem a presença do macho e ordenha com e sem procedimentos de higiene) para análises de amostras de leite coletadas com 35, 85 e 135 dias de lactação. Os resultados comprovaram produtividade leiteira satisfatória em 135 dias de lactação, evidenciando produção máxima aos 35 dias e comportamento linear decrescente com o avanço da lactação. Os teores de lipídios e acidez variaram no decorrer da lactação. A higiene da ordenha e o manejo do rebanho não tiveram efeito sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos, no entanto, os valores médios de ácidos graxos saturados foram influenciados pela fase de lactação, observando-se os maiores percentuais de ácidos graxos de cadeia curta aos 85 dias da lactação. Os teores médios de ácidos graxos insaturados também foram modificados por este fator e apresentaram os maiores valores aos 35 dias de lactação.The objective of this trial was to evaluate the effect of lactation stage in the chemical and physical characteristics of milk from Saanen goats as well as to investigate the effects of flock management, milking sanitary conditions, and lactation phase in the milk fatty acid profile. Twenty goats were randomly assigned to four groups of five animals each. Flock management differed by the presence or absence of males in the groups while milking sanitary conditions differed either by a poor or by a good milking hygiene. Milk samples were collected at 35, 85 and 135 days of lactation. Results showed that milk yield was as expected at 135 days of lactation; peak milk production was observed at 35 days of lactation and decreased linearly as lactation progressed. Milk yield, milk fat content, and milk acidity all changed according to the lactation stage. Milking sanitary conditions and flock management did not affect the milk fatty acids profile. However, milk fatty acids profile differed at different lactation stages with the greatest content of saturated fatty acids at 85 days of lactation.

The protein composition of goat milk differs between goat breeds and could present regional trends. The aim of this study was to comparatively analyze the protein composition of goat milk produced by the Alpine and Saanen breeds in northeastern Brazil and to evaluate the antibacterial activity of its protein fractions. SDS-PAGE, 2-DE electrophoresis and RP-HPLC analyses revealed the absence of αs1-casein in the milk of both breeds and no differences between the αs2-casein, β-casein, β-lactoglobulin and α-lactalbumin profiles. The amounts of soluble proteins and β-casein hydrolysis residues were higher in Saanen milk. Only the protein fraction containing the largest amounts of casein (F60-90%) inhibited bacterial growth, with MIC values between 50 and 100 mg/mL. This study describe for the first time three important points about the goat milk protein of two Brazilian goat breeders: absence of α-s1 casein in the protein profile, differences between the milk protein composition produced by goats of Alpine and Saanen breeders and antibacterial activity of unbroken proteins (casein-rich fraction) present in these milk.

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar as características físico-químicas e sensoriais da carne de caprinos das raças Canindé e Moxotó, criados em sistema de confinamento e alimentados a base de dietas com dois níveis de feno de maniçoba (Maninhot glaziovii muell.) (35 e 70%). Utilizou-se 40 cabritos castrados, dos quais 20 da raça Moxotó e 20 da raça Canindé. Cabritos da raça Moxotó produziram carnes com maior umidade e suculência que os animais da raça Canindé. Foram encontrados na carne destes genótipos avaliados, expressivos teores de proteína e baixas concentrações de lipídeos totais, o que é desejável para consumidores que priorizam produtos saudáveis. Pode-se afirmar que as carnes procedentes de caprinos da raça Moxotó e Canindé classificam-se como macias, e que, o fornecimento de dietas com maiores níveis energéticos para caprinos da Raça Moxotó e Canindé, em confinamento, favorece a produção de carnes mais macias e suculentas.The effect of rest periods during seasons was evaluated on morphogenetic and structural characteristics and herbage accumulation of Panicum maximum cv. Mombaca established in Amazonia. We used a completely randomized design, with four replicates per treatment. Rest periods were 36 and 48 days, and height of cut was 25 cm. Leaf blade dry matter production did not increase as rest period increased. Dry matter production did not modify between rest periods, showing that in the lowest rest period lower production was compensated by higher number of cuts. Rest period did not influence the morphogenetic variable evaluated, except phyllocrono as higher average was obtained in lower rest period. For structural characteristics, effect of rest period was observed for leaf blade length, death leaves number and sheat-stem ration.

Foi analisado o efeito dos níveis crescentes de suplementação (0,00; 0,35; 0,70, 1,05 e 1,40%) em relação ao peso vivo sobre as características físico-químicas e sensoriais do leite de vaca. Foram utilizadas cinco vacas Sindi lactantes (355+35,5kg), alocadas em um quadrado latino (5 x 5), com cinco tratamentos e cinco períodos com duração de 14 dias (onze de adaptação dos animais às dietas e três de coleta do leite). A amostragem do leite para análise da composição centesimal e da análise sensorial foi realizada nos três últimos dias de cada período experimental (12°, 13° e 14° dias). A avaliação sensorial do leite foi em Análise Descritiva Quantitativa (ADQ). Não foi observado efeito das dietas na composição química do leite, que apresentou valores médios de densidade (1,033), acidez (18,16°D), gordura (3,48 %), lactose (5,17 %), extrato seco total (12,59%), proteína (3,28%). Os resultados da ADQ indicam que a suplementação a pasto para vacas Sindi não confere mudanças sensoriais perceptíveis no leite. Os níveis crescentes de suplementação em pastagem para vacas leiteiras Sindi, não altera a composição e as características sensoriais do leite.It was analyzed the effect of supplementation (0,00; 0,35; 0,70, 1,05 e 1,40%) on increasing levels in relation to their alive weight on the Physico-chemical and sensorial properties of cow milk. Five Sindi lactating cows were used (355+35,5kg), allocated as one Latin squares (5x5) into five treatments and five periods of 14 days (11 of adaptation of the animals to the diets and 3 of milk collection). The milk sampling for performing the chemical analysis and sensory evaluation was done in the three last days of each trial period (13th, 14th and 15th days). The sensory evaluation of milk was performed in quantitative descriptive analysis (QDA). No effect of the diets was observed on milk chemical composition, which showed mean values of density (1.033), acidity (18,16°D), fat (3,48 %), lactose (5,17 %), total dry extract (12,59%), protein (3,28%). The results of ADQ show that the supllementation at pasture in Sindi cows did not cause sensorial perceptible changes in the milk. Increasing levels of supplementation at pasture of the Sindi cows milk did not change the composition and sensorial characteristics of milk.

This research was conducted with objective to evaluate the utilization of maniçoba hay (Manihot glaziovii Muell Arg.) in different levels (30, 40, 50 e 60%) on performance and composition of Moxoto goat milk. It was used eight multiparous does (44 kg BW) averaged 60 days of lactation, allocated in two 4 x 4 Latin squares design, with four treatments, four experimental periods and four animals. Each experimental period lasted 15 days (ten for animal adaptation to the diets and five days for data collection. The animal were milked twice daily at 06h30min and 16h00min, being made the milk control through individual weighing of the milk during five days each experimental period. The values to average milk yield (1,38 kg/day), milk fat corrected milk yield (1,43 kg/day), as well as, the mean daily milk fat contents (4,26%), total protein (3,69%), lactose (4,48%), total solids (13,12%) solids nonfat (8,97%) and acidity (18oD) from milk was not affected by the diets. The net energy balance was positive to all the treatments. Therefore, the Maniçoba hay can be used in until 60% of diet, without causing damage to the performance of animals.Objetivou-se determinar a utilização do feno de Maniçoba (Manihot glaziovii Muell. Arg.) em diferentes níveis (30, 40, 50 e 60%) sobre a produção e composição do leite de cabras Moxotó. Utilizaram-se oito cabras multíparas com aproximadamente 60 dias de lactação, com peso, em média, 44,26±4,23 kg em delineamento quadrado latino duplo 4x 4, com quatro tratamentos, quatro períodos e quatro animais. Cada período teve duração de 15 dias (10 de adaptação dos animais às dietas e 5 para coleta de dados). As cabras foram ordenhadas manualmente duas vezes ao dia (6:30 e 16:00 h), sendo realizada a pesagem individual do leite nos cinco dias de cada período experimental. Não foi observado efeito dos tratamentos sobre a produção (PL) e composição do leite. Os valores médios foram de: 1,38kg PL; 1,43kg/dia PL corrigida (4% gordura); gordura (4,26%); proteína total (3,69%); lactose (4,48%); sólidos totais (13,21%); sólidos não gordurosos (8,97%) e acidez (0,18oD). O balanço de energia líquida foi positivo para todos os tratamentos. Concluiu-se que o feno de maniçoba pode ser usado em até 60% da dieta, sem prejudicar o desempenho dos animais.

Avaliou-se o efeito da substituição parcial do farelo de soja por uréia na dieta de cabras em lactação sobre o consumo de matéria seca, produção e composição físico-química do leite. Foram utilizadas oito cabras Saanen, distribuídas em um delineamento experimental em quadrado latino (4 x 4), com duas repetições. Os níveis de uréia utilizados nas dietas experimentais foram de 0; 0,8; 1,6 e 2,4% e para farelo de soja foram de 25; 19; 13 e 7%, respectivamente. Os animais foram avaliados em quatro períodos de 15 dias cada, sendo 12 dias para adaptação à dieta e os últimos três dias para a coleta de dados. Houve redução do consumo de matéria seca, à medida que se aumentava o nível de uréia na ração. Os valores médios para acidez, proteína, densidade, extrato seco total, extrato seco desengordurado, cinzas e lactose no leite não apresentaram diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os tratamentos. Já o teor de gordura do leite apresentou efeito linear crescente (PThe effect of the partial replacement of soybean meal by urea in the diet of lactating goats on the dry matter consumption, milk production and physicochemical composition was evaluated. Eight Saanen goats, in an experimental design in Latin square (4 x 4), were used. The urea levels used in experimental diets were 0, 0.8, 1.6 and 2.4% and, soybean meal level were 25, 19, 13 and 7%, respectively. The animals were evaluated in four periods of 15 days, each, and 10 days were used for adapting to diet, and the last five days, to collect data. There was a reduction on the dry matter consumption as the urea level in the diet increased. The average values of acidity, protein, density, total solids, defatted total solids, ash and lactose in milk showed no significant difference (P>0.05) among treatments. However, the fat content presented increasing linear effect (P

Six commercial brands of goat milk sold in Paraíba State were evaluated. Microbiological analyses of 24 samples were collected in four different periods, including aerobic mesophilic counts, yeasts and moulds and, and total fecal coliforms. The counts ranged from 1.30 to 3.32, 0.71 to 0.99, and from 0.00 to 0.57 Log.UFC/mL for total aerobic mesophiles, moulds, yeasts and total coliforms, respectively. All samples were negative for fecal coliforms. The microbiological status of all samples was in accordance with the current food safety mandates in Brazil, as provided by the Technical Production Guideline for Identification and Quality of Goat Milk from the Brazilian Agriculture Ministry. However, significant differences (PForam analisadas amostras de seis marcas comerciais de leite de cabra produzidas na Paraíba. Para cada marca comercial, foram coletadas amostras de quatro datas de processamento, totalizando 24 amostras experimentais. As análises realizadas foram de bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, bolores e leveduras e coliformes totais e termotolerantes. As contagens variaram de 1,30 a 3,32; 0,71 a 0,99; e de 0,00 a 0,57Log.UFC/mL para bactérias aeróbias mesófilas, bolores e leveduras e coliformes totais, respectivamente. Todas as amostras apresentaram contagens negativas para coliformes termotolerantes. Os valores para os demais grupos de microrganismos analisados para todas as marcas comerciais permaneceram de acordo com a legislação vigente do Brasil, considerando o Regulamento Técnico de Produção, Identidade e Qualidade do Leite de Cabra do Ministério da Agricultura, entretanto, houve variação (P

Goat meat is considered a lean meat and its chemical composition is in agreement with current consumer requirements. On the other hand, sheep meat is smoother and juicier. Another sensorial peculiarity is the flavour. The fat amount in animal carcass, the diet applied and its slaughter weight influenced sensorial attributes, which maintained high and positive relations among each other, and negative relations concerning live and slaughter weight. Sensorial analysis of meat reflects the consumer preference for some sensorial attributes, mainly related to the existence of fatty acids and volatile substances in red meat. This revision evaluated the genetic and environment factors effect upon lipid profile, volatile components and sensorial characteristics of goat and sheep meat.A carne caprina é considerada uma carne magra e sua composição química está de acordo com as exigências dos atuais consumidores, por sua vez, a carne ovina é mais macia e suculenta. Outra peculiaridade sensorial destas espécies é o aroma característico. A quantidade de gordura presente na carcaça do animal, a dieta utilizada e o peso vivo ao abate influenciaram os atributos sensoriais, características estas que apresentaram correlações altas e positivas entre si, e negativas em relação ao peso vivo ao abate. A análise sensorial de carnes reflete a preferência dos consumidores por determinados atributos sensoriais, sendo a maioria destes explicados pela composição de ácidos graxos e substâncias voláteis presentes nas carnes vermelhas. Esta revisão tem como objetivo abordar as características sensoriais das carnes carne caprina e ovina e o efeito de fatores genéticos e ambientais que influenciam o seu perfil lipídico e os componentes voláteis.