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We used a person-centered approach to examine associations among time attitude profiles - positive and negative feelings about the past, present, and future - and risky behaviors. Participants were adolescents from the U.S. and Germany. The U.S. sample included 742 participants (MAge = 15.71; 53.6% female). The German sample included 610 participants (MAge = 14.75; 51.4% female). Latent profile analyses supported three more adaptive (Positive, Balanced, and Optimists) and two less adaptive (Ambivalent, Extremely Past Negative) time attitude profiles in both samples. In the U.S., adolescents in the Positive profile reported fewer risky behaviors than their counterparts. In Germany, adolescents in the Extremely Past Negatives profile reported more risky behaviors than their counterparts. Findings support the investigation of time attitudes as a meaningful correlate of risky behaviors in adolescents and across cultures. Um Zusammenhänge zwischen Zeiteinstellungsprofilen - positive und negative Gefühle in Bezug auf die Vergangenheit, die Gegenwart und die Zukunft - und riskanten Verhaltensweisen zu untersuchen, haben wir einen personenzentrierten Ansatz gewählt. Die Stichprobe bestand aus Jugendlichen aus den USA und aus Deutschland. Die U.S.-Stichprobe umfasste 742 Teilnehmende (MAlter = 15,71; 53,6 % weiblich). Die deutsche Stichprobe umfasste 610 Teilnehmende (MAlter = 14,75; 51,4 % weiblich). Latente Profilanalysen verweisen in beiden Stichproben auf drei adaptivere (Positive, Ausgeglichene und Optimistische) und zwei weniger adaptive (Ambivalente, Extrem-Vergangenheits-Negativ-Orientierte) Einstellungsprofile. In den USA berichteten Jugendliche mit positiven Profilen von weniger riskanten Verhaltensweisen im Vergleich zu ihren Gleichaltrigen. In Deutschland berichteten Jugendliche im Profil der Extrem-Vergangenheits-Negativ-Orientierten von riskanteren Verhaltensweisen als ihre Gleichaltrigen. Die Ergebnisse unterstützen die Nutzung von Einstellungsprofilen im Kontext der Zeitperspektiven als sinnvolles Korrelat riskanter Verhaltensweisen bei Jugendlichen und über verschiedene Kulturen hinweg.

Mittlerweile verwenden fast alle Jugendlichen Social Media wie Instagram, Face- book und TikTok. Auf den Plattformen wird sich interaktiv über Inhalte ausgetauscht, Inhalte werden kommentiert oder nur passiv aufgenommen. Durch die Zeit, die auf den sozialen Medien verbracht wird, entstehen immer wieder Trends mit großer Auswirkung. So entstand 2010 der Fitnesstrend Fitspo (Abkürzung für Fitness-In- spiration). Diesem werden bis heute gefährliche Auswirkungen wie exzessives Trai- ning, Essstörungen, ein verzerrtes Realitätsempfinden und die Ausprägung in den Untertrend Thinspo (Abkürzung für Thin-Inspiration), also das absichtliche Abma- gern, nachgesagt. Aufgrund der über 70 Millionen Beiträge des Fitspo-Trends auf Instagram und dass Instagram die in Österreich am meisten genutzte Plattform von Jugendlichen ist, beschäftigt sich diese Arbeit mit der Frage, inwiefern die Risiko- wahrnehmung von Jugendlichen in Bezug auf Ernährung und Körperbewusstsein durch den Fitspo-Trend beeinflusst wird. Mithilfe von sechs leitfadengestützten In- terviews mit Jugendlichen zwischen 15 und 18 konnte eine Beeinflussung der Risi- kowahrnehmung durch den Trend festgestellt werden. Die Jugendlichen sind sich der auf Social Media präsentierten Scheinwelt sehr bewusst und gehen mit den Ri- siken des Trends besser um, je zufriedener sie mit sich selbst sind. Almost all young people nowadays use social media such as Instagram, Facebook and TikTok. On the platforms, content is exchanged interactively, content can be commented on or only passively consumed. Due to the large amount of time spent on social media, trends with a major impact keep emerging. This is how the fitness trend Fitspo (abbreviation for fitness inspiration) came about in 2010. To this day, this is said to have dangerous effects such as excessive training, eating disorders, a distorted sense of reality and the manifestation in the subtrend Thinspo (abbrevi- ation for thin inspiration), which promotes intentional weight loss. Due to the more than 70 million posts of the Fitspo trend on Instagram and the fact that Instagram is the most used platform by young people, this paper deals with the question of how the Fitspo trend influences the risk perception of young people regarding nutrition and body awareness. With the help of six guided interviews with young people be- tween the ages of 15 and 18, an influence on risk perception by the trend could be determined. Young people are very aware of the illusory world presented on social media and deal better with the risks of the trend the happier they are with them- selves.

Purpose: This research aims to present a Tourism Risk Index (TRI) for risk analysis at tourism destinations that can act as a usable tool to accurately capture the perception of risk by tourists. Methods: The TRI for this study is developed in Kashmir valley (India). The development of index began with the assumption that general perceptions echoed through mass media and word of mouth about the lack of security in the Kashmir valley are correct. It was followed by a survey of 370 tourists visiting the valley about common types of risks identified through the literature on tourism. Results: The results are not along expected lines rather suggest that visiting tourists perceive Kashmir valley as safe. The findings show that Kashmir valley is perceived overall as less risky on all components, and in descending order, these ranks as personal safety, natural risk, cultural risk, and human-induced risk. Implications: Destination managers would have promoted Kashmir valley with a different level of confidence if this insight would have been available to them, and the possibility of its positive effect on the perception of tourists not visiting the valley cannot be ruled out. The index can be used to consistently track the tourism risks of Kashmir or any other destination by inclusions of new risks as they crop up from time to time., SUBMITTED: AUG 2022, REVISION SUBMITTED: OCT 2022, 2nd REVISION SUBMITTED: JAN 2023, 3rd REVISION SUBMITTED: MAR 2023, ACCEPTED: APR 2023, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 10 JUNE 2023

Outdoor and indoor tanning are considered as risk factors for the development of skin cancer. The aims of this nationwide representative study were to quantify both behaviors in a sample with a wide age range, to identify those showing both behaviors and to explore and compare determinants of both behaviors. We used data from the fifth wave (2019) of the National Cancer Aid Monitoring (NCAM). We surveyed the representative sample including 4000 individuals, aged 16–65 years, living in Germany. Data were collected through telephone interviews. In addition to descriptive statistics, we used logistic regression analyses to identify determinants. The one-year-prevalence of tanning bed use was 7.5%, while 31.9% tanned (very) often intentionally outdoors in at least one situation (weekdays, holidays, and weekends). A total of 3.2% reported both risk behaviors. Regression analyses revealed that tanning bed use is associated with employment, an increased number of naevi, and lack of risk awareness. Intentional outdoor tanning was associated with male sex, younger age, past tobacco use, and low risk awareness of UV radiation. Our findings suggest that only a minority of subjects showed both risk behaviors. This implies that individuals seem to perform either one behavior or the other. In addition, the associated determinants differed between both behaviors, implying that specific preventive measures tailored to address to each tanning behavior are needed.

Se explora el efecto de la familiness en la relación de la heterogeneidad familiar y la postura innovadora de la empresa familiar en cinco negocios de la capital de San Luis Potosí, México, mediante el método de caso. Usando la tipología de Rondi y colaboradores, se encuentra que la familiness llega a aumentar la proclividad de operar bajo un comportamiento estratégico determinado. En específico, se halla un perfil re-enactor en las cinco entidades, esto es, una baja inclinación al riesgo y un alto apego a la tradición con enfoque al logro de la continuidad en el largo plazo. La familiness se define como aquellos recursos y capacidades resultantes de la interacción familiar y empresarial. The objective of the present work was to explore its effect on the relationship between family heterogeneity and the family business innovation posture in five businesses in the capital of San Luis Potosí, Mexico using the case method. Using the typology of Rondi and collaborators, it was found that familiness increases the proclivity to operate under a specific strategic behavior. Specifically, a re-enactor profile was found in the five entities, that is, a low inclination to risk and a high adherence to tradition with a focus on achieving continuity in the long term. Familiness, defined as those resources and capacities resulting from family and business interaction, is a recently used concept.

Purpose: The purpose of the present study is to establish a model for the risk assessments of tourists and to determine whether destination image has a mediating effect in the relationship between perceived risk, behavioural intentions, and satisfaction. Methods: The study has a quantitative research design in which data were collected through questionnaires. To ensure the construct validity of the proposed model, first, confirmatory and exploratory factor analyses were performed, and then the structural equation modelling technique was used. Amos 22 and SPSS 22.0 programs were used for the analysis of the data. Results: As a result of research analysis, it has been found that cognitive image had a partial mediating role between the behavioural intentions and satisfaction the tourists (between perceived risk and satisfaction) whereas affective image had no mediating impact between the tourists’ perceived risks, behavioural intentions, and satisfaction. Implications: This study has some theoretical and practical contributions. Considering that the halal tourism literature is a very new concept, it is thought that a model proposal for the field will contribute to the deepening and development of the literature on the one hand and will provide important concrete data to hotel managers and destination policy makers on the other hand., SUBMITTED: NOV 2021, REVISION SUBMITTED: FEB 2022, ACCEPTED: APR 2022, REFEREED ANONYMOUSLY, PUBLISHED ONLINE: 30 MAY 2022

ObjectivesYoung adults have been overly affected by the containment measures against COVID-19 and, consequently, worsening in mental health and change in health behavior have been reported. Because the life phase of emerging adulthood is crucial for developing health behaviors, this study aims to examine increase in alcohol consumption, single and multiple binge drinking, and associated factors in students during lockdown and post-lockdown periods.MethodsA prospective open cohort study design with nine survey time points between April 2020 and June 2021 was conducted. The present study uses pooled data from the first survey T0 (3 April to 14 April) and follow-ups at T1 (30 April to 11 May 2020) and T2 (28 May to 8 June 2020). Students from all faculties of the Zurich University of Applied Sciences (ZHAW) (N = 12'431) were invited. Of the 1,300 students who participated at baseline and in at least one follow-up, 1,278 (98.3%) completed the questionnaires, final net sample size was 947. Generalized Estimating Equations (GEE) models were used to investigate the factors associated with increases in alcohol consumption based on number of occasions/last 30 days; drinks/week, and binge drinking at T0, and respective changes at T1 and T2 (increases, decreases, no change).ResultsOverall, 20% of Swiss university students reported an increased alcohol consumption and 26% engaged in binge drinking. Number of drinks at baseline was associated with a higher probability of increased alcohol consumption, as well as engaging in single and multiple binge drinking events. Higher anxiety scores were associated with a higher probability to increase the alcohol consumption and engaging at least once in binge drinking. Additional factors associated with any binge drinking were male gender, younger age and not living with parents. Higher perceived social support was only associated with engaging in heavy binge drinking.ConclusionsA substantial number of students developed a more risky health behavior regarding alcohol consumption. It is important to identify at risk students and design target prevention including factors such as age, gender and social norms. Further, health behavior and determinants of health behaviors of students should be carefully monitored during the further course of the pandemic.

Jugendliche der Generation Z (geboren zwischen 1995 bis 2009) sind mit moderner Technik und Social Media aufgewachsen. Social Media sind interaktiv; Nutzer*innen haben die Möglichkeit, innerhalb kürzester Zeit Inhalte zu bewerten, zu kommentieren und / oder sich mit anderen darüber zu unterhalten. Nicht umsonst deklariert ein Großteil der Jugendlichen und junger Erwachsenen Social Media als wichtigste Nachrichtenquelle. Durch die tägliche Nutzung von Social Media sehen junge Menschen viele Beiträge zu diversen Themen, welche über Social Media weltweit verbreitet werden. Globale Bewegungen wie Fridays for Future oder Black Lives Matter sorgen online für viel Aufmerksamkeit in der jungen Generation, wodurch Demonstrationen weltweit organisiert werden und nicht mehr wegzudenken sind. Das Versammlungsrecht ist eines der Grundrechte einer natürlichen Person, bei dem der Staat nur verhältnismäßig eingreifen darf, sobald es sich um eine nicht angemeldete Demonstration handelt oder Gefahr für die öffentliche Sicherheit, Ordnung und Sittlichkeit, sowie für die Rechte und Freiheiten Dritter besteht. In den Sozialen Medien werden Ereignisse auf Demonstrationen – darunter auch Gewaltausschreitungen – geschildert und in der vorliegenden Arbeit demzufolge untersucht, inwiefern Social-Media-Nachrichten über Gewaltausschreitungen bei Demonstrationen die Risikowahrnehmung von jungen Menschen der Generation Z in Wien und Umgebung? Mithilfe einer Fokusgruppen-Diskussion (10 Jugendliche der Generation Z) konnte die Beeinflussung der Risikowahrnehmung Jugendlicher durch Social Media in vielerlei Hinsicht festgestellt werden. Beiträge von Gewaltausschreitungen bei Demonstrationen auf Social Media, welche teilweise aus dem Kontext gerissen wurden und Falschinformationen sorgen dafür, dass Jugendliche das Risiko „Gewalt auf einer Demonstration“ höher einschätzen. Young people of Generation Z (born between 1995 and 2009) have grown up with modern technology and social media. Social media are interactive; users have the opportunity to rate content, comment on it, and/or talk to others about it within a very short time. It is not without reason that a large proportion of teenagers and young adults declare social media to be their most important source of news. Through the daily use of social media, young people see many contributions on various topics, which are disseminated worldwide via social media. Global movements such as Fridays for Future or Black Lives Matter attract a lot of attention online among the young generation, as a result of which demonstrations are organized worldwide and have become indispensable. The right of assembly is one of the fundamental rights of a natural person, where the state may only intervene proportionately as soon as it is an unregistered demonstration or there is a danger to public safety, order and morality, as well as to the rights and freedoms of third parties. In the social media, events at demonstrations - including violent riots - are portrayed, and this study therefore examines the extent to which social media messages about violent riots at demonstrations influence the risk perception of young people of Generation Z in Vienna and the surrounding area. With the help of a focus group discussion (10 young people of Generation Z), the influence of social media on young people's risk perception could be determined in many ways. Posts of violence at demonstrations on social media, some of which were taken out of context, and misinformation ensure that young people rate the risk of "violence at a demonstration" higher.

Influential economic approaches as random utility models assume a monotonic relation between choice frequencies and “strength of preference,” in line with widespread evidence from the cognitive sciences, which also document an inverse relation to response times. However, for economic decisions under risk, these effects are largely untested, because models used to fit data assume them. Further, the dimension underlying strength of preference remains unclear in economics, with candidates including payoff-irrelevant numerical magnitudes. We provide a systematic, out-of-sample empirical validation of these relations (both for choices and response times) relying on both a new experimental design and simulations.

Images of Health and Disease: the Example of HIV/AIDS. There are two phases in the history of HIV/AIDS in the 1980s and 1990s. In the first of them, which lasted until the mid-1980s, HIV/AIDS was constructed as a disease of the (sexual) other. The second phase began around 1985 when the focus of AIDS prevention programs gradually shifted from „risk groups“ to „risk behavior“. This transformation came along with a reframing of the sexually active individual as self-reliant and socially responsible. Furthermore, the emergence of the risk discourse was accompanied by an iconography of a healthy and athletic „prevention body“. In the 1990s it increasingly replaced the emaciated „AIDS body“ that had dominated in the early years.

Heutzutage sind Psychiatrische Erkrankungen für die Mehrheit der Selbstmorde und Selbstmordversuche verantwortlich. Depressionen, Substanzkonsum und Psychosen sind dabei die wichtigsten Risikofaktoren, aber auch Angst-, Persönlichkeits-, Ess- und Trauma Störungen, sowie organische psychische Störungen tragen im Vergleich zur Allgemeinbevölkerung erheblich zu unnatürlichen Todesursachen bei. Die Zahlen sind mindestens zehn-mal so hoch wie die der allgemeinen Bevölkerung. Der gemeldete Anteil der beendeten Selbstmorde liegt im psychiatrischen Setting zwischen 60% und 98% aller Selbstmorde. Wir leben in einer Welt in der Selbstmord ein großes gesellschaftliches und gesundheitliches Problem darstellt. Aus diesem Grund ist es wichtig, dass Suizidales Risikoverhalten im psychiatrischen Setting schnell erkannt wird, um diesem mit gezielten Interventionen entgegenwirken zu können. (Bachmann, 2018) Nowadays, psychiatric disorders are responsible for the majority of suicides and suicide attempts. Depression, substance use and psychoses are the most important risk factors but also fear-, personality-, eating-, and trauma disorders, as well as organic mental disorders contribute significantly to unnatural causes of death compared to the general population. The numbers are at least ten times higher than those of the general population. The reported proportion of completed suicides in psychiatric settings is between 60% and 98% of all suicides. We live in a world where suicide is a major social, and health problem. For this reason it is important that suicidal risk behavior in the psychiatric setting is quickly recognized so it can be counteracted with targeted interventions. (Bachmann, 2018)