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Risk is a complex and multi-faceted concept defined and addressed differently across disciplines. Recent years have seen a growing recognition of the need for a more comprehensive and integrated risk perspective combining insights from various disciplines. However, those works have rarely been analyzed in literature reviews. This article explores the possible way of advancing how we assess and manage risks by reviewing the theories, approaches, models, and other fundamental aspects of different disciplines relevant to risk concepts. Additionally, we compare the origins, connections, and differences between state-of-the-art risk science and risk concept research in various disciplines. Some suggestions and future directions are provided for improving risk assessment. This paper helps to deepen the understanding of the risk concept and advance the development of the risk management arena. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a persistent misconception that risk analysis is only suited for considering the immediate consequences of an event. Such a limitation would make risk analysis unsuitable for many challenges, including resilience, sustainability, and adaptation. Fortunately, there is no such limitation. However, this notion has stemmed from a lack of clarity regarding how time is considered in risk analysis and risk characterization. In this article, we discuss this issue and show that risk science provides concepts and frameworks that can appropriately address time. Ultimately, we propose an adjusted nomenclature for explicitly reflecting time in risk conceptualization and characterizations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aim. By using the risk concept, to determine a quantitative relationship between smoking in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and the development of an exacerbation. Subjects and methods. Case history data were studied in 166 patients admitted for a COPD exacerbation in 2009 to 2012. There were 2 exacerbations for a year or longer. The patients were divided into 2 groups: smokers (n=110) and nonsmokers (n=56). The concept for estimating the risks was based on the calculation of absolute risk in the exposed and unexposed groups, attributable risk, relative risk, and population attributable risk and on the determination of standard errors for each type of risk and confidence interval. Results. The methodological aspects of determining the quantitative relationship between smoking in patients with COPD and the development of its exacerbations (twice or more per year) were considered on the basis of the statistical concept of risk factors. A risk factor concept- based analysis has shown that the impact of smoking is directly related to the worsening of COPD. The frequency of exacerbations is 71.8% in the group of smoking patients and 32.1% in that of nonsmoking patients; the risk factor increases the likelihood of this event by 39.7%. Conclusion. Smoking leads to a 2.2-fold increase in the frequency of COPD exacerbations. The potential hazard index was 2.5.

In the last 30 years, the relevance of risk for social actors and societies has been coupled with a growing academic debate extending across disciplines and practical fields. In the sociological literature, however, risk remains a concept with a disputed and overly comprehensive meaning. To overcome the conceptual stretching of risk, this article suggests a conceptualization which intends not only to better specify what risk is but also to distinguish it from what it is not. Building on the principal theories and on recent research, the authors propose integrating into the conceptualization of risk not only the element of agency, which allows us to distinguish between risk and danger, but also the intentionality of social actors in the production of risks, which introduces the distinction between risk and threat. While risks are attributable to positive human intention, so that potential harm is an unintended side effect in the production of benefits, threats are attributable to ill-intentioned actors, deliberately acting to cause damage to others. Illustrating their position with concrete examples, related to health, migration, terrorism and other domains, the authors argue that such a distinction may shed light on why threats are more likely than risks to gain public attention and to mobilize people and institutions to face them. The article suggests that a tripartite typology of dangers, risk and threats may be of relevance for sociological theory and research on risk and uncertainty. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the reform of contract law, will economic players be able to continue to do good business? If the economic environment did not see the reform of the law of obligations as a reform of first urgency, the new law resulting from the ordinance of 10 February 2016 finds a fair balance which should satisfy most economic actors. Admittedly, like any reform, the Ordinance creates new risks: new powers of the judge, multiplication of legal standards, the scope of contractual freedom ... It is then up to the parties, to whom the law assigns more power, to identify its risks and to manage them appropriately by drawing up customized contractual clauses. The success of the reform thus depends on its good reception and its development by practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this paper, the concept of risk is discussed with focus on its use in geotechnics. The authors focalize the operational definition of risk, giving special emphasis to the concept of risk scenarios. Concepts of hazard, vulnerability and susceptibility are focalized because they appear in the literature in place of the concept of risk. Examples are presented. It is concluded that quantitative methods to evaluate risks are associated with non-equations elucidating the cultural, phenomenal and environmental dimensions of the risk concept. Index approach qualitative methods are associated with a compression of risk concept expressed through equations that evaluate risk as a sole number. This apparent paradox in risk analyses - equations associated to qualitative methods - is responsible for most of problems in measuring and communicating risk. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, a new model for participating in market is presented in which each generation company (GENCO), considering nodal price limitation, defines a risk index. Using a linear combination, it determines its proposed bid based on energy prices of other buses. Since each participant in power market needs reference points to decide, concept of sensitivity factors is introduced initially. Consequently, using these factors, potential points are obtained. To model price uncertainty, risk concept is cooperated into sensitivity factors. After that, using regulation factors, new derated sensitivity factors (DSFs) are defined. Applying these factors, each player's model in the market is divided into two parts. In the first part, modelling its rival's behaviour, a player proposes its bid in such a way that obtained nodal price becomes equal to estimated nodal price. In the second part, computing DSFs and using potential bus prices, linear combination of regulation factors are utilized to modify GENCO's offer. Player's profit function would be average of both parts. GAMS software is executed to solve this problem. Different scenarios are considered to cover nodal electricity and fuel price uncertainties. A 30‐bus system with six GENCOs is used to verify the proposed model. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract: This paper reviews the definition and meaning of the concept of risk. The review has a historical and development trend perspective, also covering recent years. It is questioned if, and to what extent, it is possible to identify some underlying patterns in the way risk has been, and is being understood today. The analysis is based on a new categorisation of risk definitions and an assessment of these categories in relation to a set of critical issues, including how these risk definitions match typical daily-life phrases about risk. The paper presents a set of constructed development paths for the risk concept and concludes that over the last 15–20 years we have seen a shift from rather narrow perspectives based on probabilities to ways of thinking which highlight events, consequences and uncertainties. However, some of the more narrow perspectives (like expected values and probability-based perspectives) are still strongly influencing the risk field, although arguments can be provided against their use. The implications of this situation for risk assessment and risk management are also discussed. [Copyright &y& Elsevier]

The title of World Health Organization report 2002: "Reducing Risks, Promoting Healthy Life encouraged the production of this article. It will seek to render problematic the risk concept and health promotion concept and the possible links between these concepts, resting on bibliographic revision categorized according to the purposes of this work. The above-mentioned title seems to suggest association, namely, the reduction of risks promoting healthy life, but, will it be truthful? This article will intend to approximate of theses questions and the others underlying to this matter, examining the concepts of risk and health promotion. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Several risk management frameworks have been introduced in the literature for maritime Pollution Preparedness and Response (PPR). However, in light of the actual needs of the competent authorities, there is still a lack of framework that is established on a sound risk conceptual basis, addresses the different risk management decision-making contexts of organizations, and provides tools for various risk management questions of this field. To alleviate the limits of existing approaches, this paper introduces a new risk management framework for this purpose, which was developed in cooperation with the competent authorities and other maritime experts. The framework adopts the risk-informed decision-making strategy and includes three aligned components. The first component provides a unified theoretical risk concept to the framework through an interpretation of the Society for Risk Analysis risk approach. The second consists of four ISO 31000:2018 standard based processes focused on different risk management decision-making contexts of the PPR organizations. The third comprises a set of practical risk assessment tools to generate the needed information. A case study provides an example of the functionality of this framework with integrated data from the northern Baltic Sea. To conclude, a risk concept is provided for the PPR authorities and their stakeholders as well as processes for managing the risk and tools for its assessment. • A new risk management framework for maritime Pollution Preparedness and Response is proposed. • The framework aims to comply with the complex reality of Pollution Preparedness and Response risk management. • The framework is based on the current scientific knowledge and practical needs of its end-users. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

There is a persistent misconception that risk analysis is only suited for considering the immediate consequences of an event. Such a limitation would make risk analysis unsuitable for many challenges, including resilience, sustainability, and adaptation. Fortunately, there is no such limitation. However, this notion has stemmed from a lack of clarity regarding how time is considered in risk analysis and risk characterization. In this article, we discuss this issue and show that risk science provides concepts and frameworks that can appropriately address time. Ultimately, we propose an adjusted nomenclature for explicitly reflecting time in risk conceptualization and characterizations., (© 2021 Society for Risk Analysis.)