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A naturally occurring biopolymer, chitosan has found widespread application in the fields of biomedical research and healthcare enhancement. Through a thorough analysis of recent research findings and technological advancements, this review seeks to provide a comprehensive overview of the latest developments and potential uses of chitosan in the field of biomedicine. Microbe cells' anionic lipopolysaccharides and surface proteins interact with the polycationic composition, releasing intracellular components and resulting in cell death. The degree of antimicrobial activity is highly dependent on the particular type of microbe being targeted. Chitosan is highly susceptible to enzymatic hydrolytic breakdown pathways in the human body, especially when lysozymes are involved. Moreover, adding chitosan derivatives to mice's diet improved their health by increasing their enzymatic activity, which is related to its scavenging properties and shows anti-microbial activity. Furthermore, the assessment of sutures manufactured from this substance emphasizes their noteworthy input to the field of modern wound care.

Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is a lethal Alphavirus transmitted by Culiseta melanura mosquitoes that primarily cycles between birds. Although rare, infections in humans and horses are associated with high mortality rates and severe neurological effects. Climate change appears to be increasing the spread of this virus. This study aims to provide a comprehensive analysis of EEEV, including its transmission dynamics, pathogenesis, induced host immune response, and long-term impacts on survivors. It also highlights the virus's unique immune evasion strategies that complicate disease management and contribute to severe clinical outcomes, such as encephalitis with fever, convulsions, and coma. Survivors often face chronic cognitive, motor, and psychosocial impairments. Despite these significant public health risks, gaps remain in understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying immune evasion and the long-term neurological sequelae in survivors. By collating current knowledge, this review underscores the urgent need for the development of targeted vaccines and therapeutic interventions to mitigate the growing threat of EEEV, particularly in the context of climate change-driven geographical expansion.

Drug delivery to wounds has developed over time from the rudimentary administration of medication on the wound or the site of infection to more sophisticated drug delivery systems. For effectively and rapidly curing wounds, a diverse range of anti-bacterial drug delivery systems must be developed. The current study investigates the possibility of using an inexpensive and environment-friendly sustainable Corchorus olitorius fiber (COF) as a drug carrier for the antibacterial drug tetracycline HCl and its potential as a dressing material. The fibers were purified, grafted using acrylamide monomer, and tested for SEM, FT-IR, TGA, swelling index, swelling-de- swelling behavior, and chemical resistance. Drug loading was carried out, the highest drug loading percentage was found at 99.97 ​% and the formulation released medication according to the Baker-Lonsdale release kinetics pattern. The anti-microbial study showed effective inhibition of Staphylococcus aureus. The study demonstrates the successful synthesis and application of acrylamide-grafted COF loaded with tetracycline HCl, showcasing its potential as an effective wound dressing for wound care and management. Corchorus olitorius fiber is a cost-effective and eco-friendly material for preparing medicated polymeric dressings.

Background: Chitosan, an innately sourced polymer, is esteemed for its biological compatibility and breakdown. Its cationic properties enable good interaction with diverse biological molecules, particularly beneficial in drug-delivery systems. Its capacity to target intracellular components, such as mitochondria, renders it a crucial substance in biomedical research. Aim: This paper seeks to examine the efficacy of chitosan-based nanoparticles for targeted medication delivery to mitochondria, particularly in the context of cancer treatment. The aim is to improve drug bioavailability, stability, and efficacy through the chemical modification of chitosan. The document additionally explores its extensive applications in gene therapy and vaccination administration. Discussion: The electrostatic characteristics of chitosan and its capacity to create diverse structures such as hydrogels and nanoparticles facilitate targeted medication release and enhanced cellular absorption. This biopolymer improves the specificity of cancer cells while reducing toxicity to healthy cells. The paper examines chitosan's interaction with cellular membranes and mitochondria to optimize therapeutic results. Conclusion: Chitosan nanoparticles have considerable promise in the targeted delivery of drugs to mitochondria, especially in the context of cancer therapy. Their cationic properties enhance bioavailability; yet, issues related to solubility and safety require resolution. Further study is required to optimize these nanoparticles for safe and effective application in clinical environments.

The current traditional medication administration method is characterized by a prevalent ''one-size-fits-all'' approach poses challenges in tailoring medications to individual pharmacokinetic profiles, limiting its applicability in the pharmaceutical sector. In response to this, three-dimensional (3D) printable medical devices for vaginal drug delivery are gaining popularity, due to advancements in Fused Deposition Modeling (FDM) or additive manufacturing (AM) technology. These devices offer distinct Strengths over conventional medication delivery methods, enabling the customization of drugs and the creation of intricate three-dimensional structures with personalized designs. In an additional point of interest, the development of multi-material printing integrates the beneficial properties of a variety of functional substances, presenting diverse opportunities to enhance the efficacy of vaginal drug delivery. Although there have been substantial advancements in manufacturing processes, challenges such as cost-effectiveness, scalability, and compliance with regulations remain substantial hurdles. This review focuses on the recent progress made in the field of printed using three-dimensional technology for vaginal medication delivery devices, addresses the primary challenges that need to be overcome, and explores the potential of manufacturing techniques in shaping the future of dosage forms and drug administration systems.

Abstract Despite the recent successes of cancer therapy, numerous obstacles remain. The medical community of the 16th century believed that magnets might be used to cure or prevent illness. However, this concept has only recently been put into practice in the treatment of cancer. Cancers vary greatly not only at the patient, tissue, and cellular levels but also at the molecular level. Because of this multiscale heterogeneity, effective treatments that not only differentiate between cancerous and healthy tissues but also target a wide variety of tumor subclones are difficult to develop. Most treatments either take advantage of a specific biological characteristic shared by cancer cells (e.g., their propensity for rapid division) or indiscriminately eradicate every cell in an area of interest. In this article, we review the physical, chemical, electrical, optical, and magnetic properties of cancer cells, before discussing how these properties may be modulated by current and future cancer therapies.

Chitosan is a well-known biomaterial in the field of cartilage tissue engineering because of its flexibility. The construction of chitosan-based scaffolds is reviewed in several production methods, including freeze-drying, gelation, salt leaching, and electrospinning. In this review, many benefits of chitosan are discussed, including the interaction of chitosan with other materials and their effects, its adaptability, high reproducibility, biocompatibility, role in cellular differentiation, interactions with TGF-β (transforming growth factor-β), protein interactions, biodegradability, influencing osteoblast expression, and potential for treating bone diseases. The study also provides information on how mathematical models are used to analyze how MSC (mesenchymal stem cells) and chondrocyte distribution in multilayer hydrogels change in response to TGF-β diffusion. Results showed that collagen has weak mechanical properties and easily disintegrates during bone tissue formation, it is difficult to use alone as a biomaterial, and new scaffolds made of whey protein isolate (WPI) and chitosan may help repair osteochondral tissue. However, the thorough analysis reveals chitosan's crucial contribution to the development of cartilage tissue engineering as well as its potential to address issues in the field.

Abstract Bladder cancer (BC) accounts for roughly 3% of all cancer diagnoses in developed countries. The prognosis could be improved significantly if the cancer is detected and classified as either muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (MIBC) or non‐muscle‐invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) as promptly as possible. A potential ray of hope for the treatment of BC has emerged with the rapid development of nanomedicine and microRNAs (miRNAs), which promise to have fewer adverse effects, more tumor‐inhibitory effects, and decreased drug resistance. The complex interplay between hereditary and environmental variables is the root cause of this malignancy. Gene expression can be regulated by miRNAs, which are small, non‐coding RNAs that can either prevent the translation of protein‐coding genes or cleave RNA transcripts at certain locations. Elevated genomics has enabled a more extensive investigation of miRNAs whose expression is considerably different in BC patients compared to healthy volunteers or between BC tumor tissues and peripheral tissues. miRNAs have recently been discovered to be important regulators of BC cell carcinogenicity. Inaccurate diagnoses and prolonged treatment delays are more likely to occur due to the current diagnostic process such as lack of sensitivity and specificity and poor image quality. Patients now have access to a plethora of treatment options, including but not limited to surgery, chemotherapy, immunotherapy, gene therapy, and other innovative medicines, and in some cases, combination therapies. BC is one of the deadliest and most disabling malignancies affecting the urinary tract. Cancer of the urinary bladder has a terrible propensity for being fatal. BC is an intricate illness whose development can be affected by multiple parameters. Standard treatments for BC increase prognosis and survival, although recurrence is a major concern for patients. miRNAs are naturally occurring, small RNA molecules that have been linked to cancer through their expression being dysregulated. miRNAs modulate many cellular activities including proliferation, migration, differentiation, and apoptosis. MiRNA dysregulation is recognized in BC, and miRNAs are used as diagnostic and prognostic indicators. However, this manuscript discusses the recent progress made in nanomedicine and the function of miRNAs in the pathogenesis and targeted therapy of BC.

The potential cancer risk associated with electronic-cigarette (e-cigarette) use is ongoing and remains a subject of debate. E-Cigarettes work by heating a liquid that usually contains nicotine, flavorings, and other chemicals. When the liquid is heated, users inhale an aerosol into their lungs. While e-cigarettes are generally considered less harmful than traditional tobacco products, they still contain potentially harmful chemicals, which can damage DNA and lead to cancer. Several studies have investigated the potential cancer risk associated with e-cigarette use, while other studies have suggested that e-cigarette aerosol may contain carcinogenic chemicals that could increase the risk of lung and bladder cancer in humans. However, these studies are limited in their scope and do not provide conclusive evidence. Overall, the long-term cancer risk associated with e-cigarette use remains uncertain, more research is needed to fully understand the potential risks and benefits of e-cigarettes. However, this review will allow the investigator to get more recent updates about e-cigarettes.

Abstract Data science is an interdisciplinary discipline that employs big data, machine learning algorithms, data mining techniques, and scientific methodologies to extract insights and information from massive amounts of structured and unstructured data. The healthcare industry constantly creates large, important databases on patient demographics, treatment plans, results of medical exams, insurance coverage, and more. The data that IoT (Internet of Things) devices collect is of interest to data scientists. Data science can help with the healthcare industry's massive amounts of disparate, structured, and unstructured data by processing, managing, analyzing, and integrating it. To get reliable findings from this data, proper management and analysis are essential. This article provides a comprehensive study and discussion of process data analysis as it pertains to healthcare applications. The article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of using big data analytics (BDA) in the medical industry. The insights offered by BDA, which can also aid in making strategic decisions, can assist the healthcare system.

Abstract The word “theranostics” describes an emerging trend in medicine in which the distinction between diagnosis and therapy blurs. Light or photo is used in theranostics to obtain high precision and personalised treatment. As only malignant tissues need to be spared, photo‐triggered theranostics provide highly selective targeting using real‐time imaging. Using nanotechnology to organise a dual‐modality approach is an efficient way to circumvent pharmacokinetic limitations. Photodynamic therapy has been used successfully in the clinic for a while now, and this has paved the path for photo‐triggered theranostics to be developed. The use of light‐activated theranostic nanoforms has progressed from preclinical studies in animals and labs to clinical trials in humans. As both nanomaterials and their methods of manufacture advance, the theranostic approach becomes more nuanced and may be used in a wider range of real‐time imaging and therapy modalities. The depth of anatomical access is also expanding because of developments in light delivery technologies. Combined, these innovations will hasten early cancer diagnosis and make tailored treatment more feasible. A non‐invasive assessment approach also increases patient compliance and reduces risk. Researchers constantly make strides in their effort to create more versatile photo‐sensitive nanoparticles. With any luck, photo‐triggered theranostics may significantly reduce toxicity. In order to provide a better and safer clinical outcome in cancer therapy, this review aims to highlight the latest and greatest innovation research in the domain of nanotheranostics and its photo‐triggering, and to sketch the possibilities for further progression and integration of nanoconstructs and photo‐delivery, and trying to target approach in photo‐triggered theranostics.

The consequence of appropriate food consumption and the corresponding amount of dietary nutrients on brain function is widely recognized. More and more studies are pointing to the importance of diet for alleviating neurological symptoms associated with a wide range of clinical disorders. The recently discovered implications of nutritional variables on modifications in mitochondrial dysfunction, epigenetic modification, and neurological inflammation represent important factors that play a crucial role in determining the effect of nutrition on Neuronal (health). This overview investigates the present state of evidence regarding the efficacy of various dietary interventions, such as dietary supplements and dietary restrictions, for in the context of managing disorders related to the brain. Particularly, it clearly state the consequences of these interventions on conditions such as Alzheimer's, Parkinson's, ischemic stroke, seizures, injury to the brain, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALL), Huntington's syndrome, and multiple sclerosis (MS). Along with this, it is important to note that a variety of possible processes, such as metabolic regulation, epigenetic alteration, and the inflammation of neurons assume a pivotal function. in determining the impact of nutrition availability on the risk of neurologic conditions and treatment outcomes. Along with this, authors clearly state the innovative concept that dietary supplement intervention can modify interconnected processes of metabolism, epigenetics, and immunology, thereby addressing brain dysfunction. Concentrating on metabolic processes the study of the epigenetic-immunity network has the potential to provide a novel framework for addressing vulnerabilities in the field of neurology.

Abstract The management of peripheral nerve injuries is an important concern due to the their incidence of nerve lesions and inappropriate regeneration that follows severe injuries, which ultimately reduces the lives of patients with this condition. Different strategies have been investigated to repair severe nerve injuries with the improvement of motor and sensory regeneration. Although autograft remains the gold standard technique, an emerging number of research articles concerning nerve conduit use have been reported in the last few years. Nerve conduits aim to overcome autograft disadvantages, but they satisfy some requirements to be suitable for nerve repair. A universal ideal conduit does not exist since conduit properties have to be evaluated case by case; nevertheless, because of their high biocompatibility and biodegradability, natural‐based biomaterials have great potential to be used to produce nerve guides. Although they have many characteristics with synthetic biomaterials, natural‐based biomaterials are preferable because of their extraction sources; indeed, these biomaterials are obtained from different renewable sources or food waste, thus reducing environmental impact and enhancing sustainability in comparison to synthetic ones. This review highlights the recent progress in the development of natural‐based biomaterials and their derivatives for the management of peripheral nerve injuries.

In the original publication [...]

Various microbial communities reside in the gastrointestinal tract of humans and play an important role in immunity, digestion, drug metabolism, intestinal integrity, and protection from pathogens. Recent studies have revealed that the gut microbiota (GM) is involved in communication with the brain, through a bidirectional communication network known as the gut-brain axis. This communication involves humoral, immunological, endocrine, and neural pathways. Gut dysbiosis negatively impacts these communication pathways, leading to neurological complications and cognitive deficits. Both pre-clinical and clinical studies have demonstrated that probiotics can restore healthy GM, reduce intestinal pH, and reduce inflammation and pathogenic microbes in the gut. Additionally, probiotics improve cell-to-cell signaling and increase blood-brain-derived neurotrophic factors. Probiotics emerge as a potential approach for preventing and managing neurological complications and cognitive deficits. Despite these promising findings, the safety concerns and possible risks of probiotic usage must be closely monitored and addressed. This review article provides a brief overview of the role and significance of probiotics in cognitive health.

Globally, cancer is growing more prevalent and affects the great majority of people; as a result, new anticancer medications are presently being developed, and their safety is continually being evaluated. As one of the most significant pharmacophores found in heterocyclic compounds both synthetically and naturally, pyrrolidine-based drugs make a significant contribution. Numerous pyrrolidine compounds have been demonstrated to block receptors, enzymes, and a variety of other cancer-fighting targets. The development of new derivatives based on pyrrolidine that may be combined with other moieties to cure cancer is the current area of research interest. As a result, this review illuminates the recent therapeutic expansion of pyrrolidine-based drugs, as well as their synthetic schemes, tabulated detailed clinical trial drugs, marketed drugs with their primary target, and a list of recently patented and published research papers, all of which will help scientists build successful medications with the appropriate pharmacological activity.

Exosomes are vital for cellular communication and the transfer of materials between cells. Recently, it has been shown that nanoparticles may be used as diagnostic indicators and as a potential medicine delivery strategy due to their nanoscale size and capacity to carry biological components to target cells. Exosomes have the potential to be an appealing and practical approach for drug administration in cancer treatment due to their biocompatibility, high stability, favoured tumour homing, and adjustable targeting efficacy. While exosomes have properties that make them useful for transporting bioactive compounds, the gap between our present understanding of exosome biology and the most optimal condition for their use remains. The rationale for using exosomes as a drug delivery strategy, their production and purification, bioengineering and targeting, uptake and distribution, efficacy, immune response, and other factors will all be discussed in this study. Modern methods are required for observing, categorising, and sorting exosome diversity. Improvements in nanotechnology and our knowledge of exosome biology will undoubtedly speed up the field's medical uses.

Cancer patients have a shorter life expectancy because of metastasis, which is the dynamic chain of events that leads to the spread of tumour cells to distant places inside the body. Cancer's development, spread, metastasis, and treatment all involve fluid mechanics in some way. Cancer cells and their associated components take advantage of the body's many fluid systems as a means of dissemination throughout the body and colonisation of distant organs. Cancerous tissues rely on the blood supply for oxygen and nutrition, metastasis to other organs, and medication delivery. Cancer cells' ability to travel from the main tumour, extravasate, and seed metastases can be enhanced by exploiting the flow mechanics of the blood and lymphatic circulatory systems. Cancer cell survival in the circulation and the regulation of organotropic seeding patterns are affected by flow rates, channel size, and shear stress. Therefore, cancer cells not only use these fluids as a mode of transport throughout the body, but also as a fertile ground to seed distant metastases by taking advantage of the fundamental physical forces among these fluids. Metastasis, tumor growth, & nanoparticle-mediated medication delivery is all under the control of multiscale flow-structure interaction processes, whereas an increase in interstitial pressure is caused by the tumour vasculature's irregularity and leakiness. This Review discusses the role that fluids play in metastasis, including the forces and stresses that are utilised by circulating tumour cells & tumour-associated factors. Given the intriguing concerns raised by the role of physiological fluids and their mechanics in the biology of the metastatic cascade, gaining insight into this process may reveal a novel strategy for intercepting cancer cells on their route.

Modern medicine has been working to find a cure for cancer for almost a century, but thus far, they have not been very successful. Although cancer treatment has come a long way, more work has to be carried out to boost specificity and reduce systemic toxicity. The diagnostic industry is on the cusp of a technological revolution, and early diagnosis is essential for improving prognostic outlook and patient quality of life. In recent years, nanotechnology’s use has expanded, demonstrating its efficacy in enhancing fields such as cancer treatment, radiation therapy, diagnostics, and imaging. Applications for nanomaterials are diverse, ranging from enhanced radiation adjuvants to more sensitive early detection instruments. Cancer, particularly when it has spread beyond the original site of cancer, is notoriously tough to combat. Many people die from metastatic cancer, which is why it remains a huge issue. Cancer cells go through a sequence of events known as the “metastatic cascade” throughout metastasis, which may be used to build anti-metastatic therapeutic techniques. Conventional treatments and diagnostics for metastasis have their drawbacks and hurdles that must be overcome. In this contribution, we explore in-depth the potential benefits that nanotechnology-aided methods might offer to the detection and treatment of metastatic illness, either alone or in conjunction with currently available conventional procedures. Anti-metastatic drugs, which can prevent or slow the spread of cancer throughout the body, can be more precisely targeted and developed with the help of nanotechnology. Furthermore, we talk about how nanotechnology is being applied to the treatment of patients with cancer metastases.

In the current pandemic, COVID-19 patients with predisposing factors are at an increased risk of mucormycosis, an uncommon angioinvasive infection that is caused by fungi with Mucor genus which is mainly found in plants and soil. Mucormycosis development in COVID-19 patient is related to various factors, such as diabetes, immunocompromise and neutropenia. Excessive use of glucocorticoids for the treatment of critically ill COVID-19 patients also leads to opportunistic infections, such as pulmonary aspergillosis. COVID-19 patients with mucormycosis have a very high mortality rate. This review describes the pathogenesis and various treatment approaches for mucormycosis in COVID-19 patients, including medicinal plants, conventional therapies, adjunct and combination therapies.

Alginates are polysaccharides that are produced naturally and can be isolated from brown sea algae and bacteria. Sodium alginate (SA) is utilized extensively in the field of biological soft tissue repair and regeneration owing to its low cost, high biological compatibility, and quick and moderate crosslinking. In addition to their high printability, SA hydrogels have found growing popularity in tissue engineering, particularly due to the advent of 3D bioprinting. There is a developing curiosity in tissue engineering with SA-based composite hydrogels and their potential for further improvement in terms of material modification, the molding process, and their application. This has resulted in numerous productive outcomes. The use of 3D scaffolds for growing cells and tissues in tissue engineering and 3D cell culture is an innovative technique for developing in vitro culture models that mimic the in vivo environment. Especially compared to in vivo models, in vitro models were more ethical and cost-effective, and they stimulate tissue growth. This article discusses the use of sodium alginate (SA) in tissue engineering, focusing on SA modification techniques and providing a comparative examination of the properties of several SA-based hydrogels. This review also covers hydrogel preparation techniques, and a catalogue of patents covering different hydrogel formulations is also discussed. Finally, SA-based hydrogel applications and future research areas concerning SA-based hydrogels in tissue engineering were examined.

Immunology research has focused on developing cancer vaccines to increase the number of tumor-specific effector cells and their ability to fight cancer over the last few decades. There is a lack of professional success in vaccines compared to checkpoint blockade and adoptive T-cell treatment. The vaccine’s inadequate delivery method and antigen selection are most likely to blame for the poor results. Antigen-specific vaccines have recently shown promising results in preclinical and early clinical investigations. To target particular cells and trigger the best immune response possible against malignancies, it is necessary to design a highly efficient and secure delivery method for cancer vaccines; however, enormous challenges must be overcome. Current research is focused on developing stimulus-responsive biomaterials, which are a subset of the range of levels of materials, to enhance therapeutic efficacy and safety and better regulate the transport and distribution of cancer immunotherapy in vivo. A concise analysis of current developments in the area of biomaterials that respond to stimuli has been provided in brief research. Current and anticipated future challenges and opportunities in the sector are also highlighted.

The present review aims to describe the commercial utilities and future perspectives of nanomedicines. Nanomedicines are intended to increase precision medicine and decrease the adverse effects on the patient. Nanomedicines are produced, engineered, and industrialized at the cellular, chemical, and macromolecular levels. This study describes the various aspects of nanomedicine such as governing outlooks over high use of nanomedicine, regulatory advancements for nanomedicines, standards, and guidelines for nanomedicines as per Therapeutic Goods Administration (TGA). This review also focuses on the patents and clinical trials based on nanoformulation, along with nanomedicines utilization as drug therapy and their market value. The present study concludes that nanomedicines are of high importance in biomedical and pharmaceutical production and offer better therapeutic effects especially in the case of drugs that possess low aqueous solubility. The factual data presented in this study will assist the researchers and health care professionals in understanding the applications of nanomedicine for better diagnosis and effective treatment of a disease.

Evidence suggests that stem cells exert regenerative potential via the release of extracellular vesicles. Mesenchymal stem cell extracellular vesicles (MSCEVs) offer therapeutic benefits for various pathophysiological ailments by restoring tissues. Facts suggest that MSCEV action can be potentiated by modifying the mesenchymal stem cells culturing methodology and bioengineering EVs. Limited clinical trials of MSCEVs have questioned their superiority, culturing quality, production scale-up and isolation, and administration format. Translation of preclinically successful MSCEVs into a clinical platform requires paying attention to several critical matters, such as the production technique, quantification/characterization, pharmacokinetics/targeting/transfer to the target site, and the safety profile. Keeping these issues as a priority, the present review was designed to highlight the challenges in translating preclinical MSCEV research into clinical platforms and provide evidence for the regenerative potential of MSCEVs in various conditions of the liver, kidney, heart, nervous system, bone, muscle, cartilage, and other organs/tissues.

Evidence suggests that reactive oxygen species (ROS) mediate tissue homeostasis, cellular signaling, differentiation, and survival. ROS and antioxidants exert both beneficial and harmful effects on cancer. ROS at different concentrations exhibit different functions. This creates necessity to understand the relation between ROS, antioxidants, and cancer, and methods for detection of ROS. This review highlights various sources and types of ROS, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; types of antioxidants, their tumorigenic and tumor prevention effects; and abnormal ROS detoxification in cancer; and methods to measure ROS. We conclude that improving genetic screening methods and bringing higher clarity in determination of enzymatic pathways and scale-up in cancer models profiling, using omics technology, would support in-depth understanding of antioxidant pathways and ROS complexities. Although numerous methods for ROS detection are developing very rapidly, yet further modifications are required to minimize the limitations associated with currently available methods.