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The combination of nitrogen and silicon fertilization, in adequate amounts, can increase rice grains yield and quality. This study aimed at evaluating the yield components, grain yield and milled quality of rice grains, Primavera cultivar, according to the application of silicon combined with topdressing nitrogen fertilization, with and without irrigation, in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil. The experimental design was randomized blocks, in a split-split-plot arrangement, with four replications. The treatments consisted of cropping systems (rainfed and sprinkler irrigation) for plots, silicon doses (0 kg ha-1 and 100 kg ha-1) for split-plots and topdressing nitrogen doses (0 kg ha-1, 30 kg ha-1, 60 kg ha-1 and 90 kg ha-1) for split-split-plots. Irrigation increased plant height and grain yield, and the silicon application did not affect grain yield and its components or the milled rice yield of irrigated rice. The rise of N doses, under sprinkler irrigation, increased plant height, number of tillers and panicles m-2 and total spikelets, as well as grain yield, however, for the rainfed system, rice yield decreased.

The application of hyperspectral data in machine learning models can contribute to the rapid and accurate determination of caffeine content in coffee beans. This study aimed to identify the machine learning algorithm with the best performance for predicting caffeine content and to find input data for these models that can improve the accuracy of these algorithms. The coffee beans were harvested one year after the seedlings were planted. The fresh beans were taken to the spectroscopy laboratory (Laspec) at the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Chapadão do Sul campus, for spectral evaluation using a spectroradiometer. For the analysis, the dried coffee beans were ground and sieved for the quantification of caffeine, which was carried out using a liquid chromatograph on the Waters Acquity 1100 series UPLC system, with an automatic sample injector. The spectral data of the beans, as well as the spectral data of the roasted and ground coffee, were analyzed using machine learning (ML) algorithms to predict caffeine content. Four databases were used as input: the spectral information of the bean (CG), the spectral information of the bean with additional clone information (CG+C), the spectral information of the bean after roasting and grinding (CGRG) and the spectral information of the bean after roasting and grinding with additional clone information (CGRG+C). The caffeine content was used as an output to be predicted. Each database was subjected to different machine learning models: artificial neural networks (ANNs), decision tree (DT), linear regression (LR), M5P, and random forest (RF) algorithms. Pearson’s correlation coefficient, mean absolute error, and root mean square error were tested as model accuracy metrics. The support vector machine algorithm showed the best accuracy in predicting caffeine content when using hyperspectral data from roasted and ground coffee beans. This performance was significantly improved when clone information was included, allowing for an even more accurate analysis.

Identifying machine learning models that are capable of classifying soybean genotypes according to micronutrient content using only spectral data as input is relevant and useful for plant breeding programs and agricultural producers. Therefore, our objective was to classify soybean genotypes according to leaf micronutrient levels using multispectral images. In the 2019/20 crop year, a field experiment was carried out with 103 F2 soybean populations in the experimental area of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, in Chapadão do Sul, Brazil. The data were subjected to machine learning analysis using algorithms to classify genotypes according to leaf micronutrient content. The spectral data were divided into three distinct input groups to be tested in the machine learning models: spectral bands (SBs), vegetation indices (VIs), and combining VIs and SBs. The algorithms tested were: J48 Decision Tree (J48), Random Forest (RF), Support Vector Machine (SVM), Perceptron Multilayer Neural Network (ANN), Logistic Regression (LR), and REPTree (DT). All model parameters were set as the default settings in Weka 3.8.5 software. The Random Forest (RF) algorithm outperformed (>90 for CC and >0.9 for Kappa and Fscore) regardless of the input used, demonstrating that it is a robust model with good data generalization capacity. The DT and J48 algorithms performed well when using VIs or VIs+SBs inputs. The SVM algorithm performed well with VIs+SBs as input. Overall, inputs containing information about VIs provided better results for the classification of soybean genotypes. Finally, when deciding which data should serve as input in scenarios of spectral bands, vegetation indices or the combination (VIs+SBs), we suggest that the ease and speed of obtaining information are decisive, and, therefore, a better condition is achieved with band-only inputs. This allows for the identification of genetic materials that use micronutrients more efficiently and the adaptation of management practices. In addition, the decision to be made can be made quickly, without the need for chemical evaluation in the laboratory.

The objectives of this work are (i) to classify soybean cultivars under different irrigation managements using hyperspectral data, looking for the best machine-learning algorithm for the classification and the input that improves the performance of the models. The experiment was implemented in the 2023/24 harvest in the experimental area of the Federal University of Mato Grosso do Sul, Câmpus Chapadão do Sul, Mato Grosso do Sul, and it was conducted in a strip scheme with seven cultivars subjected to irrigated and rainfed management. Sixty days after crop emergence, three leaves per plot were collected for evaluation by the hyperspectral sensor. The spectral data was then separated into 28 bands to reduce dimensionality. In this way, two databases were generated: one with all the spectral information provided by the sensor (WL) and one with the 28 spectral bands (SB). Each database was subjected to different machine-learning models to ascertain the improved accuracy of the models in distinguishing the different eucalyptus species. The models tested were artificial neural networks (ANN), decision trees (DT), linear regression (LR), M5P algorithm, random forest (RF), and support vector machine (SVM). The results demonstrate the effectiveness of machine-learning models in differentiating soybean management under rainfed and irrigated conditions, highlighting the advantage of hyperspectral data (WL) over selected spectral bands (SB). Models such as the support vector machine (SVM) showed the best levels of accuracy when using the entire available spectrum. On the other hand, artificial neural networks (ANN) performed well with spectral band data, demonstrating their ability to work with smaller data sets without compromising the classification.

The hypothesis of this study is that it is possible to determine the plant stand in the soybean (Glycine max L. Merril) crop based on the spatial variability of management units, which are limiting factors in maximizing crop yield. Our objectives were as follows: (I) to evaluate the relationship between soil physical and chemical attributes to establish potential management units for variable-rate seeding; (II) to propose a method for varying plant stands based on the law of minimum soil nutrients; an (III) to relate the interaction between different plant stands on soybean grain yield, taking into account the interaction between the spatial variability of the mapped attributes. Field experiments were carried out on two plots over two agricultural years. The areas were seeded by randomly varying the soybean stand across strips in the first year. The most limiting soil nutrient was established and used, together with the soil CEC, to determine management units (MUs), which were also used to seed soybeans in VRT (Variable Rate Technology) in the same plots in the second year. MUs with the lowest restriction for maximizing yield were sown in the second year with the lowest plant stand. Data were processed using multivariate statistics. Our findings reveal that it is possible to establish MUs for seeding soybeans with different stands following the spatial variability of limiting soil nutrients according to the law of the minimum and thus increase the crop grain yield. Spatial variability of potassium (K) in the plot, identified as limiting, affected the spatial variability of grain yield. Decreasing plant stands in MUs with the lowest limitation level increases yield. However, increasing the stand in MUs with a higher limitation level can lead to increased intraspecific competition, affecting yield as well as increasing input costs.

The dimensions of mechanized agricultural systems depend on the edaphoclimatic conditions, crops, and work regimes. This study aimed to geographically estimate the monthly available time and number of favorable hours for agricultural field spraying in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil. The meteorological restrictions imposed during unfavorable hours were as follows: ambient temperature above 32 ºC, relative humidity below 50 %, wind speed above 15 km h-1, and volumetric soil humidity above 39 % (equivalent to 90 % of the available water capacity). Mathematical models were then developed considering a period of ten years, which used historical data from the ground monitoring stations of the National Institute of Meteorology within the region. The subsequent algorithm was programmed and installed in a web server to simulate the time required for agricultural field spraying. During the cropping period in the region, there were climatic restrictions on performing agricultural spraying, with relative humidity being the variable with the most significant impact. However, soil moisture conditions restricted the available time for agricultural spraying more than the wind speed, relative air humidity, or ambient temperature.

ABSTRACT: Co-inoculation between bacteria of the genera Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum can enhance the nodulation and promote the development of the soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] root system, contributing to the increase in grain yield, in addition to the reduction in production costs and contamination of natural resources. Cobalt (Co) and molybdenum (Mo) use can also favor biological nitrogen fixation. The research evaluated the co-inoculation effect of bacteria associated with the Co and Mo application in soybean crop. The randomized blocks design was employed, in a 2 x 6 factorial scheme, presence and absence of Co and Mo and five ways of using the products Bradyrhizobium and Azospirillum, plus control, with four replications. The treatments were formed by the control (not inoculated + 20 kg N ha-1); seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium (100 mL ha-1) + 20 kg N ha-1; seed inoculation with Bradyrhizobium (100 mL ha-1) and three treatments applying Bradyrhizobium + Azospirillum in furrow, in different doses. Height of insertion of the first pod, total number of pods and grains per plant, weight of 100 grains and grain yield were evaluated. Inoculation of Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum associated with co-inoculation of Azospirillumbrasilense via foliar and Co and Mo, provided increases in the number of pods per plant, number of grains per pod and weight of 100 grains, reflecting increases in grain yield.The use of Co and Mo, on average, increased soybean yield by 10%, resulting in an average yield of 4,904 kg ha-1.

Cover crops promote nutrient cycling, and lime and gypsum can alter the soil physical attributes. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of lime and gypsum rates applied to a no-tillage system with addition of residues of three cover crops on the soil physical attributes. This experiment was carried out in chapadão do sul-ms. The treatments were comprised of three cover crops (Urochloa ruziziensis, fallow, and Pennisetum glaucum), with gypsum (0, 2.3 and 4.6 Mg ha-1) and lime applied at a dose of 0, 2, 4, 6 Mg ha-1).The attributes evaluated were: soil density, macroporosity, microporosity, total porosity and penetration resistance. The soil of the experiment was classified an Oxisol. Cover crops and lime and gypsum improved macroporosity, microporosity and total porosity at all depths, 0-0.2 m. Millet presented lower values for penetration resistance with the lime application and without gypsum application. No residual effect on soil density was detected for lime and gypsum application or cover crops in the 0.1-0.2 m layer. Brazilian Cerrado producers will have a well-defined management system to follow aiming at improving the soil physical attributes.

O feijoeiro comum, embora seja cultivado em todo território brasileiro, apresenta baixa produtividade, sendo uma cultura de ciclo curto exigente em fertilidade, principalmente em fósforo e nitrogênio. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta de duas cultivares de feijão comum à inoculação com Rhizobium tropici em associação ao manejo de nitrogênio. Foram instalados dois experimentos, um com o feijão Jalo precoce e outro com o feijão BRSMG Majestoso, em delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pela inoculação ou não de R. tropici nas sementes e quatro formas de adubação na semeadura/cobertura (0/0, 20/0, 0/120 e 20/100 kg ha-1 N). A aplicação de N afeta a produção e a massa seca de nódulos no feijão Jalo precoce e Majestoso. A inoculação propicia maiores teores de N foliar e de grãos para o feijão Jalo precoce. A aplicação de N em semeadura e ou em cobertura resulta em maiores teores de N foliar e de grãos para o feijão Majestoso. Obtêm-se as maiores produtividades de grãos para o feijão Jalo precoce nas maiores doses de N sem inoculação e com 20 kg ha-1 N na semeadura quando inoculado. A presença de rizóbios nativos pode ter favorecido o feijão majestoso que obteve as maiores produtividades de grãos sem o uso de N e com 20 kg na semeadura.

This study aimed to identify promising crosses to generate cowpea breeding populations for the Brazilian Cerrado region. The experiment was carried out during the two crop seasons. The experimental design used was a randomized block with four replications and 20 genotypes prostrate. The effect of genotypes was significant for all traits evaluated. The Mahalanobis distance and the Tocher’s cluster were used to estimate the genetic diversity. Singh’s criterion was used to quantify the contribution of each trait to genetic diversity. Mass of hundred grains and grain yield were the traits that most contributed to detect diversity among cowpea genotypes. The crosses between the G14 genotype with G2, G3, G4, G5, G6, G11, G16, and G20 are promising for the development of populations with variability and high genetic potential.

Fungicides used to control the Asian soybean rust are composed almost entirely of mixtures involving the systemic (triazoles) and meso-systemic (strobilurins) modes of action. However, to control the soybean downy mildew, only protective fungicides are available. The present study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of fungicides with different modes of action in the control of downy mildew and Asian soybean rust. A field experiment was carried out in a randomized block design, with seven treatments [negative control; difenoconazole at V7 + (azoxystrobin + cyproconazole) at R2 and R5.1; (tebuconazole + carbendazim) at V7 + (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole) at R2 and R5.1; carbendazim and mancozeb at V7 + (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole) at R2 and R5.1; (tebuconazole + carbendazim) at V7 + mancozeb in V7 + (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole) at R2 and R5.1; (tebuconazole + carbendazim) at V7 + (azoxystrobin + tebuconazole) at R2 and R5.1 + mancozeb at R2 and R5.1; (tebuconazole + carbendazim) at V7 + azoxystrobin + tebuconazole at R2 and R5.1 + mancozeb at R2 and R5.1 + carbendazim at R5.1] and four replicates. The following variables were evaluated: disease severity based on diagrammatic scales, phytotoxicity, product effectiveness, defoliation, number of pods per plant, number of seeds per pod, 1,000-seed weight and yield. The treatments with mancozeb addition showed to be more efficient in reducing the severity of mildew and Asian soybean rust and defoliation, providing increased seed yields for the crop. For the soybean downy mildew, the treatments with addition of mancozeb to benzimidazole, strobilurins and triazoles were more efficient in reducing the severity and for the control.

Growth regulators have been widely employed as maturation inducers in the sugarcane crop, as an agricultural strategy. However, the response of varieties to the use of these compounds has been poorly studied, mainly in cerrado (savannah-like biome) areas occupied by the crop. This study was carried out to examine the effects of trinexapac-ethyl on important morphological characteristics of sugarcane varieties. The experiment was set up as a randomized block design with a 4 × 2 factorial arrangement consisting of four varieties (RB83-5054, SP80-1816, RB96-6928, and RB85-5156) associated or unassociated with application of trinexapac-ethyl (375 g L-1 of the a.i. ha-1), with four replicates. The ripener was applied at 126, 178, and 228 days after planting (DAP) the first-cycle sugarcane, using the dose of 125 g L-1 a.i. ha-1 per application. Upon harvest, which occurred at 243 DAP, we determined the number of stalks per meter, weight of 30 stalks without top, internode length, number of internodes per stalk, and yield of sugarcane stalks. Ripener application increased the number of stalks in varieties RB96-6928 and RB83-5054 and the weight of 30 stalks in varieties RB96-6928 and RB83-5054 and SP80-1816; reduced internode length in varieties RB85-5156 and RB83-5054; and increased stalk yield per hectare in varieties RB96-6928 and RB83-5054, but did not increase the number of internodes per stalk in any of the tested varieties. The variables number of stalks, stalk weight, internode length, and stalk yield responded in a genotype-dependent manner to the application of trinexapac-ethyl.

A major problem affecting some upland rice cultivars is the increase in plant size when subjected to high doses of nitrogen fertilizer, leading to high levels of lodging. A method to reduce the height of upland rice, and therefore lodging, would be to use plant growth regulators. However, little information exists on the effect of these regulators on plant physiological processes. Therefore, the objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of trinexapac-ethyl application in upland rice via analysis of growth and gas exchange. The experiment was carried out under greenhouse conditions using the BRS Primavera cultivar. A completely randomized design with eight replications was used. Treatments were carried out with and without the application of the plant growth regulator, and plants were subject to two-stage assessments in which physiological and gas-exchange indices were measured. The use of trinexapac-ethyl improved the growth of rice plants from the flowering to the physiological maturity stage, resulting in higher values of leaf area ratio, specific leaf area, and leaf matter ratio in treated plants. At the same time, it provided smaller reduction in net CO2 assimilation at the physiological maturity stage. Thus, net/apparent assimilation rate did not change after the application of growth regulator, but relative growth rate decreased in these treated plants. These results indicate the occurrence of self-shading in rice plants induced by what might be a supra-optimum trinexapac-ethyl concentration.

The objective was to evaluate the effect of a bioregulator applied to seeds, on seed germination, emergence and vigor of cotton seedlings. The treatments were a combination of seeds of two cotton cultivars (FMT 701 and FMT 705) exposed to six doses of plant growth regulator: 0.0; 5.0; 10.0; 15.0; 20.0 and 25.0 ml applied 0.5 kg of seed. The experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design in factorial scheme consists of a 2 x 6, with four replications. Germination, initial growth, emergency speed index and seedling emergence were evaluated. Cotton cultivars FMT 701 and FMT 705 differently respond to application of plant growth regulator on seed. The application of plant growth regulator to FMT 701 cultivar cotton seeds did not affect germination, resulted in less vigorous seedlings and reduction in its emergence. For FMT 705 cultivar, the dose of 25 mL produced more vigorous seedlings, reduced seedling emergence, but did not affect seed germination.

A alface é considerada a hortaliça folhosa de maior importância nacional. O aumento da demanda e exigência sobre a qualidade do produto estimula a utilização de novas tecnologias, como os bioestimulantes, na etapa produtiva. O objetivo, neste trabalho, foi o de avaliar o efeito da aplicação do bioestimulante comercial Stimulate® via foliar em época de transplantio, sobre as características agronômicas da cultura da alface, cultivar Amanda. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados com seis tratamentos, compostos por seis doses de bioestimulante (0,0; 3,0; 6,0; 9,0; 12,0; 15,0 mL L-1), aplicadas sobre as mudas de alface transplantadas para a área experimental em quatros repetições. O experimento foi instalado em julho de 2013, na horta experimental da Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso do Sul, Campus de Chapadão do Sul/MS utilizando-se a cultivar Amanda. Foram avaliados: o número de folhas por planta (NF), a fitomassa seca de folhas (MSF) e a massa seca total (MST) e de outras quatro plantas foram determinados o diâmetro da cabeça (DC) e a massa fresca da cabeça (MFC). Verificou-se que a aplicação da solução contendo 7,0 mL L-1 de bioestimulante, em mudas de alface após o transplantio, resultou em maior número de folhas por planta. No entanto, a utilização do produto foi prejudicial para as características de diâmetro de cabeça, fitomassa fresca de folha, fitomassa seca de folha e fitomassa seca total.

The aim of this study was to investigate the association between GGE Biplot and Eberhart and Russell methodologies and to select cowpea genotypes that meet both high grain yield, adaptability and stability for Mato Grosso do Sul environments. The trials were carried out from February to July of 2010, 2011 and 2012 in the municipalities of Dourados, Aquidauana and Chapadão do Sul. The trials in Chapadão do Sul were conducted only in the years 2010 and 2011, totaling eight environments. After detecting significant GE interaction, adaptability and phenotypic stability of cowpea genotypes were analyzed by GGE Biplot and linear regression methods. Eberhart and Russell and GGE biplot methodologies discriminate differently the best cowpea genotypes and it can be used in a complementary way. MNCO1-649F-2-11 and MNCO2-675-4-9 genotypes are the closest to the ideal in terms of high grain yield and phenotypic stability, being so suitable for cultivation in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul.

O uso de irrigação por aspersão e, ou, de níveis elevados de adubação, no arroz de terras altas, pode resultar no aumento da altura de plantas e, consequentemente, em maiores taxas de acamamento. Para resolver esse problema, podem-se utilizar reguladores vegetais, como forma de reduzir a altura da planta. Objetivou-se, com este trabalho, avaliar a eficiência de reguladores vegetais, aplicados no estádio de diferenciação do primórdio da panícula, na redução da altura da planta, e suas consequências nos componentes da produção e da produtividade de grãos do arroz de terras altas, cv. Primavera, irrigado por aspersão. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos casualizados, dispostos em esquema fatorial 3x4, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram: cloreto de mepiquat e etil-trinexapac, aplicados nas doses 0, 50, 100 e 200 mg i.a. ha-1, e, o paclobutrazol, nas doses 0, 25, 50 e 100 mg i.a. ha-1. Os reguladores vegetais reduzem a altura da planta e o aumento das doses dos reguladores reduziu os valores dos componentes da produção e da produtividade de grãos; o etil-trinexapac foi o regulador mais prejudicial à produtividade do arroz; não foi identificada uma dose adequada de regulador que aliasse à redução da altura das plantas a capacidade de aumentar a produtividade de grãos.

O trabalho foi realizado com objetivo de avaliar a produtividade e qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar submetida à aplicação de condicionador de solo e bioestimulante. O experimento foi instalado numa área de cana-de-açúcar no município de Chapadão do Céu – GO. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o de blocos casualizados com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições. A variedade da cana-de-açúcar utilizada foi RB855453. As parcelas eram compostas de seis linhas de 20 metros de comprimento, totalizando 32 parcelas. Os tratamentos foram: T1 = testemunha; T2 = Agrolmin® + Regent® + Comet® (200 L + 250 g + 0,5 L ha-1); T3 (Agrolmin® + Regent® + Comet® (250 L + 250 g + 0,5 L ha-1) e T4 = Stimulate® + Regent® + Comet® + Starter® (0,5 L + 250 g + 0,5 L + 12 L ha-1). O plantio começou 30 de agosto de 2010 e foram avaliados: perfilhamento, produtividade de colmos, porcentagem aparente de sacarose, pureza, fibra e açúcar total recuperável. Os resultados mostram que o uso do condicionador de solo Agrolmin®, na dose de 250 L ha-1, proporcionou aumento no rendimento do número de colmos por metro e na produtividade da cana-de-açúcar, entretanto, não afetaram suas características tecnológicas. A aplicação de Stimulate® + Regent® + Comet® + Starter® não proporcionou efeitos na produtividade e na qualidade tecnológica da cana-de-açúcar.

The growth analysis allows the characterization and understanding of the upland rice cultivars development. This study aimed at characterizing, by using the growth analysis, the physiological components and agronomic performance, as well as the differences among traditional, intermediate and modern upland rice cultivars. The experiment was conducted under upland rice conditions, favored by the use of supplementary irrigation. The experimental design was randomized blocks, with three treatments consisting of traditional (Caiapó), modern (Maravilha) and intermediate (BRS Primavera) cultivars and eight replications. The leaf area index (LAI), instantaneous growth rate (IGR), relative growth rate (RGR), net assimilation rate (NAR) and specific leaf area (SLA), as well as grain yield and yield components, were evaluated. The intermediate and traditional cultivars presented the highest total dry matter accumulation rate, while the traditional and modern ones showed the highest LAI. The intermediate cultivar presented the highest IGR, RGR, NAR and SLA levels, as well as the highest grain yield, as a consequence of the higher spikelet fertility and 1,000 grain mass.

The objective of this work was to evaluate gas exchange rates, plant height, yield components, and productivity of upland rice, as affected by type and application time of plant growth regulators. A randomized block design, in a 4x2 factorial arrangement, with four replicates was used. Treatments consisted of three growth regulators (mepiquat chloride, trinexapac-ethyl, and paclobutrazol), besides a control treatment applied at two different phenological stages: early tillering or panicle primordial differentiation. The experiment was performed under sprinkler-irrigated field conditions. Net CO2 assimilation, stomatal conductance, plant transpiration, and water-use efficiency were measured four times in Primavera upland rice cultivar, between booting and milky grain phenophases. Gas exchange rates were neither influenced by growth regulators nor by application time. There was, however, interaction between these factors on the other variables. Application of trinexapac-ethyl at both tillering and differentiation stages reduced plant height and negatively affected yield components and rice productivity. However, paclobutrazol and mepiquat chloride applied at tillering, reduced plant height without affecting rice yield. Mepiquat chloride acted as a growth stimulator when applied at the differentiation stage, and significantly increased plant height, panicle number, and grain yield of upland rice.

The lodging of some rice cultivars, at harvest time, can cause significant losses in grain yield. The use of plant regulators is one of the alternatives to reduce lodging, however, information on that subject are still scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the use of ethyl-trinexapac doses (0 g ha-1, 50 g ha-1, 100 g ha-1, 150 g ha-1, and 200 g ha-1), at the floral differentiation stage, in rice cultivars with different types of plants (Caiapó - traditional; BRS Primavera and BRS Soberana - intermediate; and IAC 202 - modern), in order to evaluate grain development and yield. The experiment was carried out in Selvíria, Mato Grosso do Sul State, Brazil, during the 2007/2008 growing season. It was observed that the application of 50 g ha-1, 100 g ha-1, and 150 g ha-1 of ethyl-trinexapac, during the floral differentiation stage of the Caiapó, BRS Soberana, and BRS Primavera cultivars, respectively, decreased plants height and eliminated lodging; it was not necessary to use growth regulator for the IAC 202 cultivar, due to its lack of lodging; the application of 50 g ha-1 and 150 g ha-1 of ethyl-trinexapac, during the floral differentiation stage, improved grain yield for the Caiapó and BRS Primavera cultivars, respectively, and the 100 g ha-1 dose interfered little in the BRS Soberana cultivar.

O conhecimento da estrutura floral e da biologia reprodutiva numa cultura é básico para que o melhorista desenvolva técnicas de castração e polinização adequadas. Objetivando obter dados de biologia reprodutiva de pinhão manso, inflorescências emasculadas, foram observadas sem isolamento (controle positivo) e isoladas com tecido "nylon" tipo voal para posterior realização dos tratamentos de geitonogamia e xenogamia após a antese. Os tratamentos consistiram de controle positivo (flores não isoladas), e a partir das flores isoladas foram obtidos os demais tratamentos: controle negativo (sem polinização); xenogamia (receberam pólen de outra planta); geitonogamia 1 (receberam pólen da mesma inflorescência); geitonogamia 2 (receberam pólen de outra inflorescência da mesma planta). Os resultados indicam que a espécie não apresenta problemas de autoincompatibilidade, sendo os índices de fecundação bastante elevados e indiferentes estatisticamente em todos os tratamentos, com valores acima de 80%, exceto para o controle negativo em que as inflorescências foram isoladas e não polinizadas, resultando em ausência de fecundação e de frutos. Esse último resultado mostra a importância da visitação de insetos para a obtenção de sucesso no processo reprodutivo da espécie. As flores masculinas, doadoras de pólen, abrem no período da manhã, assim como as femininas. Sendo assim, embora haja visitação de insetos durante todo o dia, o processo de polinização ocorre no período matutino, em razão da quase total ausência de pólen no período vespertino.The knowledge of the floral structure and reproductive biology are basic to a more successful for the development of techniques of castration and pollination in plant species. Aiming to obtain data about reproductive biology of physyc nut, free and enclosed inflorescences were observed without isolation (positive control) and isolation with nylon for posterior treatment of geitonogamy and xenogamy. So, treatments were positive control (free or unbagged inflorescences), and all other treatments obtained from isolated immature inflorescences enclosed within of fine nylon bags: negative control (without pollination), xenogamy (receiving pollen from another plant); geitonogamy 1 (received pollen from the same inflorescence), geitonogamy 2 (received pollen from another inflorescence of the same plant). The results indicate that the species does not present problems of self-incompatibility resulting in high fertilization and statistically indifferent in all treatments, presenting values above 80%, except for negative control in which the inflorescences were isolated and not pollinated resulting in lack of fertilization and fruit development. These results show the importance insects for success in the reproductive process of this species. The male flowers, pollen donors, opened in the morning, just like the female ones. Thus, although there is visitation of insects during all the day, the process of pollination occurs in the morning, and almost total absence of pollen was observed after noon.

ABSTRACT Upland rice cultivars manifest different nutritional demands. A field study was conducted to quantify the extraction, distribution, and removal of micronutrients and silicon by the upland rice cultivars. The experiment was arranged in a randomized complete block-split plot design. Plots consisted of three cultivars (Caiapó – traditional, BRS Primavera – intermediate, and Maravilha – modern) of upland rice. Split-plots consisted of plant samplings, which occurred at 39, 46, 55, 67, 75, 83, 92, 102, 111, 118, and 125 days after emergence (DAE). Up to the end of tillering (46 DAE), all cultivars exhibited low demand for most micronutrients and Si, and took up less than 24 % of the total B, Cu, and Si, but around 31 % of the total Zn. The period of greatest uptake of micronutrients and Si occurred from 65 to 80 DAE in the Caiapó and BRS Primavera cultivars, and after 80 DAE in the Maravilha cultivar. The Caiapó and BRS Primavera cultivars took up their necessary demand of B, Mn, and Fe in the first 98 DAE and Cu, Zn, and Si up to 105 DAE, but the Maravilha cultivar took up these nutrients for two to three weeks longer. The quantities of micronutrients and Si taken up by cultivars Caiapó, BRS Primavera, and Maravilha did not exhibit large differences, and these cultivars took up between 98-135 g B, 103-110 g Cu, 1,157-1,460 g Fe, 1,278-1,424 g Mn, 240-285 g Zn, and 111-124 kg Si per hectare. The BRS Primavera cultivar showed greater removal of nutrients, with average amounts per hectare of 19.7 g B, 25.8 g Cu, 200 g Fe, 234.2 g Mn, 102.4 g Zn, and 32.6 kg Si, while the other cultivars removed smaller amounts per hectare (14.4 g B, 19.9 g Cu, 160.7 g Fe, 136.3 g Mn, 67 g Zn, and 21.9 kg Si). The BRS Primavera showed a greater removal of nutrients because it has a higher yield and allocates a greater quantity of nutrients to the panicles.

ABSTRACT Modern high-yielding rice cultivars possibly take up and remove greater quantities of macronutrients than traditional and intermediate cultivars. This study was carried out with the aim of evaluating the extraction and removal of macronutrients by upland rice cultivars. These information are of utmost importance for the correct fertilizer management. The treatments consisted of three upland rice cultivars (Caiapó, a traditional type; BRS Primavera, an intermediate type; and Maravilha, a modern type). Macronutrient accumulation by rice cultivars up to the end of tillering (46 DAE) accounted for only 25 % of the total N and P, and between 35-45 % of the total K, Ca, Mg, and S; after that time, accumulation was intensified. In all of the cultivars, the period of greatest nutrient uptake occurred from 45 to 60 DAE for K, Ca, Mg, and S, and after 65 DAE for N. Phosphorus was taken up at greater rates at 70 DAE by the cultivar BRS Primavera and after 90 DAE by the cultivars Caiapó and Maravilha. The cultivars of the traditional (Caiapó) and intermediate (BRS Primavera) groups took up greater amounts of Ca (143 kg ha-1), Mg (46-53 kg ha-1), and S (45-52 kg ha-1), but amounts of N (147-156 kg ha-1) and P (18-19 kg ha-1) were similar to those of the cultivar of the modern group (Maravilha). Caiapó cultivar took up more K (245 kg ha-1) than other cultivars (204-207 kg ha-1). The cultivars Caiapó and Maravilha showed similar grain yield (4,157 and 4,094 kg ha-1); however, this was lower than the grain yield of cultivar BRS Primavera (6,010 kg ha-1). Cultivars with greater yield levels did not necessarily exhibit a greater uptake and removal of nutrients per area, even if they had greater capacity for conversion of the nutrients taken up into the biomass.

A garantia de alta produtividade de grãos de arroz no sistema de cultivo irrigado por aspersão tem estimulado a utilização de maiores doses de fertilizantes, principalmente os nitrogenados. Contudo, o manejo inadequado da adubação nitrogenada pode resultar em acamamento das plantas. A aplicação de reguladores vegetais pode carrear fotoassimilados para produção de grãos em detrimento do crescimento vegetativo excessivo. Este trabalho teve por objetivos: avaliar a influência do regulador de crescimento etil-trinexapac nas características de crescimento da planta e no acúmulo e distribuição de N (15N) nas partes e na planta inteira de arroz; e verificar a contribuição do N absorvido em diferentes estádios de desenvolvimento na formação da panícula, nos componentes do rendimento e na massa de grãos de arroz. O experimento foi realizado em casa de vegetação, sob condições controladas. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de não-aplicação ou aplicação de regulador de crescimento vegetal (0 e 200 g ha-1 i.a. de etil-trinexapac) em quatro estádios de desenvolvimento das plantas (1 - início ao final do perfilhamento, 2 - final do perfilhamento à diferenciação do primórdio da panícula, 3 - diferenciação do primórdio da panícula ao florescimento e 4 - florescimento à maturação fisiológica). Foi utilizado o delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso, dispostos em esquema fatorial 2 x 4, com três repetições. As plantas foram postas em um grupo de 48 vasos. Em um grupo de 24 vasos, com solução nutritiva e NH4SO4 enriquecido (15N), no início de cada estádio preestabelecido de desenvolvimento da planta ao final de cada um deles, as plantas foram coletadas e separadas em suas partes constituintes. Em outro grupo de vasos (24 vasos), no final de cada estádio, em vez de serem coletadas, as plantas voltavam a se desenvolver em solução nutritiva com NH4SO4 natural, para então serem coletadas no final do ciclo. O regulador de crescimento vegetal reduziu a altura das plantas e o acúmulo de 15N na panícula e promoveu a redistribuição do 15N absorvido e o aumento do 15N acumulado na raiz, colmo+bainha e folhas. A contribuição de 15N absorvido, em cada estádio estudado, para formação da panícula aumentou com o desenvolvimento das plantas, em menor proporção na presença do regulador de crescimento utilizado. O etil-trinexapac influenciou negativamente os componentes do rendimento e a massa de grãos de arroz.The high rice grain yields ensured by sprinkler irrigation have encouraged the use of higher fertilizer doses, mainly the nitrogen fertilizers. However, an improper management of nitrogen fertilization may result in plant lodging. Application of plant regulators may redirect assimilates to grain production while limiting the vegetative growth. This study aimed to: evaluate the influence of the growth regulator Ethyl-trinexapac on plant growth parameters and on 15N accumulation and distribution in the whole plant and plant components, and determine the contribution of nitrogen taken up in different developmental stages in panicle formation, yield components and rice yield. The experiment was carried out under controlled greenhouse conditions. The treatments consisted of application or not of a plant growth regulator (0 and 200 g active ingredient ha-1 of ethyl-trinexapac) at four plant development stages (1 - beginning to end of tillering; 2 - end of tillering and flower differentiation; 3 - flower differentiation to flowering; 4 - flowering until physiological maturation). The experimental design was arranged in random blocks, in a 2 x 4 factorial scheme, with three replications. The plants were placed in a group of 48 pots. In a group of 24 pots with nutrient solution containing 15NH4SO4, plants were collected and separated in parts in the beginning of each pre-established plant development stage and at the end of each stage. In a second group (24 pots), pre-labeled plants were left to grow in nutrient solution with 14NH4SO4 and harvested at the end of each cycle in order to access 15N redistribution.. The growth regulator reduced plant height and 15N accumulation in the panicle and promoted redistribution of the absorbed 15N, and increased accumulated 15N in root, stem+sheats and leaves. The contribution of absorbed 15N to panicle formation in each stage increased with the plant development, though in a lower proportion in the presence of the growth regulator. Ethyl-trinexapac influenced components and rice yield negatively.

A alta exigência de nitrogênio pela cultura do trigo faz que o estudo de doses em diferentes cultivares tenha elevada importância. As doses estudadas foram 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 de N, na forma de uréia, aplicada em cobertura em 4 cultivares de trigo (IAC 24, IAC 364, IAC 370 e IAC 373), com 4 repetições. O solo é um Latossolo Vermelhodistrófico argiloso, irrigado por um sistema de pivô central. O comprimento de espigas e o número de espiguetas por espiga aumentaram significativamente com as doses de N; as doses de N aumentaram o teor de N foliar, o número de espigas por metro, a massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos até a dose de 77, 74, 68 e 70 kg ha-1 de N, respectivamente. Recomenda-se, visando a produtividade de grãos, a aplicação de 70 kg ha-1 de N, em cobertura, independentemente da cultivar a ser utilizada.The high demand of nitrogen for wheat crop increases the importance of the study of doses to different wheat cultivars. The studied doses were 0, 30, 60, 90 and 120 kg ha-1 as urea at side dressing in 4 wheat cultivars (IAC 24, IAC 364, IAC 370 and IAC 373) in 4 replications. The soil is a Red loamy dystrophic Latosol (Haplustox),irrigated by a sprinkler system. The length of spikes and the spikelets number for spikes increased significantly with N doses; the doses of N increased leaf N content, the spikes number for meter, the mass of 100 grains and the grain yield up to 77, 74, 68 and 70 kg ha-1of N, respectively. It is recommended, seeking the productivity of grains, the application of 70 kg ha-1 of N, at side dressing, to any cultivar.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o regulador vegetal e dose mais adequada visando à redução da altura da planta e acamamento e a interferência destes nos componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos de arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de três reguladores vegetais e quatro doses. Ocloreto de mepiquat (PIX) e o etil-trinexapac (Moddus) foram aplicados nas doses 0, 2000, 4000 e 8000 mg L-1 e o paclobutrazol (Paclobutrazol ou Cultar) foi aplicado nas doses 0, 1000, 2000 e 4000 mg L-1, do produto comercial. Os reguladores vegetais foram aplicadosno estádio de perfilhamento, utilizando o cultivar Primavera. Constatou-se que a aplicação do etil-trinexapac reduziu a altura da planta e influenciou negativamente os componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos. Não foi identificada uma dose “ideal” que reduzisse a altura da planta e proporcionasse aumento na produtividade de grãos.The present work aims to identify the vegetal regulators and optimum dose to reduce plant height and layering and their influence on production and productivity components in sprinkler-irrigated highland rice grains. Treatments consisted of three vegetal regulators and four doses. Mepiquat chloride (Pix) and ethyl-trinexapac (Moddus) were applied at doses of 0, 2000, 4000 and 8000 mg L-1, while paclobutrazol (Paclobutrazol) was applied at 0, 1000,2000 and 4000 mg L-1, commercial product. The vegetal regulators were applied during the profiling state, utilizing Primavera cultivar. Results showed that ethyl-trinexapac reduced the plant height and influenced negatively grain production and productivity components.No optimum dose was identified to reduce plant height and increase grain productivity.

Citrus variegated chlorosis (CVC) is a disease caused by Xylella fastidiosa. Using different concentrations of plant regulators, such as auxins (indole-3-butyric acid) and gibberellic acid biosynthesis-inhibitor (paclobutrazol), physiological rooting capacity of healthy and CVC-affected stem cuttings were evaluated in order to investigate the importance of plant hormone imbalance and xylem occlusion in plants with CVC. The percentages of dead, alive and rooted cuttings, cuttings with callus and mean number of roots per cuttings did not show statistical differences in response to the distinct concentrations of synthetic plant regulators. There were differences only between healthy and CVC-affected cuttings. This showed the importance of xylem occlusion and diffusive disturbances in diseased plants, in relation to root initiation capacity and hormonal translocation in the plant tissue.Clorose variegada dos citros (CVC) é uma doença causada por Xylella fastidiosa, podendo determinar oclusão do xilema e desbalanço hormonal, o que por fim está relacionado ao processo de iniciação radicial em estacas. Usando diferentes concentrações de fitorreguladores, como auxinas (ácido 3-indol butírico) e inibidores da biossíntese de ácido giberélico (paclobutrazol), que são promotores do enraizamento de estacas, verificou-se a capacidade fisiológica de enraizamento de estacas sadias e com CVC, a fim de investigar a importância do desbalanço hormonal e oclusão do xilema em plantas doentes. As porcentagens de estacas mortas, vivas, enraizadas e com calo e o número médio de raízes por estaca não mostraram diferenças estatísticas em resposta às diferentes concentrações dos reguladores vegetais sintéticos. Houve diferenças apenas entre estacas sadias e doentes. Isto aponta a importância da oclusão do xilema e distúrbios difusivos em plantas doentes, em relação à capacidade de iniciação radicial e à translocação hormonal no tecido vegetal.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da aplicação do silício no sulco de semeadura, combinado com adubação nitrogenada em cobertura, na produtividade de grãos, nos teores de silício no solo, no tecido vegetal e teor de nitrogênio na planta, em condições de sequeiro e irrigado. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos pelos sistemas de cultivo (sequeiro e irrigado) e as subparcelas pela combinação do silício (0 e 100 kg ha-1), tendo como fonte o silicato de Ca e Mg (com 23% de SiO2) e quatro doses de nitrogênio (ureia) em cobertura (0, 30, 60 e 90 kg ha -1). A aplicação de silício no sulco de semeadura demonstrou ser técnica viável, pois proporcionou aumento significativo do teor desse elemento na zona de crescimento radicular da cultura do arroz. A aplicação de silício no sulco não altera o teor do elemento e nem a nutrição nitrogenada em plantas de arroz. A adubação nitrogenada em cobertura reduz os teores de silício e aumenta a nutrição nitrogenada nas plantas de arroz. A aplicação de silício no sulco de semeadura não proporcionou incremento na produtividade de grãos de arroz. Quando não houve limitação hídrica a adubação nitrogenada proporcionou incremento linear na produtividade de grãos, enquanto que sob deficiência hídrica o efeito da fertilização nitrogenada foi limitada.

O arranjo espacial de plantas de soja em semeadura em linhas cruzadas pode contribuir para aumentar a produtividade de grãos da cultura, justificando seu estudo experimental. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi de avaliar a produtividade de grãos e a severidade da ferrugem asiática na cultura da soja submetida a diferentes densidades de semeadura e adubação em linhas convencionais e cruzadas. Os tratamentos consistiram da combinação de três fatores e duas testemunhas adicionais. Para os fatores foram utilizados duas cultivares (Anta 82RR e M7211RR), duas dosagens de adubo de plantio (400 e 800 kg ha-1) e duas densidades (15 e 30 sementes por metro) em semeadura cruzada, e os dois tratamentos adicionais foram formados pela semeadura das duas cultivares em linhas não cruzadas. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi um fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 + 2, distribuídos em blocos completos casualizados com quatro repetições. A soja em linhas cruzadas apresentou maior produtividade de grãos, sendo a cultivar M7211RR superior nos dois sistemas de semeadura. A semeadura de soja cruzada é indicada com a cultivar M7211RR com 15 sementes por metro e 400 kg ha-1 de adubo. A severidade da ferrugem asiática foi maior em semeadura cruzada para as duas cultivares. Em ambos os sistemas de semeadura, a severidade foi maior nos folíolos da metade inferior das plantas da cultivar Anta 82RR. O aumento do número de sementes por metro linear, no sistema de semeadura em linhas cruzadas, reduziu a severidade da doença apenas para a cultivar M7211RR.

O trabalho foi conduzido nos anos de 1999 e 2000, no município de Selvíria, Estado do Mato Grosso do Sul, e teve por objetivo avaliar o efeito da aplicação de nitrogênio em cobertura, na cultura do feijão cv. Pérola, em plantio direto. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, em esquema fatorial 6x2 envolvendo seis doses (0, 25, 50, 75, 100 e 125 kg ha-1) e duas fontes (nitrato de amônio e uréia) de N em cobertura, com quatro repetições. Foram avaliados: dias para o florescimento pleno, matéria seca de plantas, teor de nitrogênio na parte aérea, componentes de produção, ciclo da cultura e produtividade de grãos. Não existe diferença de produtividade do feijoeiro em relação à utilização de uréia ou nitrato de amônio como fonte de nitrogênio em cobertura; a produtividade do feijoeiro irrigado cultivado no inverno pode ser aumentada pela adição de nitrogênio em cobertura, pois a cultura responde à aplicação de doses de nitrogênio acima de 100 kg ha-1.

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o crescimento das cultivares de amendoim Tatu e Botutatu através do estudo dos parâmetros fisiológicos da análise de crescimento e produção de grãos. Foram instalados dois experimentos em casa de vegetação do Departamento de Agricultura, Faculdade de Ciências Agronômicas, Botucatu, Estado de São Paulo. Cultivo de outono (março – julho de 1998) e cultivo de verão (novembro de 1998 a março de 1999). O delineamento experimental utilizado foi de blocos casualizados, com quatro repetições, dispostos em esquema fatorial. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de duas cultivares de amendoim, oito e seis épocas de amostragem para o cultivo de outono e de verão, respectivamente, abrangendo todo o ciclo dos cultivares. Os resultados mostraram que, em ambos os cultivos, a RAF, TAL e TCR decresceram com o desenvolvimento das plantas das cultivares Tatu e Botutatu. As cultivares Tatu e Botutatu não diferiram quanto a produção de grãos, em ambos cultivos. No cultivo de outono obteve-se maior produção de grãos.

A alta exigência de nitrogênio pela cultura do trigo faz que o estudo de doses em diferentes cultivares tenha elevada importância. As doses estudadas foram 0, 30, 60, 90 e 120 kg ha-1 de N, na forma de uréia, aplicada em cobertura em 4 cultivares de trigo (IAC 24, IAC 364, IAC 370 e IAC 373), com 4 repetições. O solo é um Latossolo Vermelho distrófico argiloso, irrigado por um sistema de pivô central. O comprimento de espigas e o número de espiguetas por espiga aumentaram significativamente com as doses de N; as doses de N aumentaram o teor de N foliar, o número de espigas por metro, a massa de 100 grãos e a produtividade de grãos até a dose de 77, 74, 68 e 70 kg ha-1 de N, respectivamente. Recomenda-se, visando a produtividade de grãos, a aplicação de 70 kg ha-1

O objetivo deste trabalho foi identificar o regulador vegetal e dose mais adequada visando à redução da altura da planta e acamamento e a interferência destes nos componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos de arroz de terras altas irrigado por aspersão. Os tratamentos foram constituídos de três reguladores vegetais e quatro doses. O cloreto de mepiquat (PIX) e o etil-trinexapac (Moddus) foram aplicados nas doses 0, 2000, 4000 e 8000 mg L-1 e o paclobutrazol (Paclobutrazol ou Cultar) foi aplicado nas doses 0, 1000, 2000 e 4000 mg L-1, do produto comercial. Os reguladores vegetais foram aplicados no estádio de perfilhamento, utilizando o cultivar Primavera. Constatou-se que a aplicação do etil-trinexapac reduziu a altura da planta e influenciou negativamente os componentes da produção e produtividade de grãos.